小方坯结晶器水温水速对传热过程影响

通过建立结晶器内钢液和水的二维对流-传热耦合模型过程,研究了小方坯结晶器冷却水入口温度和流速对铜管温度和结晶器内平均热流的影响.该模型使用Fluent进行求解,模拟了钢液和冷却水的流动和传热,凝固坯壳的生长,以及热量以辐射和导热两种通过保护渣和气隙.通过将坯壳厚度和铜管温度与其他研究的结果进行对比来验证模型准确性.研究结果表明,结晶器冷却水的温度显著影响铜管的冷面温度,水温超过313 K会导致铜管冷面最高温度超过水的沸点.水流速升高0.49 m·s-1能够消除水温升高4 K带来的不利影响.      

连铸结晶器凝固传热模型研究

以连铸结晶器内凝固传热过程作为研究对象,结合高温钢液在结晶器内的实际热传输过程,建立连铸结晶器凝固传热通用仿真模型.模型充分考虑凝固铸坯与结晶器间的缝隙对传热的影响.利用Visual Basic 6.0程序开发出相应的结晶器凝固传热仿真软件,计算得到铸坯表面温度,坯壳厚度,结晶器锥度等与生产相关数据,并利用钢厂连铸机结晶器的生产数据对模型进行验证,所得结果均与实测值相符.该模型能够为连铸生产工艺的确定和调整提供理论依据.     

漏斗形结晶器宽度对流动、传热凝固行为影响的数值模拟

改变薄板坯连铸结晶器的宽度可以适应客户对不同规格铸坯的需求,因此有必要对不同宽度结晶器钢液流动、传热凝固行为进行研究.采用耦合模型,研究拉速4.0 m/min时,宽度1100、1300、1600mm漏斗形结晶器钢液流动、传热凝固行为.结果表明,结晶器宽度增加,自由液面状态相对传统板坯表现出一定差异,钢液内夹杂物上浮更困难.宽度改变对传热凝固的影响主要体现在沿水口射流方向的局部区域,结晶器出口处凝固坯壳薄弱区随宽度增加而扩大.     

板坯结晶器钢液流动传热和摩擦行为的数值模拟

结晶器摩擦力对连铸顺行非常重要,而钢液流动行为会影响铸坯温度场和保护渣分布,可能对铸坯摩擦力产生一定的影响.利用Fluent软件建立结晶器内钢液流动、传热三维数学模型,并将温度场数据导入Ansys计算铸坯应变,然后根据铸坯-保护渣-结晶器摩擦行为数学模型讨论了渣膜润滑情况,对比了不同水口底部形状下结晶器内液态、固态和总摩擦力.结果表明:不考虑水口射流时结晶器总摩擦力比考虑水口时增大约29.4％;浸入式水口底部形状分别为凸底、平底和凹底3种情况下铸坯窄面中心温度依次降低,凝固壳厚度依次增大,固态摩擦力依次增大,总摩擦力依次增大,液态摩擦力相差较小.     

不同宽度H2结晶器流动、传热凝固行为对比

薄板坯连铸工艺的H2漏斗形结晶器可以生产宽度860～1 730mm的铸坯.对不同宽度H2结晶器内钢液流动、传热凝固行为进行研究,能加深了解H2结晶器内的冶金行为,并为H2薄板坯连铸设备制造及工艺参数优化提供指导.采用数值模拟技术研究拉速4.5 m/min时,宽度900、1 300、1 700mm结晶器内钢液流动、传热凝固行为.结果表明:结晶器宽度增加,流场变化显著,钢液自由液面近水口处波动加剧.不同宽度下,结晶器出口处铸坯坯壳厚度及其表面温度的差别主要体现在靠近铸坯窄边处.     

H型钢连铸结晶器内钢水凝固传热的数学模拟

 为了解决H型钢连铸坯表面裂纹问题,结合凝固理论建立了H型钢连铸结晶器内钢水凝固传热模型,并应用大型有限元软件ANSYS对钢水凝固传热过程进行模拟求解,描述和分析了凝固坯壳的温度分布、坯壳生长历程及各工艺因素对钢传热行为、凝固行为的影响,为制定合理的工艺参数、提高铸坯质量、减少漏钢发生提供了理论依据。     

复式结晶器内钢液凝固过程的数值模拟

为了检测结晶器的热流分布，在复式结晶器非金属材料段不同位置埋设热电偶，测定了结晶器的温度场，并在此基础上建立了描述复式结晶器内方坯凝固过程的三维数学模型。应用CFX商业软件计算了结晶器内钢液的流场和温度场，并从理论上分析了复式结晶器内钢液凝固过程对铸坯凝固组织的影响。计算和实验结果表明：采用复式结晶器后，结晶器非金属材料段钢液的平均温度梯度约为0．9℃／mm，铸坯的面等轴晶率约为80％。     

连铸结晶器内大方坯的热力耦合分析

针对攀钢大方坯连铸机投产初期铸坯表面角部纵裂缺陷,建立了大方坯连铸结晶器内铜板与铸坯问的热力耦合模型,应用模型分析了大方坯连铸结晶器内的传热过程和坯壳的应力分布.在传热模型中,以稳态模型分析结晶器的传热过程,以瞬态模型分析铸坯的传热过程;在力学模型中,考虑铸坯和结晶器的接触边界以处理结晶器角部的气隙,以热弹塑性模型分析铸坯的变形和应力场.2种结构的连铸结晶器中大方坯温度场和应力场计算结果表明,结晶器倒角从25 mm×45°变为12 mm×45°时,可改善铸坯角部的传热条件,降低凝固坯壳角部温度,增加凝固坯壳厚度,有利于减轻和防止铸坯角部裂纹.     

连铸结晶器动态热流及其影向

本文从接触一间隙传热原理出发建立起结晶器动态热流数学模型,它与铸坯凝固传热计算相结合,预报了连续铸坯钢的过程。首次得到了气隙、接触压力、结晶器热流,铸坯温度场、坯壳厚度等状态变量沿铸坯横向和纵向的分布规律。预报值与现场实测值一致。该研究使得对连铸热过程的认识更加深入。它为开发新型连铸机和解决与结晶器有关的铸坯质量问题提供了依据。     

宝钢厚板连铸机结晶器凝固传热模型的研究和开发

以宝钢厚板连铸机结晶器一冷传热过程为研究对象,结合高温铸坯在结晶器内的实际热量传输规律,建立了宝钢厚板连铸机结晶器凝固和传热模型.结晶器内凝固传热过程分为凝固坯壳传热、缝隙间传热和结晶器铜板传热,其中结晶器缝隙问传热模型综合考虑了气隙、保护渣和振痕对传热的影响.利用Fortran语言对模型进行编程,开发出相应的结晶器凝固和传热仿真软件Moheat.结合厚板连铸机结晶器生产数据,对模型进行了验证.所得计算结果符合实际测量值.利用该软件能够对不同生产工艺下的凝固坯壳厚度、坯壳表面温度、结晶器铜板温度、冷却水温差以及结晶器理想锥度等进行计算,分析和优化结晶器一冷制度,指导连铸生产.     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and solidification in continuous slab casting mould based on inverse heat transfer calculation

Abstract

A mathematical model based on an inverse heat transfer calculation was built to determine the heat flux between the mould and slab based on the measured mould temperatures. With K–? turbulence model, a mathematical model of three-dimensional heat transfer and solidification of molten steel in continuous slab casting mould is developed. Solidification has been taken into consideration, and flow in the mushy zone is modelled according to Darcy’s law as is the case of flow in the porous media. The heat flux prescribed on the boundaries is obtained in the inverse heat conduction calculation; thus, the effect of heat transfer in the mould has been taken into consideration. Results show that the calculated values of mould temperature coincide with the measured ones. Results also reveal that the temperature distribution and shell thickness are affected by the fluid flow and heat transfer of slab which is governed by the heat flux on the mould/slab interface.     

大钢锭凝固界面换热系数的数值模拟

基于热-黏弹塑性本构方程建立了大钢锭凝固时热-流-力耦合的3D有限元模型,并对8.5t钢锭浇注过程中不同位置处热流密度、气隙宽度和界面换热系数的变化规律进行了模拟分析。结果表明,钢水与钢锭模刚刚接触时的热流密度和换热系数最大,二者随后迅速下降,且角部区域的下降趋势略大于面部。凝固初期时热流密度和换热系数的最大值位置并非位于面部中心,而是在1/4宽度处;由于宽面对钢水静压力的抵抗作用小于窄面,其界面热流密度和换热系数也略大于窄面。凝固中后期时,换热系数的区域差异逐渐趋于不明显。同时,建立了基于凝固时间和界面温度的平均换热系数的反算模型。应用2个模型所求结果计算的钢锭和钢锭模温度变化与实测值及热-流-力耦合模型结果基本一致。进一步研究发现,界面换热系数随温度的变化规律可推广应用到3~30t钢锭的模拟研究中,计算结果与实际更为符合。     

Mathematical simulation on coupled flow, heat, and solute transport in slab continuous casting process

A three-dimensional comprehensively coupled model has been developed to describe the transport phenomena, including fluid flow, heat transfer, solidification, and solute redistribution in the continuous casting process. The continuous casting process is considered as a solidification process in a multicomponent solid-liquid phase system. The porous media theory is used to model the blockage of fluid flow by columnar dendrites in the mushy zone. The relation between flow pattern and the shape of the solid shell is demonstrated. Double diffusive convection caused by thermal and concentration gradients is considered. The change in the liquidus temperature with liquid concentration is also considered. The formation mechanism of macrosegregation is investigated. Calculated solid shell thickness and temperature distribution in liquid core are compared with the measured quantities for validating the model.     

Modelling of Melt Flow and Solidification in the Twin‐Roll Strip Casting Process

A three‐dimensional mathematical model has been developed to simulate turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the pool of a twin‐roll strip caster. A Darcy‐porosity approach was used to study the fluid flow within the mushy solidification zone in the pool. The effect of the heat transfer coefficient and permeability constant on the flow and solidification was also predicted. It was shown that an even flow and temperature distribution of the pool can be obtained by using a suitable feeding system. The heat transfer between the rolls and the solidifying metal has a big influence on the location of the solidification end point. The permeability of the mushy zone is a key factor which affects the flow and solidification in the twin‐roll strip casting process.     

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Funnel Shaped Mold of Thin Slab Continuous Caster

SymbolList Ab,An———Surfaceareaofbroadfaceandnarrowfaceof moldrespectively,m2;Cp———Effectiveheatcapacity,J·kg-1·K-1;Cp,s———Heatcapacityofsolidphase,J·kg-1·K-1;Cp,l———Heatcapacityofliquidphase,J·kg-1·K-1;Cw———Waterheatcapacity,J·kg-1·     

圆坯凝固末端电磁搅拌作用下的流动与传热行为

以特殊钢圆坯连铸为研究对象, 建立了研究凝固末端电磁搅拌作用效果的三维耦合数值模型.利用分段计算模型获得末端电磁搅拌区域钢液流动与凝固的实际状态, 并采用达西源项法处理凝固末端钢液在糊状区的流动, 研究了不同电磁搅拌工艺参数下的电磁场分布及钢液的流动与传热特征.通过测量搅拌器中心线磁感应强度和铸坯表面温度验证了模型的准确性.研究结果表明: 电流强度每增加100 A, 搅拌器中心磁感应强度增加19.05 mT, 电磁力随着电流强度的增加显著增大.在20~40 Hz范围, 随着电流频率的提高, 中心磁感应强度略微下降, 但电磁力仍有所增加.在搅拌器区域, 液相穴内的钢液在切向电磁力的作用下旋转流动, 其切向速度随着电流强度和频率的增加而变大.末端电磁搅拌可促进钢液在圆坯径向的换热, 随着电流强度和频率的提高, 铸坯中心轴线上的钢液温度降低, 同时末端搅拌位置处的中心固相分率增加.      

基于目标温度的方坯连铸二冷配水方案优化

通过建立铸坯传热数学模型,对连铸凝固过程进行了解析。制定了二冷配水制度优化原则,基于目标温度控制原则开发出二冷配水控制模型。对不同钢种、拉速等工艺条件下的连铸工艺设计出二冷总水量、水量分配和水量与拉速的关系式,并对配水方案进行了凝固与传热的预测和验证。     

双辊薄带钢铸轧过程的流场温度场耦合数值模拟

采用有限元法模拟了双辊铸轧不锈钢过程的流热耦合问题;分析了铸轧速度对熔池内流场,、温度场的影响以及流民温度场与温度场之间的相互影响,给出了凝固过程中熔池与铸轧辊之间的热流密度变化趋势及随铸连的变化规律,并把此模拟的结果与试验的结果相比较,吻合较好;通过熔池内温度场及温度梯度分析了熔池内凝固的发展及其对热流密度变化的影响。此     

A Study for Initial Solidification of Sn-Pb Alloy During Continuous Casting: Part II. Effects of Casting Parameters on Initial Solidification and Shell Surface

The initial shell solidification of liquid steel in the mold has significant influence on both surface and internal quality of the final slab, and it is mainly determined by the high transient high temperature thermodynamics occurring in the mold. This study investigated the effects of casting parameters like casting temperature, mold oscillation frequency, and stroke on the initial solidification of a Sn-Pb alloy through the use of a mold simulator to allow the clear understanding of the inter-relationship between irregular shell solidification, heat transfer, negative strip time (NST), and casting conditions. Results suggested that the shell surface oscillation marks (OMs) are strongly depending upon the fluctuations of meniscus responding temperatures and heat flux. An abrupt sudden fluctuation of high frequency temperature and heat flux at the meniscus during the NST would deteriorate the shell surface and leads to deep OMs. The fluctuations of responding temperature and heat flux are determined by the NST, meniscus solidification, and oil infiltration, which in turn are influenced by casting conditions, like casting temperature, oscillation frequency, stroke, etc.     

Modelling molten flux layer thickness profiles in compact strip process moulds for continuous thin slab casting

Abstract

The important functions promoted by powdered flux added over the liquid steel surface in continuous casting moulds are strongly affected by the thickness of the liquid layer that forms as a result of the heat absorbed. The present work discusses the results of a three-dimensional steady state model, developed to represent the coupled fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena that determine thickness profiles of the liquid flux layer. Since the laminar flow of the liquid slag layer depends on the shearing imposed on it by the turbulent motion of the liquid steel beneath it, and since additionally this motion is strongly influenced by the flow characteristics of the steel stream poured into the mould through the submerged entry nozzle (SEN), separate turbulent flow models for the liquid steel in the SEN and the mould were also developed. The consistency among the models and their accuracy was judged by comparing thickness and temperature flux profiles measured in plant against predicted ones; the comparison showed good agreement. The effects of casting speed, mould width, and flux viscosity and heat of melting on the liquid layer thickness were investigated. The last variable was found to exert the most marked influence. Different from conventional casting moulds, where the liquid layer thickness increases with increasing casting speed, in compact strip process moulds the thickness remains almost constant with increasing casting speed. This difference is well accounted for by the model, which suggests that this behaviour stems from the different slag flow patterns generated in straight, wide moulds and in thin moulds having a central upper funnel shaped section.