Delay and throughput characteristics of TH, CDMA, TDMA, and hybridnetworks for multipath faded data transmission channels

The new concepts of adaptive time hopping and variable frame code division (CDMA) multiple access are introduced. By a unified analysis, the probabilities of bit and packet errors in multipath fading environment for five time division (TDMA), code division, and time hopping (TH) related multiaccess networks are obtained; namely, TDMA, CDMA, CDMA/TDMA, Adaptive CDMA/TH, and variable frame CDMA/TDMA networks. The delay and useful throughputs of the five systems are also evaluated for data and voice traffic. All systems compared have the same channel power and bandwidth and support the same traffic. Though implementation issues are not covered, CDMA systems are put at a disadvantage (compared to cellular-type FDMA networks, for example) by ignoring such inherent advantages as voice silence utilizations and automatic frequency reuse. Nontheless, two CDMA systems outperform TDMA systems at low and medium input traffics     

S-CDMA技术在HFC网络中的应用

介绍S—CDMA技术的原理，简要比较在HFC网络中应用的3种多址技术，即频分多址FDMA、时分多址TDMA和码分多址CDMA，主要讨论应用于CATV网络的S—CDMA传输技术，并对其抗噪干扰性能进行分析。     

Advantages of CDMA and spread spectrum techniques over FDMA andTDMA in cellular mobile radio applications

A unified theoretical method for the calculation of the radio capacity of multiple-access schemes such as FDMA (frequency-division multiple access), TDMA (time-division multiple access), CDMA (code-division multiple access) and SSMA (spread-spectrum multiple access) in noncellular and cellular mobile radio systems is presented for AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channels. The theoretical equivalence of all the considered multiple-access schemes is found. In a fading multipath environment, which is typical for mobile radio applications, there are significant differences between these multiple-access schemes. These differences are discussed in an illustrative manner revealing several advantages of CDMA and SSMA over FDMA and TDMA. Novel transmission and reception schemes called coherent multiple transmission and coherent multiple reception are briefly presented     

Channel segregation-a self-organized dynamic channel allocationmethod: application to TDMA/FDMA microcellular system

Channel segregation was previously proposed as a self-organized dynamic channel assignment. Its performance was examined by applying it to frequency-division multiple access systems. Its applications to the TDMA/FDMA (time-division multiple access/frequency-division multiple access) or multicarrier TDMA system is discussed. The spectrum efficiency of the TDMA/FDMA cellular system deteriorates due to the problem of unaccessible channel: a call can be blocked in a cell even when there are idle channels because of the restriction on simultaneous use of different carrier frequencies in the cell. It is shown that channel segregation can resolve this problem with a small modification of its algorithm. The performance of the TDMA/FDMA system with channel segregation on the call blocking probability versus traffic density is analyzed with computer simulation experiments. The effect of losing the TDMA frame synchronization between cells on the performance is also discussed     

对CDMA系统容量及功率控制的初步研究

简要介绍了ＣＤＭＡ数字蜂窝系统的概念，将ＣＤＭＡ与ＦＤＭＡ和ＴＤＭＡ相比较，对ＣＤＭＡ系统容量进行了分析，对其关键技术之一的功率控制，进行了研究并得出了一些结论。     

Packet CDMA versus dynamic TDMA for multiple access in anintegrated voice/data PCN

A comparative evaluation of dynamic time-division multiple access (TDMA) and spread-spectrum packet code-division multiple access (CDMA) approaches to multiple access in an integrated voice/data personal communications network (PCN) environment are presented. After briefly outlining a cellular packet-switching architecture for voice/data PCN systems, dynamic TDMA and packet CDMA protocols appropriate for such traffic scenarios are described. Simulation-based network models which have been developed for performance evaluation of these competing access techniques are then outlined. These models are exercised with example integrated voice/data traffic models to obtain comparative system performance measures such as channel utilization, voice blocking probability, and data delay. Operating points based on typical performance constraints such as voice blocking probability 0.01 (for TDMA), voice packet loss rate 10^-3 (for CDMA), and data delay 250 ms are obtained, and results are presented     

CDMA／SDMA系统性能分析

空分多址接入技术（SDMA）可以通过信号不同的空间传播路径来区分用户，从而提高了蜂窝移动通信系统容量．而此技术又可以和其他多址方式相互兼容，比如频分多址，时分多址，码分多址．CDMA／SDMA系统就是码分多址和空分多址两种接入技术相结合的系统．该系统可通过时空编码实现的．文中分析此种系统的性能，并与多用户环境下的CDMA系统进行了比较．     

HFC接入网中多址接入技术与信道噪声特性的关系

目前 ,基于CableModem技术的HFC接入网已得到较为广泛的应用 ,但网络中的漏斗噪声限制了系统带宽的充分利用。着重分析上行信道的噪声特性 ,并根据噪声特性 ,研究了TDMA ,FDMA和CD MA 3种多址接入技术的特点 ,认为TDMA/FDMA混合方案更适合HFC网络上行信道的传输要求     

Multiple-access capacity in mobile user satellite systems

The channel capacity of a satellite direct sequence CDMA system is analyzed including the effects of faded user interference, overlapping antenna beams, imperfect equalization of the antenna pattern across an antenna cell, and diversity reception. Simplified models are used to describe the impact of these effects on the channel capacity of single and multiple cofrequency CDMA systems. In a comparison of the uplink and downlink paths, the uplink of the CDMA system is shown to limit the channel capacity because the downlink can utilize code-orthogonality and coherent demodulation. In a multiple system comparison between band-shared CDMA and band-segmented FDMA/TDMA technologies, FDMA/TDMA is shown to provide about the same capacity for uniformly distributed traffic conditions over many cells and dramatically better capacity when traffic is concentrated in one cell. Due to the peak nature of telephony, this result supports the use of band-segmented systems in mobile user satellite systems     

OFDM-CDMA及其检测技术

传统的CDMA技术在无线通信方面有着FDMA和TDMA所无法比拟的突出性能,但在抗码间串扰和多址干扰方面存在的问题使其总体性能受到限制。随着DSP技术的发展,采用并行传输的OFDM技术正日趋成熟。本文介绍了一种新的无线通信技术OFDM-CDMA,对其发送和接收系统模型进行了完整的描述并分析了接收机中使用的几种检测技术,在频谱利用率、抗多径和多址干扰等方面,OFDM-CDMA等优于传统的CDMA技术。     

基于S—CDMA的线缆调制解调器

当前,在ＣＡＴＶ网络中传输高速数据已越来越引起人们的关注,主要在ＣａｂｌｅＭｏｄｅｍ中采用同步ＣＤＭＡ的优点,简要地与ＴＤＭＡ和ＦＤＭＡ作了比较,并且给出了基于Ｓ－ＣＤＭＡ的ＣａｌｂｃＭｏｄｅｍ的基本框图。     

下一代DS-CDMA网络中的资源管理

直接序列码分多址接入(DS-CDMA)已成为下一代无线蜂窝网络中提供高速多媒体业务的主要接入技术。TD-SCDMA蜂窝网络与时分多址(TDMA)/频分多址(FDMA)网络有很大差别,前者独有的特征可用于提高系统容量。文中描述了DS-CDMA蜂窝网络中的资源管理,指出在资源管理机制设计中面临的主要挑战,讨论了资源管理的关键问题,包括拥塞控制、速率和功率控制、蜂窝规划和呼叫接入控制。     

Resource management in the next-generation DS-CDMA cellular networks

Direct sequence code-division multiple access has been shown as the predominant access technology to provide high-speed multimedia services in next-generation wireless cellular networks. The DS-CDMA cellular network significantly differentiates itself from the traditional narrowband TDMA/FDMA system, in which great capacity gain can be explored by taking advantage of its unique characteristics. This article addresses resource management in DS-CDMA cellular networks. We first provide an overview of the DS-CDMA network and discuss the main challenges in the design of resource management schemes. We then examine several critical issues within the scope of resource management, including congestion control, rate and power control, and cell planning, with the emphasis on call admission control. Finally, we offer some insights and discussions on the performance aspects, strengths, and weaknesses of existing proposals.     

Mobile power management for wireless communication networks

For fixed quality-of-service constraints and varying channel interference, how should a mobile node in a wireless network adjust its transmitter power so that energy consumption is minimized? Several transmission schemes are considered, and optimal solutions are obtained for channels with stationary, extraneous interference. A simple dynamic power management algorithm based on these solutions is developed. The algorithm is tested by a series of simulations, including the extraneous-interference case and the more general case where multiple, mutually interfering transmitters operate in a therefore highly responsive interference environment. Power management is compared with conventional power control for models based on FDMA/TDMA and CDMA cellular networks. Results show improved network capacity and stability in addition to substantially improved battery life at the mobile terminals.     

Handover and dynamic channel allocation techniques in mobilecellular networks

This paper deals with an efficient dynamic channel allocation (DCA) technique applicable to terrestrial mobile cellular networks. A channel (or resource) is a fixed frequency bandwidth (FDMA), a specific time-slot within a frame (TDMA), or a particular code (CDMA), depending on the multiple access technique used. A cost function has been defined by which the optimum channel to be assigned on demand can be selected. In addition, a suitable mobility model has been derived to determine the effects of handovers on network performance. The performance of the proposed DCA technique has been derived by computer simulations in terms of call blocking and handover failure probabilities. Comparisons with the classical fixed channel allocation (FCA) technique and other dynamic allocation algorithms recently proposed in the literature have been carried out to validate the proposed technique     

Channel Borrowing Without Locking for Asynchronous Hybrid FDMA/TDMA Cellular Communications

The use of real time channel borrowing in digital cellular asynchronous hybrid FDMA/TDMA systems is considered. These systems, which are exemplified by North American digital cellular (IS-54), are asynchronous in the sense that time slots in different cells are not aligned. CBWL (channel borrowing without locking) techniques can be applied but (without cell-to-cell synchronization) borrowing individual time slots from adjacent cells would violate co-channel interference constraints. Instead, frequency carriers can be borrowed. In IS-54, a carrier supports three TDMA slots. So if only one TDMA slot is needed in the borrowing cell, two TDMA slots are unnecessarily transferred. We devised an appropriate carrier borrowing scheme and an analytical model to determine the traffic performance of TDMA/CBWL. Fast carrier returning is used to increase channel utilization by returning borrowed carriers as soon as possible. An efficient computational method that uses macro-states, decomposition, combinatorial analysis and the convolution algorithm is devised to find blocking probabilities. The results show that in comparison with FCA, the new CBWL scheme can significantly improve system performance of asynchronous TDMA cellular systems that use FDMA/TDMA multiplexing.     

码分多址数字蜂窝系统容量提高的几种关键技术

个人通信对容量的需求越来越显示出码分多址技术的重要性。本文对照频分多址和蝗分多址系统的频谱效率，阐述了码分多址系统提高系统容量的几项关键技术。     

The capacity of a spread spectrum CDMA system for cellular mobileradio with consideration of system imperfections

There has been much interest in the use of spread spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques for cellular mobile radio. To date, spread spectrum has been used mainly for military applications, in which the inherent transmission security and immunity to deliberate jamming are important. Spread spectrum systems, however, possess various other features such as multiple access and multipath rejection capability, which make their use attractive within the mobile radio environment. However, the current interest has been principally motivated by the work of Gilhousen et al. (see IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol., vol.VT-40, no.2, p.303, 1991) in which it is claimed that the CDMA option may offer capacity improvement over more conventional frequency and time division multiple access, FDMA and TDMA, techniques. Within this paper, the relative capacities of a basic FDMA and CDMA system are examined. It is shown that, in the absence of capacity-enhancing features such as voice activity detection and cell sectorization, the capacity of each system is comparable. The paper then assesses the sensitivity of the CDMA system to typical propagation conditions, power control errors, and realistic antenna patterns and shows that the capacity of a CDMA system may be significantly reduced under nonideal conditions     

分层小区系统自适应控制择层策略

本文提出了一种分层小区系统自适应控制择层策略,一个自适应门限和两个辅助门限被利用进行层选。同时,利用各小区逗留时间之间的相关性对呼叫业务在将要进入的小区内的归一化逗留时间进行预测估计,提供了一种估计移动台在小区中的逗留时间的新思路。最后通过仿真验证了该策略的性能,得出了具体结论。     

A feasible method to implement optimum CIR-balanced power control in CDMA cellular mobile systems

Power control is essential in the design of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) techniques. Optimum power-control (OPC) methods with carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) balancing have been formulated as eigenvalue problems for frequency-division/time-division multiple-access (FDMA/TDMA) cellular systems. For the CDMA cellular system, its OPC was also formulated as an eigenvalue problem based on a large link-gain matrix. The OPCs with CIR-balancing were realized by solving eigenvalue problems of link-gain matrices. We reformulate the CIR-balanced OPC in CDMA cellular systems by benefiting from the power constraints as an eigenvalue problem based on a novel link-gain matrix. For a feasible implementation, a two-level hierarchical power-control structure is proposed to carry out the eigendecomposition which is required for the CIR-balanced OPC. Shortages of unbalanced CIR and global outage are two common issues in CIR-balanced power control. To tackle these two problems, a simple linear prediction method and an adaptive on-off strategy are proposed. Furthermore, because of the capacity limitation of wireless communications, a differential pulse code modulation scheme is presented to reduce the number of bits required for the transmission of command words in the two-level hierarchical power-control structure.