梯度表面能材料表面上滴状凝结换热

采用气相沉积（CVD）的方法,以十二烷基三氯硅烷和辛基三氯硅烷为扩散工质,制备了梯度表面能材料表面。对空气中水滴在水平梯度表面能材料表面上的运动现象和表面倾角为0°、30°、60°和90°情况下,梯度表面能材料表面上的水蒸气滴状凝结换热进行了可视化实验,研究了凝结液滴的长大、聚并、运动和脱落现象。结果表明：直径大于1 mm的凝结液滴峰值运动速度达到110 mm·s-1,远大于空气中液滴的运动速度。通过图像分析,分别讨论了壁面过冷度、凝结表面倾角和表面能梯度对换热和液滴运动的影响。结果表明：随着壁面过冷度的增加,凝结表面传热系数先增加后减小;当凝结表面倾角大时,由于重力作用加大,凝结表面传热系数也高;当表面能梯度较大时,运动液滴尺寸更小,速度更快,凝结表面传热系数更高。     

表面活性剂溶液中单液滴的非稳态运动

A numerical investigation of the unsteady motion of a deformed drop released freely in another quiescent liquid contaminated by surfactant is presented in this paper. The finite difference method was used to solve numerically the coupled time-dependent Navier-Stokes and convective-diffusion equations in a body-fitted orthogonal coordinate system. Numerical simulation was conducted on the experimental cases, in which MIBK drops with the size ranging from 1.24 mm to 1.97 mm rose and accelerated freely in pure water and in dilute sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) aqueous solution. The applicability of the numerical scheme was validated by the agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data. Both the numerical and experimental results showed that the velocitytime profile exhibited a maximum rising velocity for drops in SDS solutions, which was close to the terminal velocity in pure water, before it dropped down to a steady-state value. The effect of the sorption kinetics of surfactant on the accelerating motion was also evaluated. It is also suggested that introduction of virtual mass force into the formulation improved obviously the precision of numerical simulation of transient drop motion.     

旋流塔板上液滴的运动模型

以液滴离开塔板的初始位置为边缘分布、液滴粒径为条件分布，用概率统计的方法来描述旋流塔板上液滴群运动的边界条件，进而提出其三维模型。该模型不含可调参数，采用四阶Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法计算，结果得到实验的支持。     

液体弹珠翻越固着液滴的动态特性及运动机理

对体积在10—40μL之间的液体弹珠翻越液滴的过程进行可视化实验,研究液体弹珠翻越水平面上的固着液滴的动态行为。实验结果表明：弹珠以一定初速度撞击固着液滴后会发生反弹、翻越、弹飞和破裂4种运动状态,小体积弹珠只会产生前3种状态,弹珠体积越大越趋向于破裂。不同运动状态主要受弹珠初速度、弹珠体积、韦伯数(We)、雷诺数(Re)和邦德数(Bo)控制,在弹珠体积为10μL时,能够翻越同体积液滴的临界韦伯数在14—20之间,当体积达到40μL时,临界韦伯数为45—120。弹珠撞击液滴后受挤压,两者都会持续振荡变形,体积越大,弹珠的变形系数极值越大且液滴的振荡周期越长。该研究可为液体弹珠在微反应器方面的应用提供参考。     

液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性

以铜片为基底制备了微方孔结构浸润梯度表面,利用高速摄像技术对液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性进行了研究。结果表明：在不同表面温度和韦伯数（We）下,液滴撞击在梯度表面上会出现5种不同的撞击模式,即润湿模式、接触沸腾模式、过渡模式、碎裂模式和反弹模式;当表面温度达到Leidenfrost温度时,液滴进入反弹模式,反弹液滴会沿着梯度能方向发生多次连续弹跳行为,且由于弹跳过程中能量的不断衰减,反弹高度逐渐减小直至趋于零。基于表面物理化学理论分析了液滴的定向弹跳行为,并利用图像处理技术,分析了弹跳液滴的动态特征。进一步地,通过液滴以相同We数撞击不同表面温度实验,研究了液滴在弹跳运动过程中反弹高度、铺展因子和运动的水平加速度变化特征,发现三者随反弹次数的增加具有相似的变化过程,即呈现先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的特征。水平加速度的与铺展因子的变化趋势具有一致性,从而验证了理论分析的合理性。     

温度对杨木木粉表面自由能和表面极性的影响

通过毛细管上升法测定了经过不同温度处理的杨木木粉的表面接触角,依据Washburn方程和Owens-wendt-Kaelble法,求解了经过不同温度处理的杨木木粉的表面自由能及其极性分量和非极性分量。结果表明,杨木木粉的表面自由能为23.43 mN/m,体现分子色散力的非极性分量为4.64 mN/m,在处理时间为2 h的条件下,随着处理温度的上升,杨木木粉的总表面自由能略有下降,体现其分子色散力的非极性表面自由能上升,体现其表面极性值的极性表面自由能下降,并分析了上述结果的原因。     

润湿性图案表面上的液滴侧向弹跳行为

表面润湿性不均匀会影响液滴撞击表面后的运动行为。通过液滴撞击润湿性图案表面,利用疏水表面上的亲水条纹可以实现液滴的侧向弹跳。实验过程中探究了不同的表面性质与撞击条件对液滴侧向弹跳运动行为的影响,为实现液滴定向弹跳提供了新的思路。实验结果表明,润湿性图案主要影响液滴撞击表面后的回缩过程,并且图案尺寸、液滴速度、液滴撞击位置均会对液滴撞击表面后的分裂以及侧向弹跳产生影响。通过实验获得了上述参数对液滴侧向弹跳的质量和距离的影响规律。     

脂肪酶对麦秸表面自由能的影响

研究了不同条件下麦秸经Candida Cylindracea酵母产脂肪酶处理后表面自由能的变化规律。结果表明,当处理条件为:酶用量7.5kIU/g(对麦秸),温度50℃,时间8h,pH值7.5,麦秸表面自由能提高了28%左右。分析了脂肪酶处理前后麦秸外表面、麦秸正己烷抽提物的红外光谱变化,对比了脂肪酶处理前后麦秸表面的显微结构图像,结果显示,脂肪酶脱除麦秸外表面亲脂类物质层,暴露出其中的木质素和聚糖类物质,改善了水对麦秸的可及性,提高了麦秸的表面自由能。     

低表面能材料上海洋生物附着的研究

考察了不同表面状态的聚四氟乙烯材料和含有机氟、有机硅涂层的防污性能。低表面能材料上的污损生物附着不牢。聚氨酯、醇酸、氯醋乙烯等树脂为基料的涂层防污性差;而涂层中有机硅橡胶的含量比聚四氟乙烯更有利于防止海洋生物的附着。     

低表面能材料的创新粘接技术低表面能材料的创新粘接技术

<正>首先对低表面能材料为什么难于粘接进行了探讨,然后介绍了表面改性处理技术;最后研究了低表面能材料的粘接问题,重点介绍了不必进行任何表面处理即可牢固粘接的3M独特结构胶和PSA(压敏胶)技术。0前言随着全球经济和科技的快速发展,新技术、新材料不断涌现,而新材料的开发和应用也推动了工业整体水平的发展。例如航空领域使用的复合材料、汽车领域使用的新型高性能通用塑料,均在保证使用性能的前提下降低了成本、质量和燃料消耗     

混合蒸气冷凝过程中均匀温度面上液滴自发移动现象及特性

在某些混合蒸气的冷凝过程中，传热面温度梯度导致冷凝液浓度及表面张力不平衡，从而驱动冷凝液滴产生自发移动现象。此现象产生的前提为传热面具有整体温度分布，即传热面从一侧表面的相对低温状态，随着表面位置变化逐渐过渡到另一侧的相对高温状态，而本论文在水-酒精混合蒸气的冷凝过程中，观测到在均匀温度传热面上也会发生冷凝液滴自发移动现象。通过对具有和不具有初速度的冷凝液滴在均匀传热面上的不同移动特性进行比较分析，确认了具有明显初速度的冷凝液滴在均匀温度领域产生自发移动现象，而无初速度液滴则产生无序运动（非自发移动）。从而验证了在均匀温度传热面，冷凝液滴自发移动的驱动力为液滴移动同时其周围形成的局部温度分布和局部表面张力不平衡的推测。     

Evolution of surface chemistry and physical properties during thin film polymerization of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers

By applying a novel thin film polymerization technique, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the Lifshitz-van der Waals acid-base (LWAB) theory, we have determined the time evolution of surface chemistry and surface free energy during the polymerization of liquid crystalline poly(p-oxybenzoate/2,6-oxynaphthoate) at a molar ratio of 50/50. The surface free energy components of these main-chain liquid crystalline copolyesters were calculated from contact angle measurements using a Ramé-Hart goniometer and a three-liquid procedure (water, glycerol, and diiodomethane). The experimental data suggest that the Lewis base parameter (y-) during thin film polymerization decreases rapidly with the progress of polymerization, while the Lewis acid parameter (γ⁺) and the Lifshitz-van der Waals parameter (γ^LW) are almost invariant. The surface roughness data measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested that the increase in water contact angle (or the decrease in y-) was not caused by the change in surface roughness, but by the change in surface chemistry, i.e. due to the reaction of acetoxy and carboxy groups to release acetic acid during the polymerization reaction. In addition, the XPS results coincide with our previous Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showing that the condensation polymerization is much faster in the beginning than in the later stages. Consequently, the decrease in y- in the early stages of the polymerization is well explained.     

Studies on the surface free energy and surface structure of PTFE film treated with low temperature plasma

The surface free energy and surface structure of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film treated with low temperature plasma in O₂, Ar, He, H₂, NH₃, and CH₄ gases are studied. The contact angles of the samples were measured, and the critical surface tension γ_c (Zisman) and γ_c (max) were determined on the basis of the Zisman's plots. Furthermore, the values of nonpolar dispersion force γ^a_s, dipole force γ^b_s, and hydrogen bonding force γ^c_s to the surface tensions for the plasma-treated samples were evaluated by the extended Fowkes equation. Mainly because of the contribution of polar force, the surface free energy and surface wettability of PTFE film which was treated with H₂, He, NH₃, Ar, and CH₄ for a short time increased greatly. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) shows that the reason was the decrease of fluorine and the increase of oxygen or nitrogen polar functional group on the surface of PTFE. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1733–1739, 1997     

Simulation of collision behaviour between droplet and solid surface in liquid phase environment

Processes involving dispersed immiscible fluids occur across the traditional onshore and offshore crude oil development phases, including oil exploitation and production, gathering and transportation, and station and field processing. The stabilities of such processes are deeply influenced by the collision and film drainage between separated phase interfaces. Due to factors such as gravity as well as buoyancy and resistance, droplets usually collide with the wall at a relatively high speed and experience one or several rebounds before gradually stabilizing and staying on the surface. Though work related to this aspect has raised significant attention, further research on the force-deformation behaviour between microsized (r ≈50 μm) droplets and solid surface under the influence of the above factors is still lacking and strongly demanded. In this paper, under the comprehensive influence of flow driving, an emulsified water droplet colliding with a solid surface in silicon oil is modelled. The dynamic behaviour of the droplet was analyzed by coupling the Stokes–Reynolds drainage equation, the generalized Young–Laplace equation, and the force situation of the deformable droplet. Furthermore, the effects of interfacial tension, collision velocity, and viscosity of continuous phase on the collision characteristics of droplet were analyzed, and it was found that these factors could significantly change the collision characteristics of droplet.     

Surface free energy analysis of poly(vinyl alcohol) films having various molecular parameters

The molecular parameters of poly(vinyl alcohol) have enormous effects on its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the surface characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) films are also determined by the molecular parameters. In this study, the dependence of the surface free energy on the molecular weight, degree of saponification, and stereoregularity of poly(vinyl alcohol) films has been evaluated with contact‐angle measurements. The surface free energy of poly(vinyl alcohol) films increases with decreases in the syndiotactic dyad content, molecular weight, and degree of saponification. The polar component of the surface energy is not affected by the deviation of the molecular weight and degree of saponification very much. However, it decreases with increases in the syndiotactic dyad content and ranges from 11.64 to 4.35 dyn/cm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Effect of crosslinking on the surface free energy and surface reorganization of waterborne fluorinated polyurethane

To endow waterborne fluorinated polyurethanes (WFPUs), films with stable lower surface free energy and lower surface reorganization after the films contacted with water, a series of crosslinked WFPUs (CWFPUs) emulsions were prepared by adjusting the content of aziridine (AZ). The effect of crosslinking on the surface free energy, glass-transition temperature (T _g), water absorption, and surface composition of dry/hydrated WFPUs and CWFPUs films were studied by CAs test, dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the fluorine content was 0.5%, the surface free energy of the CWFPUs films modified by 0.4% AZ content (CWFPU-6-0.5-CK0.4) reached to the lowest value of 15.76 mN m⁻¹ which almost equaled to the surface free energy (15.45 mN m⁻¹) of the dry uncrosslinked films (WFPU-6-0.5). With the increasing of AZ content, the T _{g, hard} of hard segments of the CWFPUs films increased and the water absorption of the CWFPUs films decreased, which suggested the formation of the crosslinked network structures. The studies of the surface elements and groups composition of dry/hydrated WFPUs and CWFPUs both confirmed that the surface reorganization and the migration of fluorinated side chains were restricted by the crosslinked network structures. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47167.     

Evaluation of surface energy of solid polymers using different models

In the present work, contact angles formed by drops of diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, formamide, diiodomethane, water, and mercury on a film of polypropylene (PP), on plates of polystyrene (PS), and on plates of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were measured at 20°C. Then the surface energies of those polymers were evaluated using the following three different methods: harmonic mean equation and geometric mean equation, using the values of the different pairs of contact angles obtained here; and Neumann's equation, using the different values of contact angles obtained here. It was shown that the values of surface energy generated by these three methods depend on the choice of liquids used for contact angle measurements, except when a pair of any liquid with diiodomethane was used. Most likely, this is due to the difference of polarity between diiodomethane and the other liquids at the temperature of 20°C. The critical surface tensions of those polymers were also evaluated at room temperature according to the methods of Zisman and Saito using the values of contact angles obtained here. The values of critical surface tension for each polymer obtained according to the method of Zisman and Saito corroborated the results of surface energy found using the geometric mean and Neumann's equations. The values of surface energy of polystyrene obtained at 20°C were also used to evaluate the surface tension of the same material at higher temperatures and compared to the experimental values obtained with a pendant drop apparatus. The calculated values of surface tension corroborated the experimental ones only if the pair of liquids used to evaluate the surface energy of the polymers at room temperature contained diiodomethane. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1831–1845, 2000     

Characterization of cellulose surface free energy

The thin-layer wicking technique was used to determine the surface free energy components and the surface character of three celluloses (Sigmaccll 101, Sigmacell 20, and Avicel 101), using an appropriate form of the Washburn equation. For this purpose, the penetration rates of probe liquids into thin porous layers of the celluloses deposited onto horizontal glass plates were measured. It was found that the wicking was a reproducible process and that the thin-layer wicking technique could be used for the determination of the celluloses' surface free energy components. The size of the cellulose particles was characterized with the Galai CIS-100 system and their crystallinity was measured by X-ray diffraction. The three celluloses have high apolar (y^LWS = 50-56 mJ/m²) and electron donor (γs = 42-45 mJ/m²) components, while the electron acceptor component (γS⁺ ) is practically zero. The free energy interactions of cellulose/water/cellulose calculated from the components are positive, regardless of the cellulose crystallinity. This would mean that the cellulose surfaces have a hydrophilic character. However, the work of spreading of water has a small negative value (3-9 mJ/m²), indicating that the surfaces are slightly hydrophobic. It is believed that the work of spreading characterizes better the hydrophobicity of the surface than the free energy of particle/water/particle interaction, because in the latter case, no electrostatic repulsion is taken into account in the calculations.