自增强厚壁圆筒轴向内表面裂纹的应力强度因子

本文研究用有限元通用程序计算具有残余应力的自增强厚壁圆筒内半椭圆形表面裂纹的应力强度因子的方法。所考虑的应力强度因子被分为相应于工作内压及残余应力两部分，分别用三维有限元通用程序算得的裂纹前沿单元节点的垂直位移直接计算，对后者又运用了＂叠加原理＂。结果表明，残余应力的存在能有效地降低内裂纹的应力强度因子值，自增强度高者这一作用亦显著，残余应力引起的应力强度因子对裂织数目不敏感。     

区域分裂法用于抽油杆表面椭圆裂纹应力强度因子的三维有限元计算

本文用三维有限元方法求解抽油杆表面椭圆裂纹在拉伸载荷下的应力强度因子。采用区域分裂算法，由裂端２７节点奇异单元位移场可精确、连续地给出应力强度因子沿裂纹的变化．算例与数值计算吻合得很好，表明本文结果有较高的精度。     

弯扭组合载荷下圆管半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子的有限元分析

对表面裂纹复合型应力强度因子的研究一直是线弹性断裂力学中的重要课题,例如弯扭组合载荷下圆管半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,到现在也没有一个正确的分析解。考虑到裂尖的应力奇异性,在裂纹前沿手动设置三维奇异单元,用三维有限元法中的1/4点位移法计算弯扭组合载荷下圆管表面椭圆裂纹前沿的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型应力强度因子,并分析其随裂纹深度增加时的变化规律。运用该方法计算了有关模型的应力强度因子,并与该模型的实验值进行了比较,计算结果和实验结果吻合良好。     

新的估算表面裂纹应力强度因子经验公式

该文给出了新的估算拉伸和纯弯曲载荷下表面裂纹应力强度因子的经验公式。根据疲劳裂纹扩展的数值模拟结果确定强度因子分布函数;利用按已知应力强度因子分布函数求裂纹形状及相应应力强度因子的方法计算给定尺寸的表面裂纹的应力强度因子;通过对数值结果的曲线回归得到估算表面裂纹应力强度因子经验公式。利用该公式对有限厚度和宽度平板内表面裂纹的应力强度因子进行了估算,并与已知的半椭圆形表面裂纹的应力强度因子解进行了比较。该文结果为估算表面裂纹应力强度因子提供了一种新的途径。     

管节点表面裂纹疲劳扩展的数值模拟

本文采用线弹簧单元与ＡＤＩＮＡ程序结合计算了表面裂纹在交变载荷作用下的应力强度因子，首次提出了预埋线弹簧单元法模拟表面裂纹疲劳扩展，并发展了相应的技术和软件。     

随机轮载下钢桥面顶板与纵肋焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究

车辆轮迹横向分布是钢桥面板焊缝处产生随机应力谱的一项关键因素,加之焊接缺陷形态的随机性,诱发钢桥面板疲劳裂纹随机扩展行为。为了研究钢桥面顶板焊缝处疲劳裂纹的随机扩展特性,基于断裂力学理论与扩展有限元方法分析了轮迹横向分布对钢桥面板顶板焊根和焊趾等效应力强度因子的影响规律,揭示了轮迹横向分布离散度、初始裂纹深度和初始裂纹形态比对焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布的影响规律。结果表明：轮载中心处于U肋正上方中心和焊缝中心位置分别为顶板焊趾和焊根的最不利横向加载工况;车辆轮迹横向分布对顶板焊根和顶板焊趾疲劳裂纹前缘应力强度因子影响差异显著,顶板焊根最大等效应力强度因子为85.99 MPa·mm^1/2,比顶板焊趾增加了6.72%;轮迹横向分布离散度和初始裂纹深度与钢桥面板焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布离散程度成正相关,初始裂纹形态比与其成负相关;焊缝细节初始裂纹深度越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围越大;焊缝细节初始裂纹形态比越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围变化不明显。     

矩形钢管K型节点复合型应力强度因子计算方法研究

相比圆形钢管桁架,矩形钢管桁架在施工方面具有一定的技术经济优势,并已广泛应用于桥梁工程中,鉴于断裂力学法评估该类结构疲劳性能的需要,该文探讨矩形钢管K型节点在支管拉压平衡荷载作用下的应力强度因子计算方法。提出带表面裂纹矩形钢管K型节点有限元建模方法,并与试验进行验证;通过参数分析,研究节点和裂纹几何参数对节点几何修正系数Y的影响;多元回归分析拟合得到矩形钢管K型节点应力强度因子计算公式及其修正后的设计计算公式,并通过算例分析给出基于断裂力学的钢管节点剩余疲劳寿命评估方法。结果表明：有限元结果与试验结果比值均值为1.012,变异系数为0.034,两者最大差值仅为5.5%,表明有限元计算结果可靠;节点几何参数2γ、τ与Y呈正相关,θ与Y呈负相关,其原因主要在于节点相贯线处刚度和受拉荷载变化,改变了裂纹尖端应力场,从而影响了裂纹扩展速率,裂纹几何参数c/a与Y呈正相关,但影响不明显,a/t₀与Y呈负相关;提出的应力强度因子计算公式与有限元计算结果吻合良好,且修正后用于设计的计算公式具有95%的可靠度;圆形钢管节点应力强度因子高于矩形钢管节点,平均提高24.9%,说明在相...     

基于Kirchhoff板中裂纹尖端辛本征解的有限元应力恢复方法

对于含穿透裂纹的板结构,裂纹尖端应力场及应力强度因子的计算精度对评估板的安全性具有非常重要的影响。基于含裂纹Kirchhoff板弯曲问题中裂纹尖端场的辛本征解析解,该文提出了一个提高裂纹尖端应力场计算精度的有限元应力恢复方法。首先利用常规有限元程序对含裂纹板弯曲问题进行分析,得到裂纹尖端附近的单元节点位移;然后根据节点位移确定辛本征解中的待定系数,得到裂纹尖端附近应力场的显式表达式。数值结果表明,该方法给出的应力分析精度得到较大提高,并具有良好的数值稳定性。     

双轴弯曲载荷下表面裂纹应力强度因子的数值计算

本文通过FRANC3D软件计算双轴弯曲载荷下表面裂纹前缘的应力强度因子,数值计算和理论计算结果基本吻合;通过等裂纹面积不同纵横比的表面裂纹前缘应力强度因子的分析可知:当表面裂纹为浅裂纹时,等裂纹面积下a/c=1/3时椭圆表面裂纹最为危险;当表面裂纹为深裂纹时,等裂纹面积下a/c=2时椭圆表面裂纹最为危险。     

受压弯作用构件半椭圆表面裂纹的疲劳扩展分析

本文给出了半椭圆表面裂纹疲劳扩展的一种有限元仿真分析方法,并对潜艇锥柱结合壳焊趾处压弯联合交变载荷作用下的裂纹扩展进行了计算分析。该方法利用有限元分析计算裂纹前沿应力强度因子,采用Paris公式预测裂纹扩展速率及扩展量,对有限元网格随着裂纹的扩展进行自动重构,从而模拟分析裂纹的疲劳扩展过程。考察了两种初始尺寸半椭圆表面裂纹的情况,计算了裂纹尺寸、应力强度因子随裂纹扩展的变化历程。仿真计算结果表明,初始裂纹尺寸对于疲劳扩展的影响主要体现在初、中期的扩展上,对后期的扩展速率、裂纹形态影响不大;当考虑了焊接区应力集中效应后,扩展的速度提高,总的疲劳扩展寿命下降。本文方法和程序可用于其他较复杂构件表面裂纹的扩展分析。     

承受平衡轴力的空间KK管节点应力集中系数研究

采用有限元法分析了空间KK型管节点在承受平衡轴力作用下的应力集中系数。在有限元分析中,首先采用分区网格法产生KK节点的有限元网格,这种方法可以针对不同应力梯度的区域形成不同质量和精度的网格。然后在分区网格法的基础上,采用ABAQUS(2000)通用软件分析计算了KK型管节点在平衡轴力作用下的应力集中系数的大小和分布。最后,通过对30个KK节点模型的有限元分析,研究了KK节点几何参数对其应力集中系数大小以及分布情况的影响。     

Fatigue crack growth analyses of offshore structural tubular joints

This study investigated various aspects of a fatigue crack growth analysis, ranging from the stress intensity factor solutions to the simulation of a fatigue crack coalescence process of a tubular joint weld toe surface flaw. Fracture mechanics fatigue crack growth analyses for offshore structural tubular joints are not simple, because of the difficulty to calculate the stress intensity factors due to their geometric complexity. The fully mixed-mode stress intensity factors of nine weld toe surface cracks of an X-shaped tubular joint under tension loading were calculated by detailed three-dimensional finite element analyses. Using these stress intensity factor solutions, a fatigue crack growth study was performed for the X-joint until (the crack surface length grew to two times the tube thickness. Through this study, the crack shape change during the fatigue crack propagation was investigated in detail. Fatigue life calculations were also performed for a range of crack geometries using the stress intensity factor solutions of the nine flaws. These calculations indicate that the natural fatigue crack growing path for a crack is its quickest growing path. The study demonstrated that detailed fracture mechanics fatigue analyses of tubular joints can be practical using the finite element method.     

基于失效评定图(FAD)研究含疲劳裂纹T型圆钢管节点的安全性

失效评定曲线(FAD)常用来评价焊接结构在出现裂纹后的安全性,为了验证这种曲线在评价焊接管结构在节点部位出现疲劳裂纹后安全性的适用性,采用实验测试和有限元分析的方法研究了3个含疲劳裂纹的T型管节点试件在静力作用下的极限承载能力及破坏过程。3个T型管节点试件首先进行疲劳实验在焊趾处产生表面裂纹,然后通过在支管端部施加轴向拉力作用检测节点的破坏过程。基于自行开发的含表面裂纹T型管节点的有限元网格自动产生程序以及ABAQUS分析软件,研究了在管节点破坏过程中表面裂纹最深点的应力强度因子大小,并通过实验的荷载-位移曲线确定了T节点试件的塑性极限承载力。在这些结果的基础上,验证了FAD在评价含疲劳裂纹的焊接管节点安全性方面的适用性。研究结果标明:FAD在评价含疲劳裂纹管节点的安全性方面是安全可靠的,但偏于保守。     

The development of an accurate model for the fatigue assessment of doubly curved cracks in tubular joints

Fatigue tests on tubular joints have shown that as a crack propagates through the chord wall, it curves under the weld toe. This produces, at the brace-chord intersection, a doubly curved semi-elliptical crack emanating from the weld toe. A doubly curved crack in a tubular joint is a very complex geometry which has proved to be difficult to model. In consequence, previous work on the evaluation of stress intensity factors in tubular joints adopted a simplified approach, ignoring the crack curvature under the weld toe. However, in the absence of benchmark solutions, the effects of any modelling approximation on accuracy are impossible to quantify. To address this problem and as part of the research on fatigue assessment methodologies, a technique which is able to accurately model doubly curved cracks in tubularT-joints has been developed at University of Wales, Swansea. This paper describes a detailed account of the generation of the finite element model and the procedure for evaluating the stress intensity factor solutions. The validation results are also presented to demonstrate the reliability of the model developed.     

AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HOT SPOT STRESSES IN TUBULAR JOINTS

Abstract— A conventional finite element method may show a weakness when determining the hot spot stress distributions in the brace/chord intersection region of offshore tubular joints. This is because the chosen element displacement functions do not implicitly satisfy the conditions which prevail on the free surfaces. A procedure has been proposed to modify the conventional finite element method so as to allow the hot spot stresses, which occur at the free boundary of the weld toe of tubular joints, to be determined with improved accuracy. The results obtained by this modified method are compared with both an experimental and a traditional finite element solution. The comparison shows that the modified solution is in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the traditional solution.     

The effect of trimming on strain gauge accuracy

During a programme of fatigue testing welded tubular joints, similar to those in use in North Sea offshore structures, it was necessary to measure the strain as close to the weld toe as possible and also to detect crack initiation. To this end general purpose miniature foil strain gauges were used. The backings of these gauges were trimmed prior to installation to enable placing the measuring grid as close as possible to the weld toe. The investigation described was carried out to assess the accuracy of these strain gauge installations.     

K节点应力集中系数的试验和数值研究方法

工程中常用的评价海洋平台中管节点疲劳寿命的方法是使用S-N曲线。当管节点承受疲劳载荷作用的时候,可以通过数值或者试验方法得到沿着焊缝处的热点应力幅的大小。然后通过S-N曲线,可以预测此节点在破坏前可以承受疲劳载荷的循环次数。应力幅的大小可以由应力集中系数这个参数来确定。对K型节点在承受基本载荷作用下的应力集中系数进行了数值和试验分析,得到了各种基本载荷作用下K节点沿着焊缝处应力分布情况和极值应力点的位置。     

Stress intensity factors for three‐dimensional weld toe cracks using weld toe magnification factors

In welded components, particularly those with complex geometrical shapes, evaluating stress intensity factors is a difficult task. To effectively calculate the stress intensity factors, a weld toe magnification factor is introduced that can be derived from data obtained in a parametric study performed by finite element method (FEM). Although solutions for the weld toe magnification factor have been presented, these are applicable only to non‐load‐carrying cruciform or T‐butt joints, due possibly to the requirement of very complicated calculations. In the majority of cases for various welded joints, the currently used weld toe magnification factors do not adequately describe the behaviour of weld toe cracks. In this study, the weld toe magnification factor solutions for the three types of welded joints such as cruciform, cover plate and longitudinal stiffener joints were provided through a parametric study using three‐dimensional finite elements. The solutions were formed with exponents and fractions that have polynomial functions in terms of a/c and a/t – that is, crack depths normalised by corresponding half crack lengths and specimen thickness. The proposed weld toe magnification factors were applied to evaluate the fatigue crack propagation life considering the propagation mechanisms of multiple‐surface cracks for all welded joints. It showed good agreement within a deviation factor of two between the experimental and calculated results for the fatigue crack propagation life.     

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF WELDED JOINTS—A RE-ASSESSMENT

Abstract— Fatigue life prediction of welded joints needs an accurate and exhaustive theoretical Fracture Mechanics characterization of weld toe crack propagation. The method proposed by Albrecht et al. leads rapidly to accurate solutions of the LEFM δK-parameter. However, non-LEFM short crack behavior within the notch (weld toe) plastic zone must be taken into account. Available information on notch fatigue is surveyed, and practical cases where short crack growth is likely to occur are identified. Based on an elastoplastic finite element analysis, the LEFM validity limits and errors resulting from the misuse of LEFM in fatigue life prediction are quantified.     

Model and mesh generation of cracked tubular Y-joints

In this study, the methods for constructing accurate and consistent geometrical and finite element (FE) models for general cracked tubular Y-joints are described. Firstly, geometrical analysis of welded tubular joint is given and it is then extended to the modelling of general cracked Y-joints. The concept of crack surface and a simple mapping approach are suggested to model either through-thickness or surface cracks which can be of any length and located at any position along the brace-chord intersection. Secondly, the geometrical model developed will be used in the generation of consistent FE meshes. The basic concepts used for the design and generation of three-dimensional FE meshes will be described. This will include the meshing procedures for discretization of tubular joints with through-thickness and surface cracks which are frequently regarded as one of the most difficult steps in the construction of tubular joint models. Finally, some mesh generation examples for uncracked and cracked Y-joints will be presented to demonstrate the use of the purposed geometrical model and mesh generation scheme developed.