Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

《日用樟脑》行业标准的研制及应用

根据市场需求研究制定了林业行业标准《日用樟脑》。该标准主要规定了日用樟脑的外观、性状、嗅味感、要求、试验方法、功能添加剂、形状、大小、包装、标识、贮存、运输、卫生和管理,适用于以合成樟脑或者天然樟脑为基本原料制得的各种不同形状的日用樟脑制品。研究建立了以气相色谱分析为主的相应检测和分析试验方法,确定了含量、密度等主要技术参数及取值范围。同时还研究了日用樟脑中相关掺假制假物质的分析检验方法。     

煤的基本化工过程与污染特征分析

通过回顾性叙述煤干馏、煤制焦、煤制气、煤制油等方面的煤化工过程基本原理,分析了煤化工过程的产品方向,从煤的性质、工艺要求和技术特点介绍了煤化工过程产生污染物的原因。从煤制焦、煤制气两个方面重点分析了“三废”的来源及其成分,其中,废气来自化学转化过程中未完全炭化的细煤粉及其析出的挥发分、焦油气、飞灰和泄漏的粗煤气、出焦时灼热的焦炭与空气接触生成的CO、CO₂、NO₂等,废水包括除尘废水、剩余氨水、酚氰废水、脱硫废液、煤气水封水等,废渣包括粉尘、煤尘、酸焦油、焦油渣、剩余污泥等。煤化工过程的气相污染物主要包括碳氧化物、硫氧化物、氨气、挥发酚、苯、苯并芘、CO、CH₄、小分子烃类化合物等,液相污染物除了含有氨氮、氰化物、硫氰化物、硫化物、苯类、酚类及油分外,还含有大量苯并芘、萘等的多环芳烃和吡啶、咔唑、联苯、三联苯等的杂环芳烃化合物。煤化工污染表现为分布面广、组分复杂、高浓度、多相介质共存、环境风险大的特征,而煤化工废水则表现为高浓度/盐分、高污染(组分多)、有毒难降解、富氮缺磷的典型特征。文中指出煤化工过程与污染特征之间的关系的阐明需要科技工作者加深对煤的基本性质、转化过程原理、分离纯化原理、产品应用原理的全面认识,与此对应的技术与策略应当立足于对行业的资源-产品-经济-环境-社会作用链深度理解和有效的系统集成基础上,从规模、产品、技术、管理、市场、人才等方面加强战略设计与逻辑创新的构建。     

中低温煤焦油蒸馏过程中金属元素的迁移规律

以中低温煤焦油轻油和重油为实验原料,采用常压蒸馏获得170~200℃、200~240℃、240~270℃、270~300℃、300~320℃、320~340℃、340~360℃和360~390℃煤焦油馏分油;利用配有油品加氧制冷进样系统的ICP-OES测定了21种微量元素在馏分油中的含量,考察了不同馏分油中元素的分布情况。研究表明：在原煤焦油中,未发现Ag、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量较高的元素有Sn、P、Al、Pb、Si,其中Sn元素在轻油和重油中的含量分别为11.78μg/g和14.04μg/g;在所有馏分油中,未发现Al、Mo、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量比较高的元素有Si、Sn、Na、Zn、Pb,特别是Si、Na、Sn、Zn、Ni、Pb及B元素可以有效富集于馏分油中。可能的原因是Ca、Fe、Mg、Al等金属以不同的盐类形态存在,在煤焦油脱水及<170℃蒸馏过程中,这些金属盐类会被部分带出,导致其在馏分油中的含量未富集或未检出;通过关联金属元素在馏分油中的分布与其组成的关系,馏分油中元素的分布可能与酚类化合物、杂环化合物和蒸馏温度等相关。酚类化合物及杂环化合物可能与Ag、B、Cu、Mo、Sn、Na、Zn、Ca、Pb等金属形成络合物或卟啉配合物,蒸馏温度一方面可以破坏Sn、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca、Pb等元素在馏分油中的结合力,另一方面也可以促进这些元素与馏分油中的含氧、含氮等化合物更好地发生化合反应,进而影响金属元素在馏分油中的含量分布。     

Structure controlling and process scale-up in the fabrication of nanomaterials

Nanotechnology is already having a significant commercial impact, and will very certainly have a much greater impact in the future. The research on process engineering and scale-up will be very important for the commercial production and application of nanomaterials, because the properties and structure of nanomaterials are not only determined by the nucleation and growth process, but also strongly affected by the engineering properties, such as the mixing, the heat and mass transfer, and also the distribution of temperature, concentration, etc. This paper will present some research work in our laboratory on the fabrication of nanomaterials. Based on the chemical engineering principle and methods, many kinds of novel nanomaterials can be synthesized and their structure can be easily controlled through adjusting the parameters of the fluid mixing, and the distribution of temperature, residence time and concentration, etc. By using the micro-mixing, heat and mass transfer and reaction control methods, the host-guest nanocomposites have been assembled and assumed as the novel electroanalytical sensing nanobiocomposite materials. Based on the principles of chemical engineering, the manufacturing technologies for magnetic powders, calcium carbonate, and titanium dioxide have been developed for commercial-scale production, and the largest production scale has reached 15 kt/year.     

Properties of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) films for drug‐controlled release

With bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug, drug‐loaded films of chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were obtained by a casting/solvent evaporation method and crosslinked by tripolyphosphate (TPP). The films were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The influential factors of drug‐loaded films on drug‐controlled release were studied. These factors included, primarily, the component ratio of CS and PVA, the loaded amount of BSA, the pH and ionic strength of the release solution, and the crosslinking time with TPP. The results showed that within 25 h, when the weight ratios of CS to PVA in the drug‐loaded films were 90 : 10, 70 : 30, 50 : 50, and 30 : 50, the cumulative release rates of BSA were 63.3, 72.9, 81.8, and 91.8%, respectively; when the amounts of model drug were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g, the release rates were 100, 81.8, and 59.6%, respectively; when the pH values of the drug release medium were 1.0, 3.8, 5.4, and 7.4, the release rates reached 100, 100, 37.9, and 7.8%, respectively; the cumulative release rates of BSA were 78.4, 82.3, 84.3, and 91.7% when the ionic strengths of the release solution were, respectively, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4M; when the crosslinking times of these drug films in the TPP solution were 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, the release rates attained 100, 100, 81.8, 65, and 43.3%, respectively. All the results indicated that the CS/PVA film was useful in drug delivery systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 808–813, 2005     

BP-AMOCO工艺氧化单元催化剂和促进剂消耗模型

提出一种采用BP AMOCO工艺的氧化单元钴、锰催化剂和溴促进剂的消耗模型。模型首先对氧化单元配料系统进行分析,建立氧化单元钴锰溴的消耗与配料混合罐出口流股的流量、钴锰溴的浓度,以及氧化单元循环母液的流量、钴锰溴浓度的关联模型;然后再对氧化单元钴锰溴循环系统进行机理和统计分析,建立氧化单元母液的流量、钴锰溴的浓度与配料混合罐出口流股的流量、钴锰溴的浓度的关联模型;最终建立可以根据配料混合罐出口流股钴锰溴浓度和母液循环率,计算氧化单元钴锰溴消耗的模型,从而为操作参数优化提供基础。     

高浓度二氧化碳入侵对土壤理化性质的影响

在地质储存CO_2(GCS)泄漏对生态环境的影响中,土壤作为生态系统中物质与能量交换的主要介质,其理化性质的变化研究尤为重要。采用人工模拟CO_2泄漏地表的方式,并分析土壤pH值、总有机碳、氮、磷、钾、水溶性盐浓度的变化及地表植物响应。结果表明:CO_2入侵使土壤总有机碳相比于对照增加了1.56%~43.75%,总氮下降了0.88%~13.25%,氨氮与硝氮也同比下降,磷、钾、水溶性盐总体也是减少的,但土壤pH值有所上升,且各植物长势均较好,尤其是豌豆与萝卜的生长较好。结论:高浓度CO_2入侵会对土壤理化性质产生一定影响,而且对植物的生长有促进作用。     

美国炼油业的发展动向对我国的启示

美国是世界第一大炼油国，本文分析了当前美国炼油业发展现状，指出美国炼油能力主要集中在五大区域，其中PADD3区的墨西哥湾不仅是美国也是世界最大炼油中心。2013年以来，美国炼油厂开工率一直维持在90%左右，毛利始终保持世界第一。伴随原油质量的变化和油品质量的不断升级，催化裂化、催化重整占比有所下降，加氢能力显著提高，装置结构持续优化。同时，文章总结最新发展动向，主要表现：一是得益于页岩油气革命的成功，美国原油产量、油品产量及出口量持续增长，2017年原油对外依存度降至42.07%，油品净出口量43.8万桶/日。二是为了提高行业及企业的竞争力，进一步加快落后产能淘汰及兼并重组步伐，持续推进国际化；三是更加注重整体区域化和基地化发展，特别是拥有资源、物流、市场优势的PADD3区和PADD2区；四是不断创新与升级催化裂化、加氢裂化与处理、烷基化等传统炼油技术，加大分子炼油、原油直接生产化工品、智能化炼油厂等前沿性技术的研发。本文分析认为，鉴于美国炼油业的地位和发展新态势，今后我国炼油业要实现高质量发展，应在保障国家石油安全的基础上，在国家政策的积极引导下，持续推进供给侧结构性改革，促进基地化、区域化、一体化发展，推进国际化进程，高度重视安全环保与质量升级，不断加强科技创新、苦练内功，实现炼油强国的“中国梦”。     

Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 in Rat Oocytes,Preimplantation Embryos,and Selected Maternal Tissues during Early Development and Implantation

This study aimed to describe glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) in rat oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and female genital organs. After copulation, Sprague Dawley female rats were euthanized with anesthetic on the first (D1), third (D3), and fifth days of pregnancy (D5). Ovaries, oviducts, and uterine horns were removed, and oocytes and preimplantation embryos were obtained. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and Western blot methods were employed. Using immunofluorescence, we detected GPx4 in both the oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Whereas in the oocytes, GPx4 was homogeneously diffused, in the blastomeres, granules were formed, and in the blastocysts, even clusters were present mainly around the cell nuclei. Employing immunohistochemistry, we detected GPx4 inside the ovary in the corpus luteum, stroma, follicles, and blood vessels. In the oviduct, the enzyme was present in the epithelium, stroma, blood vessels, and smooth muscles. In the uterus, GPx4 was found in the endometrium, myometrium, blood vessels, and stroma. Moreover, we observed GPx4 positive granules in the uterine gland epithelium on D1 and D3 and cytoplasm of fibroblasts forming in the decidua on D5. Western blot showed the highest GPx4 levels in the uterus and the lowest levels in the ovary. Our results show that the GPx4 is necessary as early as in the preimplantation development of a new individual because we detected it in an unfertilized oocyte in a blastocyst and not only after implantation, as was previously thought.     

马来酸化聚乙烯蜡乳液及其应用

综述了聚乙烯蜡马来酸化改性过程的原理，影响因素及改性蜡乳液的制备方法，影响因素和用途。其中蜡的接枝过程为链式自由基反应，包括本体，溶液，悬浮，熔融和固相4种方法。接枝效果受到马来酸酐用量，引发剂用量，反应温度及反应时间的影响，改性蜡的乳化则受到乳化剂用量，乳化温度，乳化时间等因素的影响。此蜡乳液主要应用在表面上光，园艺和保,纸张等方面。     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China

Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5 vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely within the coal bed. The vitrinite content varies from as low as 1.6-20.5% (mineral-free basis), and it is dominated by collodetrinite, collotelinite, and corpogelinite. The maceral composition may be attributed to the type of the peat-forming plant communities. Moreover, the Luquan coals are characterized by high contents of volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the high values of the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio as a result of the maceral composition. As compared with the common Chinese coals and the upper continental crust, the Luquan coals are enriched in Li, B, Cu, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U, with averages of 99.9, 250, 111, 24.4, 4.55, 130, 58.8, 1276, 162, 3.85, and 34.1 μg/g, respectively. The SEM-EDX results show that V, Cr, Ga, and Rb occur mainly in clay minerals, and Cu and Pb are associated with clay minerals and pyrite, and Mo and U are mainly in clay minerals and organic matter. Barite and clay minerals are the main carrier of barium. The high B and U contents are probably resulted from deep seawater influence during coal formation.     

加快推进绿色生物制造 助力实现“碳中和”

首先分别从全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革战略、我国化工制造模式变革、实现“碳中和”、实现农业工业化的角度,阐述了绿色生物制造的涵义与意义;其次,对我国生物制造产业发展现状、战略需求进行了分析,文章指出我国生物制造产业虽然起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,在生物发酵、生物基产品和生物质能等领域形成了一定基础,但是核心层仍然存在短板,表现为关键核心技术和前瞻技术储备不足、核心装备研发落后、市场化程度低、竞争力不足;最后,文章对未来生物制造发展的重点方向与路径提出了相关建议,具体包括推进原料体系多元化战略、建立先进生物制造技术体系。文章指出加快从基因组到工业合成技术、装备突破,支撑生物基化学品、生物基材料、生物能源等重大产品的绿色生产,以生物制造推动“农业工业化、工业绿色化、产业国际化”,对于我国走新型工业化道路,实现财富绿色增长和社会经济可持续发展具有重大战略意义。     

低NOx燃气燃烧技术研究进展

气体燃料具有易于点火、燃烧迅速、燃烧完全等特点,且氮、硫、灰分低,因此燃烧后产生的污染物相对较少,属于较清洁的燃料,且国家燃气补贴政策的实施,使气体燃料燃烧近年来有很好的发展前景。但随着国家对大气污染物的控制更加严格,控制气体燃料燃烧过程中NOx的生成至关重要。笔者介绍了不同种类NOx的产生机理及影响因素,并基于NOx的产生机理提出控制措施,分析目前应用较广泛的燃气燃烧技术的低氮原理及应用现状,最后提出燃气燃烧器应用的展望。燃气燃烧过程中主要以热力型NOx及快速型NOx为主,温度和过量空气系数是影响NOx生成的主要影响因素。燃烧温度高于1 500℃时,热力型NOx呈指数型增长,温度是影响NOx生成的最重要因素。根据NOx产生机理,低NOx燃烧技术的实质是降低最高燃烧温度,控制燃烧区燃料浓度以及氧浓度,缩短烟气在高温区的停留时间,破坏NOx生成的最佳条件,最终抑制NOx的生成。低NOx燃烧技术一定程度降低了NOx的生成,但又会破坏整个燃烧进程,对燃烧和放热过程造成不利影响,降低了燃烧效率和传热效率,因此如何解决这些矛盾是亟需解决的问题。在实际应用中,应根据需求选择合适的燃烧技术,同时可将不同燃烧技术相结合起到稳燃、低氮的效果。应用较广泛的燃气燃烧技术主要是阶段型燃烧技术、烟气再循环燃烧技术、无焰燃烧技术等,其中催化燃烧技术发展前景较好,目前已应用于多个领域,其催化剂的热稳定性和寿命问题是限制其工业上广泛应用的核心问题。     

干湿循环作用下混凝土力学性能及微观结构研究

为揭示混凝土在干湿循环作用下的劣化机理,本文对不同强度等级的混凝土进行干湿循环试验,并在试验过程中测定混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、超声波速、孔隙率等物理量,探究了干湿循环作用对混凝土物理力学性能的影响,并从微观尺度上分析了混凝土强度与孔结构的关系。结果表明:混凝土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加先升高后降低,干湿循环40次后,C20、C30、C40、C50混凝土的相对抗压强度分别下降了13.33%、12.47%、8.45%、6.58%,相对劈裂抗拉强度分别下降了25.93%、23.06%、20.59%、19.03%,相对劈裂抗拉强度较抗压强度衰减更为显著;超声波速和超声波幅表现出不同的变化规律,随着干湿循环次数的增加,超声波速先略有增加而后减小,超声波幅则不断增大;在干湿交替的环境中,混凝土试样的孔隙率、孔隙总体积、平均孔径、中值孔径、最可几孔径随着干湿循环次数的增多,先减小后增大,最终表现出孔径粗化特征,这也是混凝土强度后期损失的内在原因。     

降低石膏综合利用能耗与投资的措施

根据多年实践研究针对石膏分解反应机理及特点,分析了石膏(特别是工业石膏废渣)生产硫酸与水泥在各工序的能耗及投资,尤其是在烘干、分解、煅烧中的热耗进行了详细分析;剖析了原料成分、热耗与SO2浓度、投资的关系;提出了降低能耗和投资的途径办法;指出了在使用、设计及工艺选择中注意的问题;以年产200kt规模为例提出消耗、成本、投资、技术经济数据,说明该技术的先进性和推广价值。     

我国IC产业发展对高纯塑料材料的需求

论述了我国信息产业发展时超净高纯包装及运输材料需求,以及国内外发展现状、开发应用前景等,我国目前需要在较高的起点上．通过引进消化吸收．集合制造业、加工工艺研究、检测技术等多方面的优势,进行工程化技术体系的研究,建立生产环境控制、应用测试与分析剥试体系等,以便形成专业化和规模化生产。     

电极间距对CW-MFC处理污泥中Zn和Ni的效果及其产电性能的影响

为有效提高传统人工湿地（CW）处理污泥重金属效能,本文构建了人工湿地微生物燃料电池（CW-MFC）用于污泥中Zn和Ni的去除,并考察了电极间距对Zn和Ni去除效果及其产电性能的影响。结果表明,不同电极间距（12cm、15cm、18cm和20cm）的CW-MFC对Zn的去除率分别为84.68%、64.56%、66.98%和50.23%,对Ni的去除率分别为74.14%、66.09%、64.00%和48.01%。其中,间距为12cm时系统对Zn和Ni去除效果最好,分别较CW提高了64%和26%,此时CW-MFC系统的最高输出电压和最大功率密度分别达到513mV和50.76mW/m³。X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析显示污泥表层主要的重金属为Zn和Ni,且高价态的Zn和Ni被有效地转化为低价态或者单质金属。在间距为12cm的CW-MFC系统中,植物根系和电极对Zn、Ni的去除贡献最大,此时Zn在植物根系和电极中的富集率分别为23.76% 和30.97%,Ni的富集率分别为14.57%和16.78%。本研究表明CW-MFC对污泥重金属的去除及其产电性能具有较好的效果,并为CW-MFC的优化构建和城市污泥的处置及资源化利用提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

中国化工园区建设管理的“六个一体化”

随着我国化工园区步入发展成熟期，“一体化”已经成为化工园区建设管理的公认模式和发展方向，“一体化”理念也不断演变。本文叙述了当前化工园区建设管理的“六个一体化”理论体系，从“六个一体化”的发展理念、原则、体系构建及相互关系等方面，分析了化工园区建设管理中构筑“一体化”的内容和重要性。认为通过构建化工园区原料产品项目、公用工程物流、安全消防应急、环境保护生态、智能智慧数据、管理服务科创这六大方面的协同、合作、共享体系，完成化工园区的产业升级、设施完善、管理优化，从而可规范化工园区的管理，帮助其实现高质量发展。     

基于因果-模糊层次分析的湿法脱硫系统运行稳定性综合评价

石灰石膏法烟气脱硫技术作为一种传统的湿法脱硫技术,具有脱硫效率高、吸收剂易得等特点,在燃煤电厂和钢铁冶金等行业的烟气脱硫中得以广泛应用。但在系统运行中存在诸多模糊不确定性,为了能够对石灰石膏法脱硫系统稳定性进行综合评价,根据项目的技术特点和运营状况,本文从工艺、设备、电气、仪表自动化、公辅和运维六个方面进行调查,查找导致系统运行失稳的各种因素和制约条件。采用因果-模糊层次分析法对导致石灰石膏法脱硫系统运行失稳的原因进行分析,建立系统运行状况模糊评价模型,对各种影响因素进行权重计算和模糊综合评价,得出权重排序、综合评分和评价等级。结合莱芜钢铁265m²烧结烟气脱硫案例,将项目运行失稳的影响因素分为6类24项,将评价等级分为“很稳定”“比较稳定”“基本稳定”“欠稳定”“不稳定”5个等级。通过对案例的分析、评价以及与现场检测对比得到：①各影响因素的权重排序为电气故障＞仪表自动化失 准＞工艺指标异常＞设备故障＞公辅供应失稳＞日常运维管理;②案例项目的综合评分为77.75,评价等级为“基本稳定/三级”;③采用因果-模糊层次分析法的综合评价结果与现场监测结果相符,说明采用该方法对石灰石膏法脱硫系统稳定性评价具有良好的适用性。