Some uncertainty regarding uncertainty reduction.

Tryon (1991a) has proposed the definition of a scientific explanation as an explanation that reduces uncertainty, and relates this to the reduction of statistical variance. Lamiell (1991) criticizes Tryon on several grounds, arguing that the reduction of criterion variance does not yield knowledge of the sort Tryon desires. This paper comments on Tryon's proposal, including his reply (1991b) to Lamiell's criticisms. It is concluded that explanation as uncertainty reduction is a simple recapitulation of the Hempelian model of explanation at the theoretical level, and an erroneous conception of statistical epistemology at the methodological level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Approximate Derivation of Critical Buckling Load

This paper proposes an approximate derivation for the critical buckling load of a column, based on the application of a uniformly loaded beam's midspan moment and deflection to the buckled column's rotational equilibrium. The curvature of a pin-ended member, when it buckles under axial load, is similar to the curvature assumed by the same member when it deflects under a uniformly distributed load applied transversely along its entire length. Euler's famous equation for critical buckling load is based, of course, on the former assumption, in which the deflected column assumes the shape of a sine curve. However, dividing a uniformly loaded beam's midspan moment by its deflection provides a conservative result for the critical buckling load, within 3% of Euler's value, that can be derived solely on the basis of these commonly used beam equations.     

Dissociating uncertainty responses and reinforcement signals in the comparative study of uncertainty monitoring.

Although researchers are exploring animals' capacity for monitoring their states of uncertainty, the use of some paradigms allows the criticism that animals map avoidance responses to error-causing stimuli not because of uncertainty monitored but because of feedback signals and stimulus aversion. The authors addressed this criticism with an uncertainty-monitoring task in which participants completed blocks of trials with feedback deferred so that they could not associate reinforcement signals to particular stimuli or stimulus-response pairs. Humans and 1 of 2 monkeys were able to make cognitive, decisional uncertainty responses that were independent of feedback or reinforcement history within a task. This finding unifies the comparative literature on uncertainty monitoring. The dissociation of performance from reinforcement has theoretical implications, and the deferred-feedback technique has many applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Derivation of subgroups from dyadic interactions.

This article presents a simulation study that compares several methods for deriving empirical subgroups from sociometric data. The Monte Carlo study was used to investigate how well the methods recovered the subgroup structure that had been built into the actors' and partners' modes. Forty-eight sociomatrices were generated using a 2–4?×?3 factorial design. The factors included the number of individuals in the network, the true number of subgroups into which the individuals were classified, the proportion of individuals falling into each of the subgroups, the structure of the dyadic interactions, and the clarity of the subgroup structure. On the basis of the simulation study's results, subgroups were derived for two real data sets. The first data set described the relations in a monastery (S. F. Sampson, 1968). The second data set described the referral network of a service provider (P. H. Reingen & J. B. Kernan, 1986). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Derivation of a General Adsorption Isotherm Model

According to the thermodynamics of adsorption, a general equation for the adsorption isotherm was derived and verified by the literature data. The constants involved in the proposed model are physically defined. It was shown that the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were special cases of the proposed adsorption isotherm model. The proposed model indeed provides a good insight into the thermodynamic mechanisms of adsorption.     

临界检测结果的使用风险与测量不确定度的关系--红外吸收光谱测定钢中超低碳的实例分析

临界检测结果的使用与测量不确定度的大小密切相关,科学合理、客观公正地使用检测结果是检测者和使用者都关心的.本文拟结合冶金分析的检测实践,从数理统计的角度认识检测结果测量不确定度和工程规格界限之间的关系,对于如何合理利用检测结果数据来确定产品质量及确定相关的产品规格标准,并在实际生产过程中恰当地做出合格与否或接收与否提供了一种有益的判据.     

Derivation of unstirred-layer transport number equations from the Nernst-Planck flux equations

Since the late 1960s it has been known that the passage of current across a membrane can give rise to local changes in salt concentration in unstirred layers or regions adjacent to that membrane, which in turn give rise to the development of slow transient diffusion potentials and osmotic flows across those membranes. These effects have been successfully explained in terms of transport number discontinuities at the membrane-solution interface, the transport number of an ion reflecting the proportion of current carried by that ion. Using the standard definitions for transport numbers and the regular diffusion equations, these polarization or transport number effects have been analyzed and modeled in a number of papers. Recently, the validity of these equations has been questioned. This paper has demonstrated that, by going back to the Nernst-Planck flux equations, exactly the same resultant equations can be derived and therefore that the equations derived directly from the transport number definitions and standard diffusion equations are indeed valid.     

Derivation of Grinding Force of Online Roll Grinder

In order to fit the development of continuouscasting and free schedule rolling(FSR),the hot-strip mill online roll grinder(ORG)technology wasdevelopedinJapanin1980′s[1,2].Especiallythe trac-er cup-grinder wheel developed by Mitsubishi ma-chine manufactur…