一种基于单事务项集组合的频繁项集挖掘算法

Apriori是挖掘频繁项集的基本算法,目前该算法及其优化变种都没有解决候选项及重复扫描事务数据库的问题.文章通过对Apriori及其优化算法的深入探究,提出了一种基于单事务组合项集的挖掘算法,该算法在一个事务内部对"数据项"进行组合,在事务数据库中对所有相同"项集"进行计数.不经过迭代过程,不产生候选项集,所有频繁项集的挖掘过程只需对事务数据库一次扫描,提高了频繁项集挖掘效率.     

Apriori-sort算法研究

Apriori算法虽然在候选集的产生时利用了剪支技术,但每次扫描数据库时都必须扫描整个数据库,因此扫描的数据量大,速度较慢。Apriori-sort算法是在Apriori算法基础上的改进,基本思想是把事务数据库变为以度表示的事务度数据库,并对事务度数据库进行排序。Apriori-sort算法查找频繁项集时,只扫描数据库Dd中满足d（Ck）≦d（Ti）的事务。对扫描数据库进行了有效剪支,因此Apriori-sort算法的计算效率高。并用仿真数据对Apriori-sort算法和Apriori算法进行了仿真对比实验,实验结果证明了新算法的高效性。     

基于散列技术的自适应关联规则挖掘算法

针对关联规则挖掘经典的Apriori算法多次扫描数据库,侯选项集数目多而引起的效率低下问题,本文提出了将Apriori算法与散列技术和自适应步长相结合的改进算法,算法压缩了侯选项集的数目以及减少了扫描数据库的次数.通过理论分析与实验结果表明,该算法与经典的Apriori算法相比较,效率上有明显的提高,特别是对大事务集,长事务集数据挖掘效果更为明显.     

一种基于矩阵的Apriori改进算法

针对Apriori算法中I/O负载大和减枝过程中生成大量中间结果两个性能瓶颈问题,提出了一种事务矩阵和项集矩阵的Apriori改进算法.算法的基本思想是:扫描数据库生成事务矩阵,通过事务矩阵和项集矩阵之间的运算代替Apriori算法中的数据库扫描得到频繁项集,减少I/O负载,加快候选项集的验证速度;通过对频繁项集矩阵的操作,减少生成候选频繁项集的数目,避免Apriori算法减枝步骤中对候选项集的分解和判断.通过仿真验证了改进算法的有效性.     

关联规则挖掘Apriori算法的研究与改进

关联规则挖掘是数据挖掘研究领域中的一个重要任务,旨在挖掘事务数据库中有趣的关联.Apriori算法是关联规则挖掘中的经典算法.然而Apriori算法存在着产生候选项目集效率低和频繁扫描数据等缺点.对Apriori算法的原理及效率进行分析,指出了一些不足,并且提出了改进的Apriori_LB算法.该算法基于新的数据结构,改进了产生候选项集的连接方法.在详细阐述了Apriori_LB算法后,对Apriori算法和Apriori_LB算法进行了分析和比较,实验结果表明改进的Apriori_LB算法优于Apriori算法,特别是对最小支持度较小或者项数较少的事务数据库进行挖掘时,效果更加显著.     

关联规则挖掘Apriori算法的优化①

针对Apriori算法存在的不足,提出了一种新的优化Apriori的方法。该方法通过优化频繁项集修剪策略,减少无效候选项集的产生;优化连接策略,减少连接次数,避免相同项目的多次重复比较;结合事务数据库逐步压缩技术,减少对无用事务的扫描次数。实验结果表明,经过优化的Apriori算法具有更好的运行效率。     

利用项集的分解寻求最大频繁项集

寻求最大频繁项集是关联规则挖掘的最重要步骤,通过研究Apriori算法的基本思想,利用Apriori性质对数据库中项集进行分解直接寻找最大频繁项集,避免扫描整个事务数据库而是有针对性的扫描部分数据,从而提高算法效率.     

基于矩阵压缩的Apriori算法改进的研究

Apriori算法是利用关联规则进行数据挖掘的一种经典算法,但其具有产生大量候选项集和多次扫描数据库的缺点。鉴于此,提出了一种基于压缩矩阵的Apriori改进算法,通过扫描一次数据库,将其转化为布尔事务矩阵,按照相关性质对事务矩阵进行压缩,以减少算法的运算量。实验结果表明,改进算法在性能上得到了明显提高。     

基于十字链表的Apriori改进算法

针对Apriori算法中存在的不足,提出一种把事务数据库映射到十字链表中的改进算法。该算法可以减少连接数据库的次数及事务记录的扫描次数。Apriori算法与改进算法的性能对比分析表明,改进算法能有效提高执行效率。     

一种基于事务压缩的关联规则优化算法

通过对Apriori算法挖掘过程进行分析,提出了一种基于事务压缩的关联规则挖掘算法.该算法充分利用Apriori性质,通过减少候选集的组合和减少数据库的扫描来提高挖掘的速度和减少数据库的I/O操作时间的开销,有效提高了关联规则的挖掘效率.并在Apriori算法的基础上设计了Apriori改进算法.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.