循环流化床液液雾化过程转型的实验研究

建立了循环流化床液液雾化的实验装置,对水在非相溶介质中喷射雾化进行了研究。采用高分辨率数码摄像仪实时采集不同工况条件下的雾化形态,对比分析了雾化过程转型现象;通过图像处理与数值计算相结合的方法,对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明,雾化过程与相间相对雷诺数密切相关,在相对雷诺数为1 632时,由鼓泡型转变为连续射流型,而当相对雷诺数增加到1.14×105时,雾化则由连续射流型转变为紊态射流型;在雷诺数大于1.62×105后,液滴粒径急剧减小。在紊态射流形态中,雾化液滴数多且粒径微小,符合液液循环流化床制取流体冰技术对液滴尺度的要求。     

气液逆流接触过程及液滴夹带特性

为了探究喷淋塔内气液逆流接触流动特点及液滴夹带特性,采用激光粒度仪及湿法等动取样对实验模型内液滴粒径分布及含液率进行测量,并结合高速摄影技术对喷淋液层气液两相流动特性进行跟踪拍摄。结果表明:根据气液逆流接触特点可将液层流动分为波动区、破碎区及夹带区;截面气速及液相体积流量的增大使得气液间作用力增强,夹带液滴粒径减小;由于碰撞作用双层喷淋下夹带液滴粒径相对于单层喷淋下较小;液滴在上行过程中运动复杂且多变,液滴的不规则运动及气相流场的复杂性是造成夹带区内液滴粒径分布波动的主要原因;定量得出气液逆流接触过程受气相夹带液滴粒径分布范围,研究结果可为喷淋塔内传质及传热过程提供参考,同时可为除雾器的开发提供设计依据。     

液固循环流化床换热器中液相流场分布的测量

本文利用光电转换（CCD）技术对二维液固循环流化床中流体的速度分布进行了测定。实验结果表明：流化床的进口段前的管线结构对液体在流化床中的流场的影响,液体循环流量较小时,流体在流化床进口段的速度分布基本均匀,此时在床的对称轴两侧形成两个漩涡,且近似对称,流化床中的固含率在实验范围内对流场的影响不大。     

天然气聚结过滤器气液分离性能的实验研究

为了系统地评价天然气聚结过滤器的气液分离性能,采用两种加入液滴方式,获得较大范围的液滴粒径分布,液滴中位粒径分别为8.7、40.0μm,在流量为94~220m3/h范围内进行实验研究,并通过Winner318B激光粒度仪对出口粒径进行在线测量。实验结果表明:压降会随加液时间发生变化,液滴粒径对分离效率的影响显著;当流量为94~182m3/h、入口液体浓度为30~75g/m3时,气液分离效率随着气体流量和入口液体浓度的增加而增大,当流量超过220m3/h时,分离效率迅速降低;分离器出口处粒径大于8μm的液滴基本除尽。     

液—液分散雾化形成液滴的模式

基于图像采集与处理方法实验研究了水喷入非相溶油中的液液分散雾化过程.结果表明,通过改变操作条件使水破碎形成3种水滴模式:滴流、层流射流和湍流射流,揭示了其演变规律及其形成机理,获得了分散液体破碎强度、射流长度脉动和液滴粒径分布参数随雷诺数Re、韦伯数We的变化规律.随Re和We增加,分散液体破碎强度持续增强,在Re=467,We=8.6时液滴形成模式由滴流向层流射流发展,在Re=3169,We=241时演变为湍流射流,且液滴的粒径均匀性和最小平均粒径均出现在湍流射流模式下;在滴流模式下,液滴的形成、长大与脱离喷嘴均由液滴受力的平衡机制控制;在层流射流模式下,射流柱破碎形成液滴主要由两相界面的表面波扰动引起,且射流长度的脉动具有随机和非周期的特点;在湍流射流模式下,射流柱表面出现拟序涡结构,其在射流起始段失稳,在射流扩散段大量形成较小粒径的液滴.     

对置液柱撞击液膜破裂特征

采用高速摄像仪对两液柱撞击产生液膜的破裂过程进行了实验研究。分析了撞击液膜的破裂过程及表面波产生和传播过程,考察了射流直径、喷嘴间距和射流Weber数（We）对撞击液膜破裂的影响;定量分析了液膜表面波频率的变化及液膜破裂后的粒径分布情况。研究结果表明,液膜表面波传播频率随We的增大而增大,并沿液膜径向方向逐渐减小;随着射流We的增加,液膜边缘的液滴脱落频率增加;当We>1000时,液膜表面产生大量液滴团,且液滴团对液膜破裂具有促进作用;液柱撞击液膜发生破裂后90%以上的量纲1液滴粒径分布在0～1之间。     

液固循环流化床换热器管束的固含率

在二维中试循环流化床中使用组合式固液分布器进行实验,考察下管箱表观液速,主分布器内径、主分布器下插深度,颗粒加入量和粒径对径向管束固含率的影响.结果表明:固含率随主分布器内径、颗粒加入量和下管箱表观液速的增加而增大,随粒径的增大而减小,随主分布器下插深度几乎没有变化;固含率不均匀度随颗粒粒径的增大而增大,随下管箱表观液速、颗粒加入量,主分布器下插深度增加而减小,但达到一定深度后,不均匀度不再随之减小,随主分布器内径几乎没有变化.在综合考虑各影响因素的基础上,提出计算固含率的经验公式,并用实验数据拟合了公式中的参数.     

立体传质塔板CTST喷射特性的研究

立体喷射型塔板的喷射状况对气液两相接触面积有重要影响。在直径570 mm的冷模实验塔内,采用高速摄像仪对CTST的喷射过程参数进行了实验研究,并且基于不稳定波动理论建立了液滴群平均粒径的计算模型。结果表明:喷射孔气速是影响喷射锥角的关键因素,随着喷射孔气速的增加喷射锥角逐渐增大,当喷射孔气速超过7.5 m?s-1时,喷射锥角趋于恒定,其数值稳定在55°左右。随着气速的增加喷射孔处液膜速度显著增大,而液体流量增加时液膜速度略有减小,越靠近喷射孔顶端液膜速度越大。喷射区域内液滴的分布密度接近于Rosin-Rammler分布,在喷射锥角为[20o,40o]区间内的液滴数量比较集中,随着气速和液体流量的增大,液滴分布密度逐渐趋于均匀。液滴群平均粒径随气速的增加而减小,随液量的增加略有增大。正常工作范围内,液滴群平均粒径为1.0~2.5 mm。     

气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布PLIF研究

气液喷射反应器是一种高强度反应器,反应器内部液滴粒径大小和分布对反应收率和选择性具有决定性影响。本文建立了气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布测量实验装置,并利用面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布进行了研究,得到不同气液流率情况下的液滴粒径的分布规律,结果显示：液相流率不变时,随气相流率的增大,反应器内液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,分布范围变小; 气相流率不变时,随液相流率的增大,液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,粒径分布趋于集中。     

汽-液-固循环流化床蒸发器颗粒磨损特性

在不同循环流量和固含率条件下,通过1～2个月的操作运行实验,得到了汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器内聚乙烯颗粒的磨损产物,分析了三相流化床的固含率和循环流量等条件对颗粒磨损速率、磨损粉体的直径和多分散度的影响,并探讨了颗粒磨损的机理。结果表明：磨损产物的粒径呈现三峰对数-正态分布,具有混合磨损机理特征;颗粒的磨损速率随固含率的减小和循环流量的增加而增大;较低固含率条件下,循环流量对颗粒的磨损速率影响较大;磨损速率随着运行时间的延长而减小;磨损粉体的粒径随固含率、循环流量、磨损时间的增加而减小;磨损颗粒的多分散度随固含率和循环流量的增加而减小。     

Experimental study on drop formation in liquid-liquid fluidized bed

Drop formation in liquid-liquid fluidized bed was investigated experimentally. The normal water was injected via a fine-capillary spray nozzle into the co-flowing No. 25 transformer oil with jet directed upwards in a vertical fluidized bed. Experiments under a wide variety of conditions were conducted to investigate the instability dynamics of the jet, the size and size distribution of the drops. Details of drop formation, drop flow patterns and jet evolution were monitored in real-time by an ultra-high-speed digital CCD (charge couple device) camera. The Rosin-Rammler model was applied to characterize experimental drop size distributions. Final results demonstrate that drop formation in liquid-liquid system takes place on three absolutely different developing regimes: bubbling, laminar jetting and turbulent jetting, depending on the relative Reynolds number between the two phases. For different flow domains, dynamics of drop formation change significantly, involving mechanism of jet breakup, jet length pulsation, mean size and uniformity of the drops. The jet length fluctuates with time in variable and random amplitudes for a specified set of operated parameters. Good agreement is shown between the drop size and the Rosin-Rammler distribution function with the minimum correlation coefficient 0.9199. The mean drop diameter decreases all along with increasing jet flow rate. Especially after the relative Reynolds number exceeds a certain value about 3.5×10⁴, the jet disrupts intensely into multiple small drops with a diameter mainly ranging from 1.0 to and a more and more uniform size distribution. The turbulent jetting regime of drop formation is the most preferable to the dynamic ice slurry making system.     

液液静电雾化特性

对水静电雾化弥散于玉米油的液-液雾化过程进行了实验研究。通过拍照对雾滴形态进行了观察。观察表明,不同电压下液-液雾化会呈现出滴状和云状雾化两种较为典型的雾化形态,在两种形态下液滴具有不同的形貌和运动特点,本文给出了两种雾化形态的出现条件及特征描述。通过Winner99颗粒图像分析仪及雾滴尺寸的分布理论,对不同静电电压下雾滴直径的分布规律进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,液-液静电雾化中雾滴的直径分布服从Rosin-Rammler分布规律。随着电压的升高,雾滴直径分布趋向均匀,雾化细度得到改善。与在空气中雾化有所不同,液-液雾化中雾滴分布的概率密度曲线峰值两边呈现出显著的不对称性,小液滴数尺寸分布较窄而大雾滴数的尺寸分布较宽。随着电压的升高,大雾滴尺寸分布有所变窄,概率密度曲线趋近对称。     

多层桨搅拌槽内的液-液分散特性

在直径为0．476m的椭圆底圆柱形搅拌槽内,以水／航空煤油及水／环己烷为实验体系,研究了Rushton涡轮式搅拌桨(RT-6)、六半椭圆管涡轮式搅拌桨(HEDT)、折叶轴流式搅拌桨及翼形轴流式搅拌桨(CBY)的6种不同组合桨的液-液分散特性,用取样法测定了分散相体积分数的轴向分布及体系澄清时间。结果表明,组合桨中的底桨在液-液分散中发挥了主要作用。单位体积输入功率相同时,底桨为CBY的组合桨进行液-液分散后,液滴的平均滴径最小,体系澄清时间较长;底桨为HEDT的组合桨的分散效果次之;底桨为RT-6的组合桨因滴径分布较宽,虽然平均滴径最大,但澄清时间也较长。     

The interaction of solute transfer,contaminants and drop break-up in rotating disc contactors: Part I. Correlation of drop breakage probabilities

The breakage process of single drops in RDC liquid-liquid extraction columns has been investigated. The breakage probability and daughter drop size distribution were the measured characteristics. Binary systems, non-equilibrated ternary systems with mass transfer in both directions (c → d and d → c) and systems with surface active agent added were used in the experiments. A model of the breakage probability was developed based on a modified Weber number, taking into account the applied shearing stress and the resisting interfacial tension force. It is shown that breakage probability can be estimated if interfacial tension is known as a function of interfacial conditions.     

Scale-up of liquid-liquid dispersions in stirred tanks

A study of local drop size, drop size distribution and holdup fraction was conducted for liquid-liquid dispersions in three geometrically similar stirred tanks of standard configuration over a range of stirrer speeds and dispersed phase volume fractions. The tanks had diameter ratios 1:2:4, the smallest diameter being 11 cm. Two liquid-liquid systems were used: n-heptane-water and n-heptane containing different concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid dispersed in an aqueous sulphate solution. No significant local variations of the three parameters investigated were observed at constant stirrer speed and constant dispersed phase volume fraction. Measurements in the three tanks indicated that the rule of equal impeller tip speed provides the best scale-up criterion for equal interfacial areas per unit volume of dispersion. A correlation was also proposed for the Sauter mean diameter.     

Dynamic behaviour of drops in oil/water/oil dispersions

The dynamic behaviour of drops of oil/water/oil (O/W/O) and water/oil (W/O) in abnormal polymer/water/surfactant systems was investigated. The size of internal oil droplets continuously decreased with time until it reached a steady-state value. Whereas the size of multiple water drops showed a minimum. After the minimum, the size of multiple water drops either reached a steady-state value or continued enlarging until phase inversion occurred. The phase inversion occurred because inclusion of oil droplets into water drops resulted in a continuous increase in effective volume fraction of dispersed phase. The time evolution of the size of multiple drops was described in terms of a balance between (a) drop break-up and escape and (b) drop coalescence and inclusion. The inclusion events retarded the initial decrease in the size of multiple water drops with time and increased the drop size after the minimum. By reducing the surfactant concentration, the ability of the dispersed phase to entrain the continuous phase decreased so that no minimum was achieved for the size of multiple drops with time, similar to conventional systems with simple drops. The size distribution of the multiple water drops initially narrowed and then widened again, whereas the size distribution of internal oil droplets continuously narrowed with time until it reached a constant value. Generally, the size distribution of drops narrowed as the average size of drops decreased. The possible mechanisms for complex drop formation were discussed and drop deformation was suggested as the main cause for inclusion at a low dispersed phase ratio.     

水在非相溶油中滴流雾化的界面追踪模拟

基于欧拉法和流体体积函数建立了描述相界面运动、变形、破碎等复杂变化的界面追踪模型(VOF-CSF),该模型采用了二相界面重构技术,并考虑了界面张力和接触角的影响,将水在非相溶油中滴流雾化形成液滴过程简化为二维轴对称数值模拟,模拟了层流环境中低喷射流率下液滴形成的全过程.模拟结果表明:在滴流雾化方式下,液滴形成过程由液滴...     

Interactions between two in-line drops rising in pure glycerin☆

The behaviors of time-dependent interaction between two buoyancy-driven in-line deformable drops rising in pure glycerin at Re b 1 were studied, where the diameter for the leading drops ranged from 9.51 mm to 12.6 mm and for trailing drops from 12.7 mm to 15.8 mm. The situation while a larger drop chasing a smal er one was specifically considered which typical y led to the smal er drop“coating”the larger one. Two approaches, the geometric feature approach and the energy change one, were used to judge the starting and ending times of the interaction between two drops. Based on a conical wake model, the drag coefficient of two approaching drops was calculated. Due to the approaching effect of the trailing drop, the leading drop was accelerated and the average drag coefficient was smal er than that for a free rising single drop. The frequency spectrums of the lateral oscillation of two drops during the interaction were obtained by using Fourier analysis. The oscillation frequency of the interactional drops was also different from that for a free rising single drop because of the wake effect produced by the leading drop. Due to a superposition of the drop shape oscil ation and the drop internal circula-tion, the transverse oscil ation frequencies of two drops have the same trend during the approaching process. ? 2016 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. Al rights reserved.     

Dispersion of high-viscosity liquid-liquid systems by flow through SMX static mixer elements

The pressure drop and the dispersed phase drop size distribution have been measured for flow through SMX static mixer elements, in columns of diameter 41.18 and 15.75 mm, for a continuous phase of aqueous corn syrup and a dispersed phase of silicone oil. For single-phase flow the pressure drops were consistent with known literature correlations. In the presence of the dispersed phase the pressure drops were increased about 20% above the expected single-phase values, showing more short-term fluctuations but with no significant effect of the flow fraction of the dispersed phase. Droplet size distributions were measured by the computer-aided analysis of images from a digital camera. For shorter lengths of packing the distributions showed a significant “tail” at the large-diameter end, but as the packing length was increased the tail decreased or became non-existent. The mean drop sizes have been compared with a new model based on drop formation at equivalent point sources within the packing.