‘Photo‐Inflation’: Image Profusion in German Photography, 1925–1945

This article examines ways in which the question of image profusion occupied photography circles in interwar Germany, analysing in particular decisions to reject, glorify, or tame photography's evident abundance. While art photography around 1900 sought to legitimate its standing through rarity, during the late 1920s the New Objectivity and New Vision movements instead trumpeted quantity as the basis of their aesthetic claims. Their success quickly prompted a wave of criticism summed up by the term ‘photo‐inflation’: a deregulated ‘wastefulness’ in imagery that threatened in the longer run man's very critical and perceptual faculties. In the wake of this articulation of threat, work in series became one possible way to domesticate image profusion, to accept its inevitability while giving it a framework. Pushing further, the creation of archives, especially in collective undertakings, seemed to regulate the problem. Defended first by the left as a means to overcome capitalist structures of competition, this discourse of collective effort was soon co‐opted by the National Socialists. In the process, a rhetoric of common effort became reconciled with an emphasis on elites and hierarchical formations – for example, in juried competitions or expert advice columns – in which ‘great photographers’ were made into ‘guides’ for the limitless mass of amateurs.     

Self‐Organization and Dynamic Chaos in Chemical‐Technology and Heat‐Exchange Devices: Problems and Tasks

Nonlinear phenomena in thermophysical and chemicaltechnology processes are considered in the context of nonlinearity, instability, nonuniqueness, nonstationarity, and irreversibility. The perturbation frequency (phase)toamplitude ratio is the governing parameter of the nonlinear interaction of perturbations that are described by the proposed general nonlinear parabolic equation. The nonlinearity of this ratio characterizes turbulence, while its linearity characterizes selforganization. It is shown that chaotic conditions can be selforganized under the action of white noise, which favors the system getting into the domain of attraction of a stable node. The mechanism of the occurrence of turbulence is substantiated.     

Gallium-containing phospho‐silicate glasses: Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity

A series of Ga-containing phospho-silicate glasses based on Bioglass 45S5, having molar formula 46.2SiO₂·24.3Na₂O·26.9CaO·2.6P₂O₅·xGa₂O₃ (x = 1.0, 1.6, 3.5), were prepared by fusion method. The reference Bioglass 45S5 without gallium was also prepared. The synthesized glasses were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 30 days in order to observe ion release and hydroxyapatite (HA) formation. All Ga-containing glasses maintain the ability of HA formation as indicated by main X-ray diffractometric peaks and/or electronic scanning microscopy results. HA layer was formed after 1 day of SBF soaking in 45S5 glass containing up to 1.6% Ga₂O₃ content. Moreover, gallium released by the glasses was found to be partially precipitated on the glass surface as gallium phosphate. Further increase in gallium content reduced the ion release in SBF. The maximum of Ga³⁺ concentration measured in solution is ~ 6 ppm determined for 3.5% Ga₂O₃ content. This amount is about half of the toxic level (14 ppm) of gallium and the glasses release gallium till 30 days of immersion in SBF. Considering the above results, the studied materials can be proposed as bioactive glasses with additional antimicrobial effect of gallium having no toxic outcome.     

Photography in the Szondi Test: ‘The Analysis of Fate’

Léopold Szondi invented a projective test using photographs of people with mental pathologies to determine the unconscious, ancestral illnesses (or aptitudes) of his subjects. Szondi’s images were garnered from psychiatric textbooks published around 1900. Such photographs presumably revealed unconscious thoughts, desires, and destinies in the course of a test session. If a patient responded positively to a photo-portrait of a diagnosed ‘hysteric’, for instance, this indicated that the subject herself had unconscious, inherited hysterical traits. Szondi’s reasoning was predicated upon two commonly held fallacies: first that an individual’s physical appearance is the external marker of mental life, and second that photography is a transparent means of revealing true facts. In spite of (or maybe even because of) such problematic assumptions, Szondi’s use of photographs can be located historically in a tradition of reading human character from portraiture. The test was widespread, and was even administered to Adolf Eichmann at the time of his trial in Jerusalem – an ironic cultural development as Szondi himself would have been among the thousands of Jews deported from Hungary directly to Auschwitz by Eichmann had the Szondi family not been rescued by the Kastner train of 1944.     

War by Photography: Shooting Japanese in Australia’s Pacific War

Characterised by their determination to get close to the action, the Australian combat cameramen of the Second World War made a significant contribution to the evolution of the war photographer into the dynamic figure familiar today. This is especially true of their intimate documentation of the vicious encounter with the Japanese in New Guinea and other islands of the Southwest Pacific, which went beyond professional bravery. A large corps of official photographers shooting for both government and military agencies expressed the racial ideology of a war fought against an opponent who was increasingly loathed as the war progressed. Their pictures of Australian triumphs over the Japanese, including graphic and often deliberately demeaning pictures of dead and captured enemy, reflected the exigencies of wartime propaganda. But they also expanded on a frame of cultural reference derived from decades of anxiety about the threat of invasion by Japan, and reveal an abiding national view of the battlefield as the definitive arena for a contest of rival masculinities. Australia’s war in the Pacific has attracted increasing scholarly and popular attention in recent years. However, the enormous archive of official photographs has been largely ignored, except as a source of illustrative material. This article argues that the archive needs to be read as a collective text in its own right, for the significant insight it provides into Australian cultural as well as military and geopolitical insecurities.     

Current‐gain degradation and failure‐rate prediction in bipolar junction transistors

Abstract

Although dc current gain has been widely treated, its relation to device reliability is still unavailable. We show here that the variation of current gain of bipolar junction transistors depends upon device operating time and may be used as a failure indicator in case no failure occurs in a test. From the accelerated test data with zero failure, a method for the computation of device age is illustrated and compared with traditional methods. Owing to the composite nature of current gain, we obtain an empirical formula which is useful in providing us a quantitative anticipation of device life. A current gain degradation mechanism is also discussed.     

The Experience of Elsewhere: Photography in the Travelogues of Pierre Trémaux

Between 1852 and 1868, the architect and amateur naturalist Pierre Trémaux (1818–1895) produced three groups of plates and accompanying texts on the geography, architecture, and people of African and Anatolian regions. These luxe publications, produced with the support of the French government, exploit an array of graphic techniques; they combine salted paper prints, engravings, tinted and colour lithographs, photolithographs, and texts in ways never previously attempted. Their examination provides insights into the ways these media interacted, and how comfortably photography in fact sat amongst its predecessors within the long-established context of the travel narrative. This paper will probe the implications of photography for Trémaux’s project through an investigation of his first book, Voyages au Soudan oriental et dans l’Afrique septentrionale. To what extent did the new, mechanical medium clarify or confound his effort to “explain” parts of Africa still hardly known to Europeans? What does this reveal about the role of photographic authenticity in familiarizing imperial audiences with distant places, during a transitional moment in visual culture?     

Modernist Photography and Women’s Social Networks: The Case of Olive Cotton and Margaret Michaelis

This article’s title refers to the larger project of illuminating the social networks informing Australian artistic communities from the late colonial period to the middle of the twentieth century. Focusing primarily on developments in photography, the article itself asks what were the links between creative practices and the social relationships that characterised the modernist period in particular? It attempts to answer this question by examining the relationship between two retrospectively celebrated women photographers working in the war years in Australia – Olive Cotton and Margaret Michaelis. For a fair portion of their lives Cotton and Michaelis lived in the same city, worked contemporaneously in the relatively small field of studio photography, and shared similar artistic and commercial ambitions, yet they had virtually no professional or personal contact with each other. There is some evidence to suggest that social networks played a role in training early Australian women photographers, particularly those working in the professional studio system between the 1890s and the 1920s. Social networks would take on an explicitly political role in the consciousness-raising feminist context of women’s photography in Australia from the 1970s to the 1990s. Given that Cotton and Michaelis were professional photographers during the interval between these periods, one is bound to ask whether their lack of contact had a personal basis or there was a wider more socially determined reason. In other words, was there something about the social conditions effecting Australia’s artistic associations at this time that explains the lack of artistic connections between women, and if so was this lack the same across all the arts or particularly pronounced in photography?     

Heat and Mass Transfer in a Two‐Component Developed Turbulent Gas‐Vapor‐Droplet Flow

A calculation model is developed and a numerical study is made of the heat and mass transfer characteristics in a turbulent gas–vapor–droplet flow moving in a round tube. The model takes into account the evaporation of droplets, the diffusion of vapor into air, and the acceleration of a carrier flow. Distributions of the parameters of the twophase flow are obtained with respect to the tube radius for different initial concentrations of the gas phase. Heat and masstransfer calculations are compared to the experimental and numerical works. On the whole, the evaporation of the droplets in the vaporgas flow leads to the intensification of heat transfer as compared to a onecomponent vapordroplet flow and singlephase flow of vapor.     

Non‐linear Dynamics in Carbon Nanotubes and Solitons

Abstract

In this article we briefly overview our recent results on non‐linear dynamics of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with special emphasis on the solutions of special kinds—solitons. These solutions are derived analytically for both armchair and zigzag CNTs, and their high stability is supported in MD simulations. We advanced a hypothetical mechanism of soliton generation in CNTs by the action of shock compression, which has been confirmed by means of numerical simulation.     

US Photography in the Philippines Before 1898: The Menage Expedition of 1890–1893

Between 1890 and 1893, two young Americans, Frank Swift Bourns and Dean Conant Worcester, travelled through the central and southern Philippines on a zoological expedition. In addition to collecting animal specimens, the two men took more than one hundred and fifty photographs. These photographs have not been given much attention by historians but they are an important set of images that help expand the understanding of photography in the Philippines in the late Spanish colonial era. This article discusses the circumstances surrounding the making of these images and provides a framework for interpreting their significance by applying the concept of the ‘photographic obsessions’ of Western explorers as defined and described by Willem van Schendel and his colleagues in the book The Chittagong Hill Tracts: Living in a Borderland.     

Synthesis and in‐vivo taste assessment of meloxicam pivalate

Abstract

Meloxicam (MX), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, widely used to treat arthritis, has a very bitter taste. Chemical modification of the bitter functionality was achieved by synthesis of a prodrug, meloxicam pivalate (MXP). Taste improvement was evaluated using single bottle-test rat model. It was found that palatability of MXP solution improved significantly as compared to MX.     

C‐H‐O Systems in the presence of iron oxide and iron carbide

Abstract

In this paper, we apply the powerful Koiter‐Budiansky's general theory of buckling of elastic structure through the language of functional analysis and perturbation technique to find the analytical expressions for buckling load, post‐buckling behavior, and peak load versus imperfection for 3‐connection built‐up columns, an imperfection sensitive structure. The asymptotic expressions between the load‐shortening relationship for a perfect column and the load‐shortening‐imperfection relationship for an imperfect column are derived. The results are consistent with the existing numerical solutions.     

Modeling and image‐making as a two‐way process in architectural design studies

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of modeling and image‐making on architecture design. This paper studies the construction process of geometric objects and images in either direction. Relevant modeling issues include cost, scene and object, and structural and amount of visual detail. A method integrating between model and image is proposed toward solving conflict problems between the algorithmic and design processes. The conflicts are related to the need for a two‐way process and meta‐level manipulation between modeling and rendering. Segregation between modeling and image‐making is connected to achieve effective communication between designer and designed objects.