流化床密相区颗粒扩散系数的CFD数值预测

应用离散颗粒模型直观获得颗粒运动情况,并从单个颗粒和气泡作用的角度分析颗粒运动和混合,证实气泡在床层中上升、在床层表面爆破以及气泡上升引起的乳化相下沉运动对颗粒混合起关键作用。应用基于颗粒动理学的双流体模型系统地对床宽分别为0.2、0.4、0.8 m的二维流化床在鼓泡区和湍动区的气固两相流动行为进行数值模拟。受离散颗粒模型启发,在双流体模型计算结果基础上,引入理想示踪粒子技术计算床内平均颗粒扩散系数。计算结果表明,颗粒横向扩散系数(D_x)总体上随流化风速增大而增大,但受床体尺寸影响较大;颗粒轴向扩散系数随流化风速增大而增大,受床体尺寸影响较弱。文献报道的密相区颗粒横向扩散系数分布在10^-4～10^-1 m²·s^-1数量级。本文提出的计算方法在数量级上与文献实验结果吻合,表明在大尺寸流化床且高流化风速下,颗粒横向扩散系数远大于小尺寸鼓泡流化床,为不同研究者实验结果的分歧提供了理论依据,也为预测大型流化床内颗粒扩散速率提供了放大策略。     

循环型高通量输送床的建立与控制

密相输送床气化和双流化床气化是基于循环型流化床反应器发展起来的两种新型煤和生物质气化技术,根据这两种技术对流动的要求,提出了在循环流化床的下行床底部耦合一段移动床,为输送床内的流动提供足够高的驱动压力而提高颗粒循环量的技术思想。在根据该思想而建立的直径90 mm的输送床实验装置上的实验研究表明,利用所提出的床型构造可在表观气速9.6 m•s^-1下实现400 kg•m^-2•s^-1的颗粒循环量。输送床的一次风速和移动床松动风速是影响颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度的主要因素,但循环量随输送床一次风速的增大而增加的走势弱于普通循环流化床。移动床松动风速在小于颗粒最小流化速度的范围内轻微变动即可显著改变颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度。在保持输送床总气速不变的前提下,通过二次风可在40%的比例范围内调节颗粒循环量,且调节作用随二次风位置的增高而减弱。     

循环流化床中颗粒旋转特性

利用由高速数字摄影设备及大功率激光构成的测试系统在一截面为200 mm×200 mm、高为4 m的冷态循环流化床实验台上进行了床内颗粒旋转特性的实验研究.对在距布风板3.54 m高度的稀相区的1/4截面内13个测试点拍摄获得的图像序列利用Matlab、PhotoShop和ACDSee软件进行分析处理,采用人工直接判别获得颗粒转速,用双帧频验证法进行颗粒转速校验.结果表明：循环流化床气固两相流中固相颗粒普遍存在旋转现象,截面边壁区内的颗粒平均转速高于中心区域;粒径小或径向速度大的颗粒,其平均转速较大,反之亦然;不规则颗粒的平均转速明显高于球[JP2]形颗粒;当空截面气体速度V_g=5 m•s^-1,固体质量循环流率G_s=1.5 kg•m^-2•s^-1,玻璃珠颗粒平均粒径d_p=0.5 mm时,颗粒转速最高可达2000 r•s^-1,平均转速300 r•s^-1.     

高密度下行床-提升管耦合反应器内的气固流动行为

在新提出并建立的“下行床-提升管”耦合循环流化床装置上进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,与提高一次风率相比,提高二次风率（二次风与一、二次风之和的比值）,有利于提高颗粒循环量.当颗粒循环量达到400 kg•m^-2•s^-1时,第一提升管出口处的固含超过了20％,此时下行床内充分发展段的固含超过了5.5％,即高浓度颗粒充满了整个循环流化床系统,并且第一提升管内的颗粒径向浓度分布趋于均匀.     

喷动流化床的最小喷动流化速度和床层压降

在一喷动流化床（直径 ５０ ｍｍ）实验台上采用 ０．６３～１．６０ ｍｍ的神府原煤颗粒,在连续进料的情况下进行了最小喷动流化速度以及固定流化气、改变喷动气和固定喷动气、改变流化气的床层压降变化的实验研究．结果表明,最小喷动流化速度可以参考鼓泡流化床的临界流化速度的计算方法;床层压降变化证实,喷动流化床具有良好的调节能力．     

负压差立管内的气固两相流

在φ800 mm×12000 mm流化床实验装置上对150 mm×11500 mm负压差立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率和气体流动特性进行了测量和分析.立管出口无约束淹没在密相流化床内,颗粒质量流率范围G_s<1200 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1.立管内气固两相流态有两种存在形式,当颗粒质量流率G_s<200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是稀密两相共存形式;当G_s>200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是浓相输送流态.两种流态之间可以相互转换,主要取决于颗粒质量流率的变化.影响立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率分布、气相的流动特性和气固流态存在形式的主要参数是颗粒质量流率G_s、旋风分离器入口速度V_i、下端流化床流化速度u_f,质量流率G_s是主要的影响因素.     

喷动流化床流动形态变化的试验研究国家

在一个可视化的半圆柱喷动流化床试验台上研究了喷动流化床的流形变化规律。研究表明：随着喷动气量和流化气量的改变,床内会呈现不同的流动形态：固定床、带射流的流化床、喷动床、充气喷动床和喷动流化床。同时研究了量小喷动速度和最小喷动流化速度随喷动管内径、颗粒粒径、静止床高的变化规律,归纳了预测量小喷动速度和最小喷动流化速度的试验关联式,绘制了喷动流化床的流形划分相图。     

半圆柱形液固导向管喷动流化床流型的研究

本文以平均粒径为0．9mm的玻璃珠为流化颗粒,常温水为流化介质,在直径为97mm的半圆柱形液固导向管喷动流化床中,通过对喷动区和环隙区单位床高压降-流速曲线的分析并结合实验现象的观察,确定了喷动区和环隙区的流型及流型转变速度,在此基础上提出了液固导向管喷动流化床的流型图。研究结果表明,环隙达到流态化后,在较大的喷动液流速范围内,颗粒层能维持在较低的膨胀牢状态下。这对流化床电极非常有利;液固导向管喷动流化床有较大的操作弹性。     

液固导流管喷动流化床流型及流型转变的实验研究

以粒径为0.9mm的铜颗粒为流化颗粒,常温水为流化介质,在截面为59.2×15.6mm的矩形床中,对液固导流管喷动流化床的流型及流型转变进行实验了研究。通过对床层压降流量曲线的分析并结合实验观察,确定了液固导向管喷动流化床的流型及流型的划分,提出了流型图。研究结果对进一步开展导流管喷动流化床电极研究有重要的参考意义。     

提升管中气固两相流动行为的相似特性

在15.1 m高循环流化床实验装置上对提升管内的轴向压力梯度、局部颗粒浓度和颗粒速度进行了较系统的实验测试,研究了提升管中气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下流动行为的相似特性.结果表明,在(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g相近的操作条件下,上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度、下降颗粒时均速度、絮状物颗粒浓度和出现频率在空间的分布特征基本相同.对于同一提升管内的同一气固两相流系统,只要表观气速和颗粒循环速率按(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g同步变化,不同操作条件下的上行气固两相流在充分发展段就具有相似的宏观和微观流动行为.     

Characterization of spouted bed regimes using pressure fluctuation signals

This work compares time, frequency and phase space analyses of pressure measurements in different spouted beds. The experiments were carried out in different constructions of spouted bed apparatuses, operated under ambient conditions and under different spouting regimes. Spouted beds are used when the conventional fluidized beds fail to achieve a homogeneous and stable flow regime as, for example, in the case of non-spherical particles and in poly dispersed and finely dispersed systems. Different fluidization regimes in spouted beds have been characterized by the analysis of pressure fluctuation signals. Several flow regimes are found to exist as: fixed bed, channel formation, bubbling formation, stable spouting and slugging bed regimes. Analyses of standard deviation and chaotic time series on pressure fluctuation signals are conducted to determine the transition gas velocities. A treatment technique using the Fast Fourier Transformation of measured pressure fluctuations was developed to create plots describing the bed behaviour evolution from fixed to slugging bed. At the beginning of stable spouting the amplitude of pressure fluctuations is uniform and small.     

新颖环形喷动床颗粒喷动特性实验研究

一种新颖的环形喷动床由内外两个不同内径、同心的垂立圆筒组成,在环形空间底部设置多个喷口,在喷口两侧布置倾斜的导流板.研究颗粒在这种喷动床内的流动特性,探讨喷口结构、颗粒种类以及床内载料量对环形喷动床颗粒喷动特性的影响.实验结果表明:颗粒在环形喷动床内分为三个明显不同的区域,即颗粒填充移动区、密相喷动流化区以及稀相夹带区.当颗粒出现分区喷动后,随床内载料量的增多,填充移动区的高度维持不变,始终等于导流板的高度,而密相喷动区的高度不断增加.风量和颗粒种类对床层最大喷动量、密相喷动高度以及床层压力分布规律有着十分重要的影响.采用不同的喷口结构时,在相同的载料量下,直向喷口的密相喷动区高度更大,而且床内各测点的平均压力大于采用斜向喷口时的相应测点压力.     

Recognition of the flow regimes in the spouted bed based on fuzzy c-means clustering

Hilbert-Huang transformation has been applied to extract eigenvectors from the pressure fluctuation signals in the spouted bed. According on these eigenvectors, the flow regimes in the spouted bed could be classified into 4 clusters including ‘packed bed’, ‘stable spouting’, ‘bubbling fluidized bed’ and ‘slugging bed’ by chaos optimized fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. The Elman neural network was used to recognize these four flow regimes, and the parameters in the Elman neural network were optimized by adaptive fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithm. The recognition accuracies of ‘packed bed’, ‘stable spouting’, ‘bubbling fluidized bed’ and ‘slugging bed’ can reach 85%, 90%, 85% and 80% respectively.     

Hydrodynamics of a Novel Biomass Autothermal Fast Pyrolysis Reactor: Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop

A novel biomass, autothermal, fast pyrolysis reactor with a draft tube and an internal dipleg dividing the reactor into two interconnected beds is proposed. This internally interconnected fluidized beds (IIFB) reactor is designed to produce high‐quality bio‐oil using catalysts. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis by‐products, i.e., char, coke and non‐condensable gases, are expected to burn in the combustion bed to provide the heat for the pyrolysis. On the other hand, the catalysts can be regenerated simultaneously. In this study, experiments on the hydrodynamics of a cold model IIFB reactor are reported. Geldart group B and D sand particles were used as the bed materials. The effects of spouting and fluidizing gas velocities, particle size, static bed height and the total pressure loss coefficient of the pyrolysis bed exit, on the flow patterns and pressure drops of the two interconnected beds are studied. Six distinct flow patterns, i.e., fixed bed (F), periodic spouted/bubbling bed (PS/B), spouted bed with aeration (SA), spout‐fluidized bed (SF), spout‐fluidized bed with slugging (SFS) and spouted bed with backward jet (SBJ) are identified. The investigations on the pressure drops of the two beds show that both of them are seen to increase at first (mainly in the F flow pattern), then to decrease (mainly in the PS/B and SA flow patterns) and finally to increase again (mainly in the SA and SF flow patterns), with the increase of the spouting gas velocity. It is observed that a larger particle size and lower static bed height lead to lower pressure drops of the two beds.     

Characterization of Gas Spouted Beds Using the Rescaled Range Analysis

Differential pressure fluctuation measurements were conducted in a gas spouted bed of 120 mm in diameter at different axial and radial positions. Hurst's rescaled range analysis of the differential pressure fluctuation signals was successfully employed to recognize different flow regimes, i.e. packed bed, stable spouting and unstable spouting, and characterize their transitions. Obvious two‐phase behaviour, as suggested by two Hurst exponents, was observed in the stable spouting regime. It had also been found that the spouting behaviour in deeper spouted beds was significantly different from that in shallow spouted beds. The influences of measurement location and bed height on the Hurst exponents were discussed.     

Hydrodynamics of a gas-driven gas-liquid-solid spouted bed with a draft tube

A cylindrical gas-liquid-solid spouted bed, driven exclusively by gas flow, has been developed with a high potential for use in biochemical processes, such as a biological wastewater treatment. A plexiglass column with a 152 mm inner diameter was used in combination with a 53 mm inner diameter plexiglass draft tube. Three particle types were studied with densities ranging from 1044 kg/m³-1485 kg/m³ and average particle sizes ranging from 0.7-2.5 mm. Four flow regimes were observed when increasing the gas velocity, including fixed bed, semispouted bed, full spouted bed, and internal circulating fluidized bed. The transition gas velocities between those regimes were experimentally measured and termed as minimum spouting velocity, full spouting velocity, and minimum circulating velocity, respectively. A measurement of the downward particle flux in the annulus was used to identify the minimum spouting velocity, while the particle velocity and dense phase retraction in the annulus were monitored for the full spouting and minimum circulating velocities. All regime transition velocities increased with more dense particles and longer draft tubes. The minimum spouting velocity and full spouting velocity were not affected when varying the nozzle-tube gap, while the minimum circulating velocity increased with longer nozzle-tube gaps. Experiments without a draft tube were carried, though the spouting stability was significantly reduced without the draft tube.     

Characterization of the pneumatic behavior of a novel spouted bed apparatus with two adjustable gas inlets

Recently the importance of spouted bed technology has significantly increased in the context of drying processes as well as granulation, agglomeration or coating processes. Within this work the fluid dynamics of a novel spouted bed plant with two adjustable gas inlets is investigated. By analysis of gas phase pressure fluctuation spectra by means of fast Fourier transformation algorithm and quantitative particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, different operation ranges will be identified and depicted graphically. A stable spouting range will be identified if a uniform and circulating particle motion without occurrence of dead zones is observable resulting in equal gas phase pressure fluctuations. Particle velocity vector maps as well as root mean square (rms) velocity plots provided by the PIV measurements confirm the results of the determination of the stable spouting range by analysis of the gas phase pressure fluctuations.     

Flow Characteristics in Slot‐Rectangular Spouted Beds with Draft Plates

An experimental investigation was conducted of slot‐rectangular spouted beds with air entry slots spanning the full thickness of the column and vertical draft plates intended to help control the solids circulation rate. With increasing superficial gas velocity, the flow between the draft plates changed from bubbling to slugging and then to spouting with dilute pneumatic between the plates and moving‐bed downward motion on both sides. However, there was difficulty maintaining stability and symmetrical flow on the two sides. Once spouting is established, pressure drops and local voidages vary with gas velocity, particle size and gas entry size in broadly similar manners as for conventional spouted beds     

Aerodynamics of a novel rotating jet spouted bed

A novel rotating jet spouted bed (RJSB) is developed and tested. It consists of a rotating air distributor with two radially located spouting air nozzles. The effects of bed height, distributor rotational speed, nozzle diameter and particle properties on the flow characteristics were examined. Various flow regimes were mapped as functions of distributor rotational speed and superficial air velocity for different materials and column dimensions. Empirical correlations were developed for the minimum spouting velocity, peak pressure drop and steady spouting pressure drop.     

The spouting regime map,bubbling characteristics and bed expansion of deep beds of large hollow polyethylene spheres

The high velocity spouting regime of a deep bed containing 9.6 mm hollow polyethylene spheres of density 394 kg/m³ was investigated in a 152.4 mm flat bottom cylindrical half column with a 50.8 mm inlet. A bed height vs gas velocity regime diagram is presented showing the conditions under which type II spouting is observed. The transition velocity from bubbling to type II spouting is determined using the autocorrelation of the pressure fluctuations in the bed. The bubbling characteristics of the bed are described. Bed expansion in bubbling and type II spouted beds are reported.