湿式摩擦副滑摩过程摩擦热计算

针对湿式离合器摩擦副的结构特点,研究离合器摩擦副表面粗糙接触情况,改进平均流量模型,建立修正的雷诺方程用于计算滑摩过程中油膜压力和油膜厚度的变化规律。采用Greenwood-Tripp接触模型,建立摩擦副摩擦热方程,模拟湿式摩擦副在滑摩过程中油膜厚度、相对滑摩转速、接合油压以及摩擦转矩变化规律,对摩擦副滑摩过程中微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热进行分析,得到它们径向呈线性和抛物线的分布规律,讨论接合油压和相对滑摩转速对微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生摩擦热的影响,并通过钢片的温度场实验对模拟结果加以验证。研究表明:接合油压越大,单位时间内微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热越大,单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间越提前;相对转速差越大,微凸体在滑摩过程中单位时间产生的摩擦热越大,油膜则与之相反,且相对转速的变化对单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间无影响。     

Influence of sliding velocity on friction force in rubber seal rings under reciprocal motion

The influence of sliding velocity on the value of maximum and steady friction force in rubber seal rings under reciprocal motion is studied. It is established that the nature of the change in a static friction force and a steady-state friction force as a function of the sliding velocity is the same all other conditions being equal. The greater the sliding velocity, the faster the decrease and stabilization of a friction force after endurance of rubber seal rings in fixed contact with a cylinder. The maximum of the friction force dependence on the velocity in an investigated pair decreases with increasing temperature of a sealed medium.     

润滑油温度对铜基湿式离合器摩擦转矩的影响

润滑油的温度变化会改变自身黏度,从而影响摩擦元件的润滑和接触状态,对离合器的动力响应产生显著影响,因此需要研究润滑油温度对湿式离合器摩擦转矩特性的影响。考虑离合器的流体润滑、粗糙接触、动力响应和热量传导,建立一个多物理场耦合的热力学模型;根据润滑油与离合器之间的换热特性,采用集总参数法得到离合器的平均温升。离合器台架试验验证所建立数值模型的准确性。结果表明在离合器的接合过程中,摩擦转矩的变化可分为三个阶段,即接合准备阶段A、缓慢变化阶段B和指数增长阶段C。润滑油温度主要影响阶段B的摩擦转矩。在阶段B早期,润滑油温度越高,黏性转矩越小,接触转矩越大。随后,润滑油温度的升高减缓黏性转矩的下降趋势,促进接触转矩的增加,从而促进摩擦转矩增长率的增加。为了保证离合器在阶段B的摩擦稳定性,最佳的润滑油温度范围为80~100℃。     

A catastrophe theory description of stick-slip motion in sliding

Stick-slip motion is analyzed by studying structural changes in the mathematical model describing sliding friction. The sliding system is assumed to operate in a way which minimizes energy input to the system. For an exponential dependence of friction force on sliding velocity, the system sliding behavior is multivalued for some ranges of values of the system parameters. The effect of different parameter values on system behavior is illustrated and results of this investigation are compared with a published steady sliding criterion.     

Spanning Time Scales in Dynamic Simulations of Atomic-Scale Friction

We investigate the sliding dynamics of atomic-scale friction at different time scales. Depending on the dynamic inertia and sliding velocity of a cantilever, different dynamic behaviors are observed from both conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and temporally hybrid molecular simulation methods. The mechanism of friction dissipation is also investigated. For either smooth sliding or stick–slip, a non-zero work of friction is obtained, while surface forces are no longer conservative.     

Thermodynamic Differences of Different Friction Pairs in a Multidisc Clutch Caused by Spline Friction: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification

Abstract

Considering the spline friction, the dynamic model of a multidisc clutch is established that permits the calculation of the contact pressure and friction torque acting at each friction surface; the thermal model is then developed to investigate the temperature difference between different friction pairs. The corresponding test bench is established, where the effect of inertia on the torque error is analyzed in detail. The simulated and measured results are compared to validate the numerical model and confirm the existence of spline friction. The results indicate that spline friction can lead to the attenuation of contact pressure on friction pairs along the axial direction. Therefore, there exists a significant temperature gradient in the axial direction, and the maximum temperature appears in the second separate plate near the piston. Moreover, the friction torque of a single pair decreases along the axial direction. Thus, as the number of friction pair increases, the total friction torque increases nonlinearly, and the average torque of single friction pair decreases gradually.     

超声电机的预压力特性分析与优化

预压力是保证超声电机定转子摩擦驱动的关键因素,开展预压力特性分析及优化方法研究对于提升电机性能及使用寿命具有重要意义。本文通过仿真分析了预压力对接触角及驱动区占比的影响,实验测试了预压力变化时的速度波动规律,并绘制了在不同预压力和转矩下的速度与效率曲面;借助编码器与薄膜温度传感器获取了不同预压力条件下电机工作200 s的速度与定子界面温度的变化过程。综合上述分析结果,提出了一种面对不同应用场合的预压力优化准则,确定了预压力的理想工作区间。实验结果表明,伴随着预压力的增长,接触区与驱动区同步扩展,同时驱动区占比逐步减小,在一定程度上能减小速度波动,电机最大效率点逐渐向大转矩方向移动,且机械效率在某个预压力下存在最高值,而界面温升则呈现先增大、后减小再增大的趋势。根据所提出的优化准则确定出TRUM60A型超声电机预压力较为理想的工作区间为260~320 N,在该预压力范围内,超声电机既能较好地满足低速稳定、温升小的要求,又能使制动力矩和机械效率达到理想范围。     

Molecular dynamics studies of atomic-scale tribological characteristics for different sliding systems

A slider-slab sliding model for hard-to-soft and soft-to-soft sliding systems with abrasive and non-abrasive wear conditions is used to investigate atomic-scale friction. The molecular dynamics simulation uses the Morse potential to calculate interatomic forces between atoms. Separation distance between the slider and the slab is changed to simulate repulsive and attractive interactive force fields exerted on interface between two sliding components. Effects of the interaction potential parameters on the sliding friction are investigated. The relationship of frictional force, normal force and temperature rise of the slider and the slab during sliding are established. Comparison of the hard-to-soft and the soft-to-soft sliding system are carried out and shows different tribological phenomena.     

无级变速器湿式离合器动态摩擦系数对转矩传递影响的研究

因研究湿式离合器接合特性的需要,通过分析无级变速器湿式离合器的机械结构,建立了湿式离合器机械传动的数学模型,运用建立的数学模型,研究了不同动态摩擦系数斜率对传递转矩的影响。研究结果表明,对于具有正斜率特性的摩擦系数,其传递的转矩是收敛的,而对于具有负斜率特性的摩擦系数,其传递的转矩是发散的。研究结果为进一步研究湿式离合器的传动特性提供了理论基础。     

Clutch Shudder Correlated to ATF Degradation through Local Friction vs. Velocity Measurements by a Scanning Force Microscope

Shudder in continuously slipping wet clutch (CSWC) systems is an instability that manifests itself as a vibration of the automobile's drive train. Dynamometer experiments imply that the shudder is connected to degradation of the frictional properties of the clutch friction material-automatic transmission fluid (ATF) system. The poor friction characteristics are revealed in negatively sloped torque vs. slip-speed curves which can result in dynamic friction oscillation instabilities. The authors report local measurements of friction vs. velocity with the use of a scanning force microscope (SFM) on new and glazed wet clutch friction material with either new or degraded ATF acting as a lubricant. The friction material was a commonly used cellulose/phenolic resin material. Results in the very low-speed dynamic regime indicate that the fluid condition plays a critical role in determining the slope characteristics of the friction vs. velocity curve. ATF degraded in service imparts a flat or negative slope to the friction vs. velocity curve, whether on new or glazed (degraded) friction material. A positive slope is measured for fresh ATF. The SFM measurements are therefore consistent with dynamometer and vehicle experiments which measure gross properties of the friction clutch system. The ability of the SFM to reproduce the dynamometer results on a local scale implies that shudder is not due to the gross fluid flow or mechanical effects that are present in a complete torque converter. The frictional characteristics of the clutch plate materials and the ATF are paramount. This technique allows continuous monitoring of ATF fluid degradation in test fleet vehicles without ATF replenishment since only a few ccs of fluid are necessary for these tests.     

环境湿度对浸金属碳滑板磨损及温升的影响

为探究环境湿度对弓网摩擦副载流滑动过程中电弧放电能量、浸金属碳滑板温升及滑板磨损量的影响,采用环-块式高速载流摩擦磨损试验台,对比不同湿度条件下,电弧能量、滑板温升及滑板磨损量随滑动速度、电流强度、法向力的变化情况。试验结果表明：不同环境湿度下,滑动速度和电流强度的增大均会导致电弧能量及滑板温升急剧增大;电弧热是导致温升的主要热源;增大法向力对于抑制电弧放电、降低滑板温升均有显著效果,而对于滑板磨损量变化的影响,不同湿度情况则截然相反;高湿度环境下接触副附着的水膜改善了接触状况和散热情况,电弧能量及滑板温升都小于低湿度环境;低湿度环境下滑板表面受到更严重的机械摩擦,其表面状态相比高湿度更差;在平均湿度较高的夏季适当增加升弓压力,在平均湿度较低的冬季适当降低列车行驶速度可以减少浸金属碳滑板磨损。     

初始制动时预测湿式制动器热对流特性的积分方法

湿式制动器对重型车辆安全具有关键影响,以湿式制动器摩擦副间隙的冷却液压油（Automotive transmission fluid,ATF）为研究对象,考虑车辆初始制动阶段流体的黏性摩擦和层流流动特征,利用积分方法建立了摩擦副流体的非稳态能量方程,并获得了能同时满足轴向和径向边界条件的三维温度和热流密度显式解析表达式,通过简化动量方程和多项式分布假设也获得了径向速度和压力的理论解,与以往试验对比表明,压力和温度解析解与试验结果具有较好的一致性,理论模型有望推广用于液黏离合器等其他HVD装置的ATF速度场、温度场和热流密度场的理论预测。     

Investigation of the temperature distribution in the elastohydrodynamic oil film

Results of investigations of the temperature distribution in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts carried out on a two-disc machine for various contact parameters (rolling and sliding speeds and maximum Hertz pressures) are reported in this paper.The experiments were carried out with the aid of thin layer temperature transducers made of titanium that were evaporated onto the disc's surface in vacuum.Analysis of the errors affecting the temperature measurements in EHD contact was also carried out. It was shown that contact pressure and transducer insulation had a substantial influence on the precision of the temperature measurements made by the thin layer transducer. Error analysis has permitted the determination of the real value of the temperature rise in the contact zone by the application of suitable corrections.It was found that the relative sliding velocity and the contact loading force have substantial and similar influences on the maximum temperature rise in the EHD contact; however, the influence of the rolling velocity is relatively small.A simple empirical formula which permits the calculation of the maximum temperature rise in the contact zone as a function of load and velocity for the investigated oil is presented in this paper. The general formula as a function of non-dimensional parameters is also given. It was found that theoretical formulae which include the exact dependences of the viscosity variation on pressure and temperature (e.g. the Kannel equation) provide the best fit to the experimental results.Good agreement of the results obtained with other researchers' experimental results was also found.     

Thermal Behaviour of a Slipping Wet Clutch Contact

Wet clutches are used in automatic transmissions to enable gear changes and also to reduce energy loss in the torque converter. These friction devices are susceptible to stick–slip effects, which result in the vehicle giving an unsteady ride. Stick–slip effects can be avoided by ensuring the wet clutch and lubricant combination produces a friction coefficient that increases with sliding speed. Although wet clutches have been studied throughout the industry for many decades, the mechanism of the generated friction is still not fully understood. It is known that, because of the fibrous nature and thus very large roughness of friction material, the overall contact between clutch plates actually consists of many small, independent, contact units, which are the sites of the generated friction. Some authors have suggested that a temperature rise due to friction either at these contact units or of the overall clutch plate may be important in controlling friction behaviour. In this study, the flash temperatures at the contact units formed in the wet clutch contact have been measured using an infrared camera. Three friction materials have been tested. It was found that measured flash temperature in a pure sliding system similar to that present in a slipping clutch remain well below 5 °C, and are therefore unlikely to play a major role in the observed friction-speed dependency of slipping wet clutches at speeds below 2 m/s.     

Simulation of transient friction of a cylinder between two planes

The need for good friction models for transient motions has increased as a consequence of the increased use of mechatronics and control engineering principles in precision mechanics. The machine elements in such equipment often involve rolling and sliding contacts. Most studies of friction in rolling and sliding contacts running under dry or boundary lubricated conditions have examined steady-state conditions.This paper describes simulations of the motion of a cylinder between two planes, first with a step change in velocity and then with an oscillating motion of the upper plane. The motion of the cylinder is determined by the friction in the contacts and the inertia. The friction in the rolling and sliding contacts is simulated with a brush model. The surfaces are assumed to be ideally smooth.For the step change in velocity, there is initially a period of complete sliding in the upper contact. During the sliding period, the friction force is the maximum possible, but it decreases as the complete sliding ends. The simulations show heavily damped oscillations, with frequencies corresponding to the natural translatory and torsional frequencies of the system. For the oscillating motions the sliding increases with the frequency of the motion, as expected.     

摆式飞剪输入扭矩波动的综合平衡

对于飞剪机这一类重型设备的输入扭矩平衡，除惯性扭矩外，还应同时考虑摩擦力矩和重力矩。对输入扭矩函数采用本文提出的积分消去法得到了其波动函数，用综合变速转子法对输入扭矩波动进行了优化平衡。平衡结果，输入扭矩波动值减少了75％以上，最大绝对值减少了48％以上。     

考虑表面粗糙度的湿式离合器啮合过程分析

湿式离合器在实际啮合过程中,离合器摩擦片高速运转,摩擦副接触为2个随机粗糙表面的接触,因此分析离合器啮合过程必须考虑摩擦片惯性及摩擦副表面粗糙度的影响.采用Greenwood-Tripp两粗糙表面接触模型,并考虑惯性的影响,对主动盘下表面有摩擦材料的湿式离合器的啮合过程进行分析,建立基于Patir-Cheng平均流量模型的研究模型,推导出摩擦副的润滑控制方程,并进行求解.理论计算得出的啮合转矩变化与实验结果相吻合,验证了理论分析的正确性.     

Nonlinear thermodynamic model of boundary friction

Melting of an ultrathin lubricant film confined between two atomically flat surfaces is studied. An excess volume parameter is introduced, the value of which is related to the presence of defects and inhomogeneities in the lubricant. Via minimization of the free energy, the Landau-Khalatnikov kinetic equation is obtained for this parameter. The kinetic equation is also used for relaxation of elastic strains, which in its explicit form contains the relative shear velocity of the rubbing surfaces. With the numerical solution of these equations, a phase diagram with domains corresponding to the sliding and dry stationary friction regimes is built at a fixed shear velocity. A simple tribological system is used to demonstrate that in the dynamic case, three friction regimes can occur, namely, dry, stick-slip, and sliding friction. It is shown that a lubricant can melt when the shear velocity exceeds a critical value and with elevation of its temperature. The dependence of the dynamic friction force on the pressure applied to the surfaces, the temperature of the lubricant, and the shear velocity is considered. It is shown that growth of pressure leads to the forced ordering and solidification of the lubricant.     

电热形状记忆合金与磁流变联合传动性能研究

针对单一的磁流变传动传递转矩较小的缺点,提出了一种电热形状记忆合金与磁流变联合传动方法,可以提高传动装置传递的转矩。基于形状记忆合金的热效应特性,建立了电热形状记忆合金弹簧挤压力与温度的关系;利用Maxwell软件,对磁场进行有限元分析,得到了不同电流下圆盘工作间隙中的磁场强度沿半径的分布情况;基于磁流变液的磁流变特性,建立了磁流变传递的转矩与磁场强度、半径等参数的关系;基于形状记忆合金弹簧的挤压特性,建立了摩擦转矩与挤压力、半径等参数的关系式。研究结果表明,电热形状记忆合金弹簧的挤压力产生的摩擦转矩随温度的升高而增大;磁场强度沿半径的增大而增强;电热形状记忆合金与磁流变联合传递的转矩比单一磁流变传递的转矩提升了53.8%。     

The effect of longitudinal tangential vibrations on friction and driving forces in sliding motion

The main purpose of the work has been to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the influence of longitudinal tangential vibrations on friction and driving forces in a sliding motion. Computational models were developed and implemented in a combined Matlab-Simulink environment. Both the dynamic Dahl's and the Dupont's and classical Coulomb's friction models were used. The influence of vibration velocity amplitude on the friction force in the presence of tangential longitudinal vibrations and on reduction of the driving force in sliding motion was analysed. It revealed that the commonly accepted view that the reduction of the average friction force is a consequence of cyclic changes in the sign of the friction force vector, only when the amplitude of vibration velocity is greater than the sliding motion velocity, is erroneous. The phenomenon was also observed without any changes in the sign of friction force vector. The results of simulations were compared with experimental data obtained with the use of a test rig specifically designed for the work. The Dahl's friction model led to the best correlation.