Meletius Dutkiewicz (1836˜1897)

Abstract

Dutkiewicz, a fascinating and in some ways tragic character, has had no luck with biographers. Apart from one article in a photographic monthly ¹ Polish Biographical Dictionary, Cracow (1948), Vol. 6, pp. 15-16. This is in fact a résumé of an article by Aleksander Karoli, ‘In memoriam of Meletius Dutkiewicz’, published in a photographic monthly of Warsaw, Swiat?o (Light), No. 10 (1899), pp. 448-452. , and a brief entry in the Polish Biographical Dictionary, no published information concerning him has been traced. However, much that is of interest can be gleaned from surviving correspondence between the eminent Polish photographers Karol Beyer, Joseph Kordysz and Michal Greim ² Only a part of this correspondence was published by Juliusz Garztecki in his book on Michal Greim Mistrz zapominiany (Forgotten Master), Wydawnictwo Literackie, Cracow (1972). .     

Some properties of topological pressure of a semigroup of continuous maps

Based on the work of Ma and Wu,[9 Ma D, Wu M. Topological pressure and topological entropy of a semigroup of maps. Discrete Contin Dyn Syst. 2011;31:545–557.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] some equivalent definitions of topological pressure of a semigroup of continuous maps are given and several of their basic properties are provided by using separated sets and spanning sets. We also answer an open problem of Bi? and Urbański.[19 Bi? A, Urbański M. Some remarks on topological entropy of a semigroup of continuous maps. Cubo. 2006;8:63–71. [Google Scholar]] That is, letting f_i, i = 2, … , k, be homeomorphisms acting on a compact metric space, G₁ = {id_X, f₂, … , f_k}, G^{? 1}₁ = {id_X, f^{? 1}₂, …, f_k^{? 1}} and letting G and G^?1 denote the semigroups generated by G₁ and G^{? 1}₁, respectively, we give an example showing that the topological entropy of G does not equal the topological entropy of G^?1.     

Evaluation of thin-layer models for describing drying kinetics of poplar wood particles in a fluidized bed dryer

In this study, fluidized bed drying experiments were conducted for poplar wood particles (Populus deltoides) at temperatures ranging from 90°C to 120°C and air velocities ranging from 2.8 m s^?1 to 3.3 m s^?1. The initial moisture content (MC) and the bed height of the poplar wood particles were 150% (on an oven-dry basis) and 2 cm, respectively. The results showed that the drying rate increased by increasing the drying temperature and air velocity. The constant drying rate period was only observed at the early stages of the drying process and most of the drying processes were found in the falling rate period. The experimental data of the drying process were put into e11 models. Among these models, Midilli, Kucuk, and Yapar (2002 Midilli, A., H. Kucuk, and Z. Yapar. 2002. A new model for single-layer drying. Drying Technology 20:1503–13. doi:10.1081/DRT-120005864[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Henderson and Pabis (1961 Henderson, S. M., and S. Pabis. 1961. Grain drying theory I. Temperature effect on drying coefficient. Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research 6 (3):169–74. [Google Scholar]) were found to satisfactorily describe the drying characteristics of poplar wood particles. The effective moisture diffusivity of wood particles increased from 7E-6 to 8.46E-6 and 7.65 E-6 to 1.44E-5 m² s^?1 as the drying air temperature increased from 90°C to 120°C for 2.8 m s^?1 and 3.3 m s^?1 of velocities, respectively. Also, the activation energies of diffusion were 34.08 kJ mol^?1 and 64.70 kJ mol^?1 for the air velocities of 2.8 m s^?1 and 3.3 m s^?1, respectively.     

Patterns of Technological Innovation in Knowledge‐Intensive Business Services

Employing data from a sample of 1,161 small firms, the paper draws broad comparisons between patterns of innovation expenditure and output, innovation networking, knowledge intensity and competition within Knowledge‐Intensive Business Services (KIBS; N = 563) and manufacturing firms (N = 598). In so doing, KIBS are further disaggregated along lines proposed by Miles et al. (1995 Miles, I., Kastrinos, N., Flanagan, K., Bilderbeek, R., den Hertog, P., Huitink, W. and Bouman, M. 1995. Knowledge Intensive Business Services: Their Role as Users, Carriers and Sources of Innovation EIMS Publication No. 15, Innovation Programme, DGXIII, Luxembourg [Google Scholar]). That is, as technology‐based KIBS (t‐KIBS; N = 264) and professional KIBS (p‐KIBS; N = 299). However, detailing such broad patterns is preliminary. The principal interest of the paper is in identifying the factors associated with higher levels of innovativeness, within each sector, and the extent to which such “success” factors vary across sectors. The results of the analysis appear to offer support for some widely held beliefs about the relative roles of “softer” and “harder” sources of knowledge and technology within services and manufacturing (Tether, 2004 Tether, B. 2004. Do Services Innovate (Differently)?, Manchester: University of Manchester. CRIC Discussion Paper 66 [Google Scholar]). However, some important qualifications are also apparent.     

Mathematical modelling of the effect of surface roughness on magnetic field profiles in type II superconductors

One of the defining characteristics of a superconductor is the Meissner effect, in which an external magnetic field is expelled from the bulk of a sample when cooled below the critical temperature. Although there has been considerable theoretical work on the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductors, the effects of interest in this paper can be modelled with the simpler London equation. This equation predicts an exponential decay of the local magnetic field magnitude as a function of the distance into the superconductor from a flat surface in the London limit where $\kappa =\lambda /\xi $ , defined as the ratio between the penetration depth and coherence length, is much greater than 1. However, recent measurements of the field profile in high $\kappa $ superconductors show that the observed decay is non-exponential near the surface. In particular, the measured field profiles indicate that the decay rate in the field magnitude is smaller than expected from a simple London model on a short length scale $d$ near the surface. In this paper, we examine the effects of surface roughness on magnetic field penetration into a high $\kappa $ superconductor. We model the roughness as a sinusoidal perturbation from a flat interface and investigate the effect using both an asymptotic method, based upon a small-amplitude perturbation, and a numerical method, using a finite difference discretization with a coordinate mapping from an underlying rectangular domain. A novel discretization is used in the case of 3D calculations and a fast, preconditioned GMRES solver is developed. A careful comparison of asymptotic and numerical methods validates both approaches for small perturbations, but the numerical approach allows for the investigation of rougher surfaces. Our results show that surface roughness reduces the decay rate in the average magnetic field near the surface relative to a London model. However, the reduction is more gradual than the simple dead layer model currently being used to fit experimental data. In addition, we discover some interesting new phenomena in the 3D case.     

Painter and photographer; Brisbane in the 18805 and 18905

Abstract

In August of 1889 the popular local magazine The Boomerang published an article entitled ‘Photography as an Art’, which took the form of an extended advertisement for the recently moved establishment of Thomas Mathewson, one of Brisbane's well-patronized photographic studios ¹ Mathewson began as a professional photographer in 1864, travelling widely throughout Queensland and setting up studios in Gympie and Maryborough. In July of 1876 he opened the studio of Mathewson and Co. in Queen Street, Brisbane. The studio was well established by the mid 1880s and continued in operation until the 1920s. . In the article the writer compares Mathewson's studio with an artistically appointed ‘salon’: ‘This is a palace of photography indeed, with its glittering entrance gallery lined with golden show frames and its luxurious waiting-room that is like the salon of a patron of the fine arts’ ² The Boomerang (24th August 1889). (Figure 1).     

D. G. Rossetti's use of photography

Abstract

During the 1860s in England the Hon. Charlotte Milles made an album of images that combine portraits of people cut from photographs with richly coloured water-colour surroundings that she painted around the selected photographic figures (figure 1). The resulting images therefore combine photographs with painting in the most disjunctive way. In attempting to assess the historical significance of these works we are initially hampered by a lack of evidence about the intentions of their author. The historical record can tell us that Mrs Milles was the daughter of Sir Henry Josias Stracey, Baronet, and Charlotte Denne, that she was born in 1835 and married George Milles in 1859, that they lived at Lees Court, a country house near Sheldwich in Kent designed by Inigo Jones c.1640, and that in the 1860s she gave birth to the future 2nd and 3rd Earls Sondes, before dying on 23 June 1927 at Brenley House, Boughton under Blean, Kent. We can also find out the family's income and the extent of their landholdings (some 19 000 acres in 1883). What the historical record cannot tell us is what she thought she was doing when she made the images that interest us by the apparent experimental and avant-garde qualities that they manifest.1 Next to nothing has been written about Mrs Milles. There is a short notice in A Second Look: Women Photographers of the Gernsheim Collection, cd. Andrea lnselmann, frankfurt: Deutsche fototage GmbH 1993, 146-47, which also reprints six of Mrs Milles's images, which arc now in the Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. Biographical information about Mrs Milles comes from The Complete Peerage Vol. XII, ed. Geoffrey White, London: Saint Catherine's Press 1953; entry for Sondes. While there is no evidence that Mrs Milles was a photographer, we can confidently expect that she painted the water-colour areas of the images herself. Water-colour painting had been a favourite activity of women amateurs in Britain for nearly a century by the 1860s.     

Non-Newtonian Fluids in Spout-Fluid Beds: Mass Transfer Coefficient at Low Reynolds Numbers

Following on from the work of Anabtawi et al. (2003) Anabtawi, M. Z., Hilal, N. and Al Muftah, A. E. 2003. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient in non-Newtonian fluids in spouted-fluid beds: Part I. Chem. Eng. Technol., 26: 759–764.  [Google Scholar], this study examined how the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient, k _L a, of oxygen in air in three-phase spout-fluid beds was affected by varying the system parameters of bed height, bed diameter, gas velocity, and liquid velocity. The liquid used was 0.1% CMC solution, displaying a pseudo-plastic rheology, with 1.75 mm glass spheres as packing. The values of the Sherwood number were lower than in previous studies (Anabtawi et al., 2003 Anabtawi, M. Z., Hilal, N. and Al Muftah, A. E. 2003. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient in non-Newtonian fluids in spouted-fluid beds: Part I. Chem. Eng. Technol., 26: 759–764.  [Google Scholar]), in the range 9,000–186,000. Gas velocity had a similar effect on k _L a as in a bubble column, with results also giving good agreement with previous work on two-phase and three-phase spouted bed systems. The correlation obtained for the effect of liquid velocity on k _L a compared well with that of Schumpe et al. (1989) Schumpe, A., Deckwer, W. and Nigam, K. D. P. 1989. Gas-liquid mass transfer in three- phase fluidized beds with viscous pseudoplastic liquids. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 67: 873–877. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]. An increase in the height of packing increased k _L a to the power of 0.319, with an increase in column diameter also causing an increase in k _L a, which is in agreement with the results of Akita and Yoshida (1973) Akita, K. and Yoshida, F. 1973. Gas hold-up and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in bubble columns. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 12: 76–80. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar].     

Synthesis of Heterocycle-Containing [60]Fullerene Derivatives

Abstract

Fullerene functionalization with heterocycles is reviewed, focusing attention on cycloaddition methodology and oxidative heterocyclization. ^{1 1}This paper was presented before the Symposium 3 on ‘Expanded Horizons of Fullerene Science and Technology’ organized by L. Y. Chiang, E.Osawa, H. Terrones and M. Saunders at the 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICAM-IV), Aug. 27 to Sept. 1, 1995, Cancun, Mexico.

     

Early landscapes by Gustave Le Gray

Abstract

Gustave Le Gray is most widely known for his collodion seascape views which were first exhibited in 1856 at the Photographic Society of London. These views, in their strict horizontal compositions and dramatic skies, anticipate the seascape paintings of Courbet¹, An equally strong parallel exists between Le Gray's landscape photographs and early paintings of the Impressionists. Le Gray's landscape views of the forest of Fontainebleau shown in the 1859 Photographic Salon were described by Burty, a French art critic: ‘he air plays through the leaves, and the sun streaks the dark grass like the hide of a panthe’ ² Ibid., p. 352. , The monumental trees, skies and rushing forests, halted by occasional lines of light, distinguish his landscape images ofthis period. He genuinely loved nature but never idealized it.     

Flowshop-scheduling problems with makespan criterion: a review

This paper is a complete survey of flowshop-scheduling problems and contributions from early works of Johnson of 1954 Johnson, SM. 1954. Optimal two- and three-stage production schedules with set-up times included. Naval Res. Logist. Quart., 1: 61–68.   to recent approaches of metaheuristics of 2004. It mainly considers a flowshop problem with a makespan criterion and it surveys some exact methods (for small size problems), constructive heuristics and developed improving metaheuristic and evolutionary approaches as well as some well-known properties and rules for this problem. Each part has a brief literature review of the contributions and a glimpse of that approach before discussing the implementation for a flowshop problem. Moreover, in the first section, a complete literature review of flowshop-related scheduling problems with different assumptions as well as contributions in solving these other aspects is considered. This paper can be seen as a reference to past contributions (particularly in n/m/p/c _max or equivalently F/prmu/c _max) for future research needs of improving and developing better approaches to flowshop-related scheduling problems.     

All-zero forecasts for lumpy demand: a factorial study

Lumpy demand is a phenomenon encountered in manufacturing or retailing when the items are slow-moving or too expensive, for example fighter plane engines. So far, the seminal procedure of Croston's (1972 Croston, JD. 1972. Stock levels for slow-moving items. Op. Res. Q., 25(1): 123–130. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), with or without modifications, has been the preference for forecasting lumpy demand. Nevertheless, Croston (1974 Croston, JD. 1974. Forecasting and stock control for intermittent demand. Op. Res. Q., 23(3): 289–303. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) and others, such as Venkitachalam et al . (2002 Venkitachalam, GHK, Pratt, DB, Young, CF, Morris, S and Goldstein, ML. 2002. Forecasting and inventory planning for parts with intermittent demand–a case study [http://anaconda.ecen.okstate.edu/publications/ERC2003-ADF-Final.doc] [Google Scholar]), have suggested the use of zero forecasts when the demand contains many zeros. In this paper, we put to the test this idea by doing a full factorial study comparing five forecasting methods, including all-zero, under several levels of demand lumpiness, demand variation and ordering, holding and shortage cost. We evaluate the forecasting methods by three measures of forecast error and two measures of inventory cost. We find that all-zero forecasts yield the lowest cost when lumpiness is high; is it also best for mid-lumpiness, if the shortage cost is much higher than the holding cost. We also find that the lowest forecasting error does not necessarily lead to the lowest system cost. And contrary to the assertions in Chen et al . (2000b Chen, F, Ryan, JK and Simchi-Levi, D. 2000b. The impact of exponential smoothing forecasts on the bullwhip effect. Naval Research Logistics, 42: 269–286.  [Google Scholar]) and Dejonckheere et al . (2003 Dejonckheere, J, Disney, SM, Lambrecht, MR and Towill, DR. 2003. Measuring the Bullwhip Effect: a Control Theoretic Approach to Analyse Forecasting Induced Bullwhip in Order-Up-To Policies. Eur. J. Op. Res., 147(3): 567–590. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2004 Dejonckheere, J, Disney, SM, Lambrecht, MR and Towill, DR. 2004. The impact of information enrichment on the bullwhip effect in supply chains: a control theoretic approach. Eur. J. Op. Res., 153(3): 727–750. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), our factorial experiment reinforces the intuition that simple exponential smoothing is superior to an equivalent moving average.     

A note on an industrial strategy for stock management in supply chains: modelling and performance evaluation

An analytic formulation of consignment stock (CS) policy has been proposed in Braglia and Zavanella (2003 Braglia M Zavanella L 2003 An industrial strategy for stock management in Supply Chains: modelling and performance evaluation International Journal of Production Research 2003 41 3793 3808  , International Journal of Production Research, 41, 3793) where an implicit analytical solution is given. In this note it is shown that this solution has properties that enable it to be developed into a completely explicit form, allowing for a joint optimization of all decision variables governing the delivery management.     

Particle processing technology

In recent years, there has been strong demand for the development of novel devices and equipment that support advanced industries including IT/semiconductors, the environment, energy and aerospace along with the achievement of higher efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Many studies have been conducted on the fabrication of innovative inorganic materials with novel individual properties and/or multifunctional properties including electrical, dielectric, thermal, optical, chemical and mechanical properties through the development of particle processing. The fundamental technologies that are key to realizing such materials are (i) the synthesis of nanoparticles with uniform composition and controlled crystallite size, (ii) the arrangement/assembly and controlled dispersion of nanoparticles with controlled particle size, (iii) the precise structural control at all levels from micrometer to nanometer order and (iv) the nanostructural design based on theoretical/experimental studies of the correlation between the local structure and the functions of interest. In particular, it is now understood that the application of an external stimulus, such as magnetic energy, electrical energy and/or stress, to a reaction field is effective in realizing advanced particle processing[1 Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar]3 Sakka Y and Uchikoshi T 2010 KONA Powder Particle J. 28 74 (kona.or.jp/search/28_074.pdf) [Google Scholar]].

This special issue comprises 12 papers including three review papers. Among them, seven papers are concerned with phosphor particles, such as silicon, metals, Si₃N₄-related nitrides, rare-earth oxides, garnet oxides, rare-earth sulfur oxides and rare-earth hydroxides. In these papers, the effects of particle size, morphology, dispersion, surface states, dopant concentration and other factors on the optical properties of phosphor particles and their applications are discussed. These nanoparticles are classified as zero-dimensional materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene are well-known one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) materials, respectively. This special issue also includes two papers on the fabrication of mechanically reliable nanocomposites by dispersing graphene into a ceramic matrix, and on supercapacitors with high energy densities in a Co(OH)₂ system decorated with graphene and carbon nanotubes. As a novel preparation method of oxide films, the fabrication of alumina films with laminated structures by ac anodization is reviewed. Moreover a new type of nanosheet has been fabricated by the exfoliation of layered, ternary transition-metal carbide and nitride compounds, known as Mn 1 Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar]1 Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar]AXn phases (or MAX phases) where M is an early transition metal, such as Ti or Nb, A is an A group element, such as Si or Al, X is carbon and or nitrogen and n 1 Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar]1 Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar]3 Sakka Y and Uchikoshi T 2010 KONA Powder Particle J. 28 74 (kona.or.jp/search/28_074.pdf) [Google Scholar][4] Naguib M, Mashtalir O, Carle J, Presser V, Lu J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y and Barsoum M W 2012 ACS Nano 6 1322 [Google Scholar]. Among the MAX phases, those containing Mo have been theoretically calculated by first-principles calculations to be a source for obtaining Mo₂C nanosheets with potentially unique properties. As an example of improving bulk ceramic properties, texturing by using a high magnetic field[5] Sakka Y and Suzuki T S 2005 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 113 26 [Google Scholar] and sintering by the electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS) technology[6] Grasso S, Sakka Y and Maizza G 2009 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 053001 [Google Scholar] have been demonstrated for ultra-high temperature ceramics with high-temperature strength.

A project on the development of materials and particle processing for the field of environment and energy has been ongoing at the National Institute for Materials Science since April 2011. This project employs various core competence technologies for particle processing such as ion beam irradiation for nanoparticle fabrication[7] Nakao H, Tokonami S, Hamada T, Shiigi H, Nagaoka T, Iwate F and Takeda Y 2012 Nanoscale 4 6814 [Google Scholar], fullerene nanomaterial processing using liquidliquid interface precipitation[8] Miyazawa K and Hotta K 2010 J. Cryst. Growth 312 2764 [Google Scholar], a gas reduction nitridation process to obtain Si₃N₄-based phosphor materials[9] Suehiro T, Xie R and Hirosaki N 2013 Indust. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 7453 [Google Scholar], advanced phosphors via novel processing[10, 11] Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar], ultra-high pressure technology for processing and in situ analysis[12 Kawamura F, Yusa H and Taniguchi T 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 251910 [Google Scholar], 13] Watanabe K and Taniguchi T 2011 Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 8 977 [Google Scholar], colloidal processing in a high magnetic field to obtain laminated, textured ceramics[1, Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar] 3, Sakka Y and Uchikoshi T 2010 KONA Powder Particle J. 28 74 (kona.or.jp/search/28_074.pdf) [Google Scholar] 5] Sakka Y and Suzuki T S 2005 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 113 26 [Google Scholar], the ECAS process for nanostructuring ceramics[6] Grasso S, Sakka Y and Maizza G 2009 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 053001 [Google Scholar] and so forth. Here, I would like to introduce some research achievements that are not covered in this special issue.

(1) The evolution of hydrogen by the reaction of fine metal particles such as Al[14] Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar] and Mg[15] Uda M, Okuyama H, Suzuki T S and Sakka Y 2012 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 13 025009 [Google Scholar] with water; the specific surface area and surface modification are important factors.

(2) The realization of new carbon related materials with 1D and 2D structures consisting of fullerenes prepared by liquid liquid interface precipitation: alkaline-doped superconductive nanotubes consisting of fullerenes[16] Takeya H, Kato R, Wakahara T, Miyazawa K, Yamaguchi T, Ozaki T, Okazaki H and Takano Y 2013 Mater. Res. Bull. 48 343 [Google Scholar], application to solar cells of fullerene/cobalt porphyrin hybrid nanosheets[17] Wakahara T, D Angelo P, Miyazawa K, Nemoto Y, Ito O, Tanigaki N, Bradley D D C and Anthopoulos T D 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 7204 [Google Scholar], etc.

(3) The fabrication of textured films and bulk materials with excellent functional properties by colloidal processing methods such as slip casting[5] Sakka Y and Suzuki T S 2005 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 113 26 [Google Scholar], gel casting[18] Wiecinska P, Sakka Y, Suzuki T S, Uchikoshi T, Mizerski T and Szafran M 2013 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 121 89 [Google Scholar] and electrophoretic deposition[3, Sakka Y and Uchikoshi T 2010 KONA Powder Particle J. 28 74 (kona.or.jp/search/28_074.pdf) [Google Scholar] 19] Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar], in a high magnetic field, and with subsequent heating; examples of such materials include dye-sensitized TiO₂ solar cells, thermoelectric materials and cathode materials for solid state Li-ion batteries and dielectric ceramics.

(4) The fabrication of high-strength and high-toughness MAX phase ceramics[20 Hu C, Sakka Y, Grasso S, Nishimura T, Guo S and Tanaka H 2011 Scr. Mater. 64 765 [Google Scholar], 21] Hu C, Sakka Y, Nishimura T, Guo S, Grasso S and Tanaka H 2011 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 044603 [Google Scholar] inspired by the nacreous structure[22] Kakisawa H and Sumitomo T 2011 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 064710 [Google Scholar].

(5) The modeling and development of the ECAS process[6] Grasso S, Sakka Y and Maizza G 2009 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 053001 [Google Scholar]. This involves two-step pressure application[23] Grasso S, Hu C F, Maizza G, Kim B N and Sakka Y 2011 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 1405 [Google Scholar] and high-pressure application above 400 MPa to fabricate transparent oxides[24 Grasso S, Kim B N, Hu C F, Maizza G and Sakka Y 2010 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93 2460 [Google Scholar]26] Kim B-N, Hiraga K, Grasso S, Morita K, Yoshida H, Zhang H and Sakka Y 2012 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 120 116 [Google Scholar], and rapid heating to obtain dense nanocomposites of ceramic–CNT[27] Estili M, Kawasaki A and Sakka Y 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 4322 [Google Scholar] and diamonds[28] Grasso S, Hu C F, Maizza G and Sakka Y 2012 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95 2423 [Google Scholar].

(6) The contraction of ternary phase diagrams for oxide ion conductor systems such as zirconia[29] Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar] and apatite systems[30] Sakka Y 2006 J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 114 371 [Google Scholar], leading to an increased understanding of the stability of such systems and assisting the search for high oxygen ion conductors.     

Effect of a magnetic field on the specific heat jump of a superconducting alloy containing paramagnetic impurities with local states within the gap

The effect of a uniform magnetic field on the specific heat jump \({\Delta C}\) of a superconductor containing paramagnetic impurities has been investigated. The impurities are described by the Shiba-Rusinov model. Taking the normalized position of the bound state within the BCS gap ε₀=0.8 and 0.0 and the parameter α(=〈S _z ² 〉/S²)=1.0 and 1/3 as typical values, we find the detailed dependence of \({\Delta C}\) on the impurity concentration \(\bar c\) and the transition temperature T_c. In some cases \({\Delta C}\) diverges at certain values of \(\bar c\) or T_c, signaling a change of the normal-superconductor phase transition from second order to first order.     

Corrigendum of ‘A deterministic model for a repairable item inventory system with a finite repair rate’

The main purpose of this corrigendum is to indicate and rectify the same mistakes made by Schrady (1967 Schrady, D. A. 1967. “A Deterministic Inventory Model for Repairable Items.” Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 14: 391–398.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Nahmias and Rivera (1979 Nahmias, S., and H. Rivera. 1979. “A Deterministic Model for a Repairable Item Inventory System with a Finite Repair Rate.” International Journal of Production Research 17: 215–221.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), and Teunter (2004 Teunter, R. H. 2004. “Lot-Sizing for Inventory Systems with Product Recovery.” Computers and Industrial Engineering 46: 431–441.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) in the course of solving their respective models in order that subsequent researchers will not follow the same. To this end, we derive the corresponding correct global-optimal formulae for the substitution-policy model (1,?n), with infinite or finite recovery (or called repair) rate, using differential calculus, as well as providing a closed-form expression to identify the optimal positive integral value of n recovery set-ups. In addition, we also rectify the formulae and solution procedure for numerically solving the constrained non-linear programme.     

An objective function to address production sequencing with minimal tooling replacements

A strategy is presented to obtain production sequences resulting in minimal tooling replacements. An objective function is employed to distribute the tool wear as evenly as possible throughout the sequence. This objective function is an extension of Miltenburg's earlier work (1989 Miltenburg, J. 1989. Level schedules for mixed-model assembly lines in just-in-time production systems. Manage. Sci., 35: 192–207. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) concerned with obtaining production sequences while evenly distributing the satisfaction of demand. Smaller problems are solved to optimality, while larger problems are solved as close as possible to optimality. The production sequences are simulated to estimate required tooling replacements. The methodology presented here consistently results in fewer tooling replacements when compared with earlier published work (McMullen et al. 2002 McMullen, PR, Clark, M, Bell, J and Albritton, D. 2002. A correlation and heuristic approach to production sequences with uniformity of tool wear. Comp.?&;?Op. Res., 30: 435–454.  [Google Scholar], McMullen 2003 McMullen, PR. 2003. Sequencing for minimal tooling replacements via a variety of objective functions. Int. J. Prod. Res., 41: 2183–2199. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

Interpreting Knowledge Representations in BP-SOM

Artificial Neural Networks (anns) are able, in general and in principle, to learn complex tasks. Interpretation of models induced by anns, however, is often extremely difficult due to the non linear and non-symbolic nature of the models. To enable better interpretation of the way knowledge is represented in anns, we present bp-som, a neural network architecture and learning algorithm. bp-som is a combination of a multi -layered feed-forward network (mfn) trained with the back-propagation learning rule (bp), and Kohonen’s self-organising maps (soms). The involvement of the som in learning leads to highly structured knowledge representations both at the hidden layer and on the soms. We focus on a particular phenomenon within trained bp-som networks, viz. that the som part acts as an organiser of the learning material into instance subsets that tend to be homogeneous with respect to both class labelling and subsets of attribute values. We show that the structured knowledge representation can either be exploited directly for rule extraction, or be used to explain a generic type of checksum solution found by the network for learning M-of-N tasks.