从博弈角度看节能建筑中的利益分配

以节能建筑的陷阱为话题,通过对开发商和购房者成本收益的分析,提出其核心问题在于公共利益与私人利益的"博弈",通过分析经济学"外部性原理"在其他领域的应用,提出应对策略,以使建筑节能得到推广.     

A survey of decorative materials on the energy consumption of mid-rise residential buildings in Mashad, Iran

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) panel is one of the most favorite decorative materials that has been popularly applied as finishing of ceiling in residential buildings. It is about five years that the people incline to redecorate the ceiling of old buildings with PVC panel in big cities of Iran, such as Mashad. In this study, the influence of ceiling PVC panel on the cooling and heating loads of studied apartment were determined by software DeST-h. In addition, the summer natural ventilation of the mentioned apartment is investigated by determining the wind speed into the apartment through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The evaluation of environment indoor wind velocity showed that most of the apartment space is a comfortable zone. The results of studied building analyses demonstrated that using PVC panel on the ceiling can decline the energy consumption of the penthouse (fifth level) of the investigated building, which is about 3.7% and 7% for studied methods of without and with air layer, respectively. In addition, although the existence of air layer can decline the cooling and heating loads, the increase in air layer thickness did not show significant decrease on building energy consumption. However, the PVC panel is expensive and is not suitable to be used for ceiling thermal insulation, but adding a thin layer of air between ceiling and PVC panel can be a good step toward sustainable building, when the people are inclined to utilize it as a decorative ceiling.     

从节能的角度谈空调设计

从合理选择设计参数、负荷计算、水力计算、系统划分等多方面详细阐述了在空调设计方面的重要性,并对节能设计提出了可以采取的一些措施,从而保证空调系统的节能运行。     

Shifting from net-zero to net-positive energy buildings

Numerous building projects have been presented as having ‘net-zero’ energy performance. Such claims use a variety of different approaches: on- and off-site renewable energy technologies, purchasing green energy credits, etc. Efforts have subsequently been directed at formulating clear definitions of ‘net-zero’ that provide some degree of clarity and theoretical framing. The emerging notion of ‘net-positive energy’ buildings raises new theoretical and practical issues and introduces several new design considerations and possibilities. Net-positive energy is explored though viewing the role of a building for adding value to its context and systems in which it is part. Rather than considering only the generation of more exported energy versus its importation to individual buildings or the grid, the emphasis shifts to the maximization of energy performance in a system-based approach. Net-positive energy approaches open a host of new technical, behavioural, policy, and regulatory issues and opportunities not currently evident with net-zero energy buildings. These challenge the primacy of ‘individual’ buildings as the most effective unit to make significant energy gains and the current prevalent expectation that each and every new building should be required to attain net-zero performance. More generally, it highlights the importance of extending the systems limits of energy analysis.     

A systems analysis of the energy environment in buildings

The author has derived a flow diagram of fire development in order to point out areas where current technology can be applied to the fire problem as well as areas where further research is required.     

公共建筑能耗调查统计中几个问题的探讨

针对目前公共建筑的实际能耗调查和调查方法不规范、不统一的现状,着重探讨了能源消耗边界定义、不同类型能源折算方法、分项能耗拆分方法和归一化指标4个方面的已有研究成果和问题,并提出了改进方法。     

现代的材料传统的设计--瑞典建筑与防水技术综论

全面论述瑞典房屋建筑与防水技术的成功经验，对屋面、墙体、地下室、厨卫间等工程的防水、密封、排水、防潮、保温、隔热综合功能系统的设计原则、材料发展和质量管理，作了介绍与分析，提出了对中国建筑防水技术发展的建议。     

A review on buildings energy consumption information

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyses available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems. Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end uses should be considered in the breakdown? Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analysed in deeper detail.     

现代的材料传统的设计--瑞典建筑与防水技术综论(三)

瑞典全年空气湿度偏大，因而从房屋设计开始，就对房屋采取全面和周密的防潮措施，从屋面、外墙体至地下室，以构造措施与隔潮材料相结合，降低和改善室内的相对湿度。其措施包括：     

现代的材料传统的设计--瑞典建筑与防水技术综论(二)

6推行复合墙体结构，发挥综合功能作用 在瑞典，房屋外墙普遍采用复合结构，使墙体具有防水、防潮、通风、保温、隔热等功能。     

A new methodology for the design of low energy buildings

The Kyoto protocol binded the developed countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions at least by 5% by 2008-2012 in order to tackle global warming and climate change. Some of the measures of the governments to achieve this goal are to promote new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources.The design of a low energy building requires parametric studies via simulation tools in order to optimize the design of the building envelope and HVAC systems. These studies are often complex and time consuming due to a large number of parameters to consider. Hence, this paper aims to set up a methodology that simplifies parametrical studies during the design process of a low energy building. The methodology is based on the Design of Experiments (DOE) method which is a statistical method widely used in industry to perform parametric studies that reduces the required number of experiments.     

Analysis on the ideal energy efficiency of dehumidification process from buildings

As dehumidification is one of the most important tasks of environment control of the building, it is necessary to know the energy efficiency of dehumidification processes. The energy efficiency can give the energy cost of drawing moisture from indoor air to the outside environment. This paper presents analysis of the ideal cost of dehumidification process by a liquid desiccant cycle. Formulas to calculate ideal efficiency of dehumidification process are obtained, which is determined by indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and the temperature of the intersection point of the iso-relative humidity line of indoor air and the iso-humidity ratio line of outdoor air. The ideal efficiency of the condensing dehumidification method is lower than the ideal dehumidification process, due to the fact that condensing dehumidification method must dehumidify the air at the temperature of dew point. Results from this paper can be used as theoretical foundation for the further analysis of various dehumidification methods and the development of new dehumidification processes.     

从西江千户苗寨吊脚楼看苗族民居文化特色

以苗寨吊脚楼为研究内容,从聚落形态、结构、造型、布局、装饰装修符号等角度研究了吊脚楼的特征,通过吊脚楼的特点,分析了苗族的民居文化特色,对苗族文化的传承与发展具有重要意义。     

对节能建筑的探讨

一、正确认识节能建筑 随着城市建筑突飞猛进地发展,建筑市场十分活跃,特别是住宅建设大幅度地增长,节约能源、保护耕地、保护环境、改善人民的居住条件,已成为现阶段紧迫重要的任务。 由于人民的生活水平不断提高,住宅消费已是主要方向。现阶段由实物分房转变到货币分房,消费者的经济低收入,购买力差和现阶段的房价发生了矛盾。在供大于求的市场竞争中,必须改变经营战略,以经济实用住宅面向消费者。 降低住宅成本,提高工程质量,改善住宅条件,是保证群众的利益;保证质量,加强管理,降低热耗成本是保证企业的长远利益;保护环…     

Demand controlled ventilation: A case study for existing Swedish multifamily buildings

The aim of the work accounted for in this paper has been to investigate a demand controlled ventilation (DCV) system for a typical Swedish multifamily building with exhaust ventilation. Another aim has been to apply and evaluate the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (ICE) simulation software in this application. The work has been related to a renovation project of a large number of apartments with exhaust ventilation systems recently carried out by a Swedish municipal housing association.A typical apartment, chosen among 1000 existing apartments, has been modelled using IDA Climate and Energy simulation software. Four exhaust ventilation system concepts have been evaluated:

• 1.reference system with constant air volume flow;
• 2.demand controlled ventilation system: carbon dioxide control, variable air flow;
• 3.demand controlled ventilation system: humidity control, variable air flow;
• 4.demand controlled ventilation system: occupancy control, variable air flow.

The simulations show that it would be possible to achieve energy savings using occupancy and/or humidity controlled ventilation to reduce the average ventilation flow rate while keeping an acceptable indoor climate. Based on the simulation results a demand controlled ventilation system is developed and implemented in occupied apartments in order to investigate the performance.A measurement based validation of the simulation program indicates that it can be applied reliably.     

The energy requirements of buildings

In this study a simple and accurate dynamic one-capacity model is used to investigate systematically the effect and potential of energy conservation measures on the heating requirement of buildings. The value of present and future building codes is studied under various Central European weather conditions. Three building codes are identified. For these building codes, parameter variations of the envelope, the inner part, and the operational mode of the building are performed. Three static parameters (the total heat loss coefficient, the internal capacity and the response time) and one dynamic parameter (the heating period, here defined as the number of hours with a heating requirement) turn out to be central quantities in the characterization of the thermal behaviour of a building.     

A simple method for estimating energy saving in buildings

This paper introduces a method of selecting the most energy-saving heating system without resorting to too complex and heavy analysis requiring large computers.

The method described uses an imaginary ‘year’ of 52 days picked at random, to enable designers to calculate diary heating needs in the various cases to be considered.

In the paper the method is applied to a swimming pool for which several heating and management systems liable to be used are studied and compared.     

A systematic methodology for optimising the energy performance of buildings in Bahrain

Today, a great deal of effort is ongoing all over the world to find methods for optimising the energy performance of buildings. Such efforts can be seen in the European Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). This directive aims to ensure energy saving and CO₂ emission reduction without compromising the local conditions and people's comfort. In the Gulf States, however, there is a need for such methods due to their economic and environmental benefits. This study introduces a simple but reliable methodology for optimising building energy performance in Bahrain. The methodology is based on building management systems (monitoring, analysing and targeting future performance), simulation tools and other technologies. This methodology was implemented using Visual DOE and was directly related to collectively gathered data gained form experimental works and practical applications. By means of the introduced methodology, energy consumption was obtained together with energy cost and CO₂ emissions. The applicability of this methodology was demonstrated through optimising a case office building in Bahrain.     

A performance assessment ontology for the environmental and energy management of buildings

Narrowing the performance deficit between design intent and the real-time environmental and energy performance of buildings is a complex and involved task, impacting on all building stakeholders. Buildings are designed, built and operated with increasingly complex technologies. Throughout their life-cycle, they produce vast quantities of data. However, many commercial buildings do not perform as originally intended.This paper presents a semantic web based approach to the performance gap problem, describing how heterogeneous building data sources can be transformed into semantically enriched information. A performance assessment ontology and performance framework (software tool) are introduced, which use this heterogeneous data as a service for a structured performance analysis. The demonstrator illustrates how heterogeneous data can be published semantically and then interpreted using a life-cycle performance framework approach.