High-quality torque control at zero and very high speed operation

This article focuses on the design and analysis of a direct field orientation (DFO) approach based upon a closed-loop loop rotor flux observer. The approach is ideally suited for applications requiring both zero and very high (i.e., several times base) speed operation. Such applications are common in manufacturing automation where both zero speed position control and high traverse rates with controlled position trajectories are required. Examples include robot motion control systems as used for assembly and the more traditional machining center axis control. The quality of the proposed approach is largely based on the unique structure of its flux observer. The observer effectively combines the best accuracy attributes of rotor flux indirect (feedforward) field orientation (IFO) and stator flux DFO. The parameter sensitivity is similar to IFO at low and zero speeds and to stator flux DFO at high speeds. The closed-loop structure of the observer provides a smooth transition between two open-loop rotor flux observers referred to as the current and voltage models in a deterministic manner set by the closed-loop bandwidth (eigenvalues). The proposed DFO approach is analytically evaluated in comparison with both IFO and stator flux DFO. Experimental results verify the viability of this approach     

一种异步电机无速度传感器间接磁场定向控制策略

针对无速度传感器异步电机,提出了一种新的滑模磁通和速度观测方法。实际电流和观测电流之间的误差收敛到零,保证磁通观测器的精确性。根据估计的定子电流和转子磁链来估计转子的转速和转子时间常数。估计的转子时间常数用于滑模计算和观测器结构中,估计的转速用来作为转速调节的反馈。仿真结果证明所提出的速度估算方法有效以及所提出的观测器结构具有鲁棒性。     

Implementation of a closed loop sliding mode observer for speed sensorless control of an indirect field oriented induction motor drives

A new sliding mode flux and speed observer is proposed for indirect field oriented induction motor drive system. The error between the actual and observed currents converges to zero, which guarantees the accuracy of the flux observer. The rotor speed and the rotor time constant are estimated based on the estimated stator currents and rotor flux. The estimated rotor time constant is used in slip calculation and observer structures. The estimated speed is used as feedback to the speed regulation. Simulation and experimental results of the speed control verify the validity of the proposed speed estimation algorithm.     

低速PMSM无速度传感器调速系统积分滑模控制

针对低速条件下定子电阻的变化会影响永磁同步电动机矢量控制系统的实际速度辨识问题,基于模型参考自适应控制策略(MRAS)设计速度和定子电阻同时辨识的自适应观测器.以测量的定子电压为输入变量,电机的定子电流为状态变量,基于波波夫超稳定性理论确定速度和定子电阻自适应律,采用带有积分滑模面的滑模变结构速度控制器,实现给定速度以指数趋近率无静差跟踪,通过Lyapunov定理证明所设计的速度控制器在电机参数变化和外部负载扰动情况下都具有稳定性.理论分析和仿真结果验证了所设计的无速度传感器矢量调速系统具有良好的低速性能.     

基于优化PWM的定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制研究

在异步电机的高性能控制方案中,为了降低开关损耗,采用优化脉宽调制(PWM)实现低开关频率下较小的电流谐波畸变。但在调制模式频繁切换时,优化PWM会产生电流和转矩冲击。因此,研究了将优化脉冲在线移位的闭环定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制方法,提出了由基于自控电机的降阶观测器与电机电流模型观测器组成的双观测器模型,实现了基波分量观测。结合电流谐波最小脉宽调制（CHMPWM）开关角,利用其重构参考磁链与实际磁链的差值,实现定子磁链轨迹跟踪。提出了无差拍下修正开关角小于2时的脉冲模式调整方案,消除了系统的动态调制误差,实现了低开关频率下异步电机的高性能控制。在开关频率为300 Hz以下的NPC型三电平逆变器上的仿真和试验证明了定子磁链轨迹跟踪控制策略的有效性。     

基于自适应观测器的感应电机转速估计方法研究

介绍了一种能在线补偿定转子电阻的基于自适应观测器的感应电机转速估计方法.该转速估计方法只需检测定子电压电流作为输入,利用观测器观测出转子磁链和定子电流,并利用定子电流误差和转子磁链观测值辨识出转速、定子电阻和转子电阻,并反馈于观测器,确保电机转速估计对参数变化的鲁棒性.仿真及实验结果表明,此方法估计的速度能应用于无速度传感器矢量控制系统,并具有较好的辨识精度和鲁棒性.     

A robust sliding mode flux and speed observer for speed sensorless control of an indirect field oriented induction motor drives

In this paper a new sliding mode flux and speed observer is proposed for indirect field oriented induction motor drive system. The error between the actual and observed currents converges to zero, which guarantees the accuracy of the flux observer. The rotor speed and the rotor time constant are estimated based on the estimated stator currents and rotor flux. The estimated rotor time constant is used in slip calculation and observer structures and the estimated speed is used as feedback to the speed regulation. Computer simulation and experimental results of the speed control verify the validity of the proposed speed estimation algorithm. The experimental results show the robustness and performance of the proposed observer structure. Experimental results have been realized without load, with load and with external disturbances.     

Observer-based direct field orientation: analysis and comparison ofalternative methods

This paper focuses on methods of achieving direct field orientation (DFO) of induction machines based on closed-loop, stator, and rotor flux observers which are well suited to both zero and very high-speed operation. Both observer topologies are dominated by a current model at zero and low speeds, and a voltage model at high speeds. Application of such rotor and stator flux observers to both stator and rotor direct field orientation is presented, including experimental results for three different methods. The influence which flux regulation has on parameter sensitivity of the complete DFO system is analyzed. A rotor-flux-regulated and -oriented system is shown to be sensitive to leakage inductance under high slip (i.e., field weakened) operation. Both a stator-flux-regulated and -oriented system and a stator-flux-regulated, rotor-flux-oriented system are shown to have reduced parameter sensitivity at high speeds. Unlike stator flux orientation using simple voltage integration stator flux models, excellent zero and low-speed operation of an observer-based stator-flux-oriented system is demonstrated     

Digital current regulation of field-oriented controlled inductionmotor based on predictive flux observer

A new technique based on deadbeat control theory is proposed to control induction motor stator currents under field-oriented control. Stator currents and motor speed were measured. Rotor fluxes are predicted using a state observer with variable poles selection. Then, the pulse-width-modulated (PWM) pattern of the inverter is controlled such that the stator currents are exactly equal to the reference currents at every sampling instant. From the theoretical analysis, digital simulations, and experimental results, the following conclusions were made. The deadbeat controller permitted low current ripple with lower switching frequency, which, in turn, resulted in low torque ripple. The predictive state observer made possible the estimation of rotor flux with very low sensitivity to parameter variation and then contributed to performance improvement of conventional vector control     

Sensorless field-orientation control of an induction machine byhigh-frequency signal injection

This paper describes a new scheme to find the rotor flux angle from stator voltages and currents by injecting high-frequency signal. The signal is not a rotating one, but a fluctuating one at a synchronous rotating reference frame with the fundamental stator frequency. When the estimated rotor flux angle coincides with the actual angle, the proposed method makes virtually no ripple torque, no vibration and less audible noise caused by the injected signal. The difference of impedances between the flux axis and the quadrature axis at high-frequency signal injection on the rotor flux angle is explained by the equivalent circuit equation of the induction machine. The difference is verified by experiments on the test motors at various testing conditions. The sensorless field-orientation algorithm is proposed, and the experimental results clarify the satisfactory operation of the algorithm with 150% load torque at zero stator frequency     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的永磁同步电机转速和磁链观测器

为了取消永磁同步电机控制中的机械传感器，获得直接转矩控制中需要的电机磁链信息，设计了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的永磁同步电机转速和磁链估算方法。选取定子固定坐标系下定子磁链、电机转速和转子位置为状态变量，电压和电流作为输入、输出量，建立估算定子磁链、电机转速和转子位置的EKF滤波器系统。采用空间矢量调制的直接转矩控制策略，有效减小了直接转矩控制方法的转矩脉动，并保持了功率器件恒定的开关频率。实验结果表明EKF准确地观测了电机转速和磁链，所构建的无速度传感器DTC控制系统具有良好的转速和转矩控制性能。     

基于转子电流的双馈感应电机无速度传感器控制

提出一种基于转子电流的模型参考自适应系统(MRAS)的双馈感应电机(DFIM)无速度传感器控制方法.首先建立了基于定子磁链定向的DFIM矢量控制模型,实现了电机转速/转矩控制和有功/无功功率解耦控制,然后采用基于MRAS的转速辨识方法,将测量得到的转子电流作为参考模型,通过定子电压和电流估测得到的转子电流作为自适应模型,用PI闭环控制构造转子位置和转速信息.为验证理论分析的正确性,以50 kW的DFIM为例设计了一套控制系统.通过电动机运行工况下的空载变速实验和发电机运行工况下的功率控制实验,估测转子位置和转速在不同转速和功率工况下都能准确跟踪实际值.仿真和实验结果表明系统能实现对DFIM无速度传感器控制,证明了所提出的方案的可行性.     

A control strategy for stand-alone wound rotor induction machine

A control strategy to regulate the frequency and voltage of a stand-alone wound rotor induction machine is presented. This strategy allows the machine to work as a generator in stand-alone systems (without grid connection) with variable rotor speed. A stator flux-oriented control is proposed using the rotor voltages as actuation variables. Two cascade control loops are used to regulate the stator flux and the rotor currents. A closed loop observer is designed to estimate the machine flux which is necessary to implement these control loops. The proposed control strategy is validated through simulations with satisfactory results.     

Very low speed and zero speed estimations of sensorless induction motor drives

Recently, speed sensorless control of induction motor drives received great attention to avoid the different problems associated with direct speed sensors. However, low speed operation with robustness against parameter variations remains an area of research for sensorless systems. Stator resistance is of utmost importance for good operation of speed sensorless systems in low speed region. In this paper, a sliding mode current observer for an induction motor is presented. An estimation algorithm based on this observer in conjunction with Popov's hyper-stability theory is proposed to calculate the speed and stator resistance independently. The proposed speed observer with parallel stator resistance identification is first verified by simulation. Experimental results are included as well as to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed observer and estimation algorithms at very low and zero speeds.     

Sensorless vector control of a Permanent magnet synchronuous motor with fuzzy logic observer

In this paper, a new method for sensorless vector control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a fuzzy logic observer is developed. This method is based on determination of rotor position and thereby speeds by estimating back-emf components which result from fuzzy logic observers. The rotor position angle and rotating speed are estimated by evaluating the instantaneous values of stator voltages and currents. The estimators are two fuzzy logic observers. They have two inputs: the estimated stator currents and the difference between the measured and estimated stator currents. In addition, the outputs of the fuzzy logic observers are the back-emf components in an – reference frame. The proposed method was implemented using a MATLAB/Simulink software package program. The obtained results are within acceptable error limits for a wide speed range, from 40 rad/s up to 500 rad/s.     

Adaptive sliding mode observer for induction motor using two-time-scale approach

This paper presents an original method for the design of a robust adaptive sliding mode current and flux observer for induction motor drive using two-time-scale approach. This approach, based on the singular perturbation theory, decomposes the original system of the observer error dynamics into separate slow and fast subsystems of lower dimensions and permits a simple design and sequential determination of the observer gains. For the proposed observer, the rotor speed signal is assumed to be available. The stator currents and rotor flux are observed on the stationary reference frame using sliding mode concept, and the adaptive rotor time-constant is derived from Lyapunov stability theory using measured and estimated currents and estimated rotor flux. The control algorithm is based on the indirect field-oriented sliding mode control to keep the machine field oriented. The control-observer scheme seeks to provide asymptotic tracking of speed and rotor flux in spite of the presence of an uncertain load torque and unknown value of the rotor resistance. The effectiveness of this control algorithm has been successfully verified through computer simulations.     

感应电机Super-twisting算法定子磁链观测器设计

为了提高感应电机定子磁链的观测精确度,提出了一种基于Super-twisting算法的磁链观测方法,设计了定子磁链观测器,并应用到感应电机直接转矩控制中。依据滑模变结构控制的鲁棒性特点来抑制多输入多输出定子磁链观测器系统中的扰动。利用Super-twisting算法所需信息少的优点,设计了简单的控制律,从而更适合于实际工程应用。在对观测器稳定性进行分析时,将转速和耦合量看作扰动来处理,并给出了系统一致渐近稳定的充分条件。与常规电压模型法相比,基于Super-twisting算法的定子磁链估算值更加准确,且对电机定子电阻参数变化具有更强的鲁棒性。仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

使用基频电流注入的感应电机无速传感器驱动

该文结合基频电流注入新策略与磁链估计方法对感应电动机提出了一种无速度传感器控制策略.在电机低速区域,通过在d轴注入基频定子电流以及使用信号处理方法实现转子磁链位置估计.在高速区域,基于定子电压和电流信息通过转子磁链估计方法推算出转子磁链位置.基于转子磁场定向控制的系统实验结果验证了该方案的正确性.     

Robust sliding mode control and flux observer for induction motor using singular perturbation

This paper proposes a sequential methodology for designing a robust adaptive sliding mode observer for an induction motor drive using a two-time-scale approach. This approach is based on the singular perturbation theory. The two-time-scale decomposition of the original system of the observer error dynamics into separate slow and fast subsystems permits a simple design and sequential determination of the observer gains. In the proposed method, the stator currents and rotor flux are observed on the stationary reference frame using the sliding mode concept. The control algorithm is based on the indirect field oriented sliding mode control with an on-line adaptation of the rotor resistance to keep the machine field oriented. The control–observer scheme seeks to provide an asymptotic tracking of speed and rotor flux in spite of the presence of an uncertain load torque and an unknown value of rotor resistance. The validity for practical implementation has been verified through computer simulations.     

Sensorless drive of surface-mounted permanent-magnet motor by high-frequency signal injection based on magnetic saliency

This paper presents a new sensorless control scheme of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet (SMPM) motor using high-frequency voltage signal injection method based on the high-frequency impedance difference. In the SMPM motor, due to the flux of the permanent magnet, the stator core around the q-axis winding is saturated. This makes the magnetic saliency in the motor. This magnetic saliency has the information about the rotor position. The high-frequency voltage signal is injected into the motor in order to detect the magnetic saliency and estimate the rotor position. In this paper, the relationship between the high-frequency voltages and high-frequency currents is developed using the voltage equations at the high frequency, and the high-frequency impedance characteristics are analyzed experimentally under various conditions. The proposed sensorless control scheme makes it possible to drive the SMPM motor in the low-speed region including zero speed, even under heavy load conditions. The experimental results verify the performance of the proposed sensorless algorithm.