多站ISAR空间目标姿态估计方法

该文提出一种基于多站逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)序列成像的空间目标姿态估计方法。方法提取各帧ISAR图像中目标的典型线性结构,结合目标轨道信息实现关键部件姿态估计。该文建立了较为稳健的空间目标ISAR几何结构分析流程,采用Radon变换对太阳能翼、平板天线等线性结构进行提取和关联,继而估计典型线性结构在距离-多普勒成像平面的姿态角变化,同时利用卫星轨道信息获得ISAR距离-多普勒投影矩阵进行线性结构的3维姿态解算,最终实现典型部件姿态的优化求解估计。仿真实验验证了所提算法可有效实现空间目标典型部件的姿态估计,同时利用多站ISAR观测数据可有效提升算法的估计精度。     

基于雷达图像特征的空间目标载荷指向估计方法

载荷指向信息是空间目标在轨工作状态感知的重要依据，文中提出了一种基于逆合成孔径雷达（inverse synthetic aperture radar，ISAR）图像中的轴向特征匹配与重建的空间目标载荷指向估计方法，可以反演出空间目标天线载荷的具体指向及观测区域.该方法首先利用Randon变换和极值点检测等从ISAR图像中提取出天线载荷的两个轴线方向，然后再将该轴向特征与仿真特征模板库进行匹配，实现天线载荷轴向姿态角的粗略估计，同时利用三维矢量到二维平面的几何转换关系，建立载荷轴向在轨道坐标系与ISAR成像坐标系之间的姿态解算公式，根据姿态角粗略估计结果及三维重建矩阵实现载荷轴向及指向姿态的优化求解.基于动态仿真数据验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于非线性流形学习的ISAR目标识别研究

详细分析了逆合成孔径雷达（Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR）二维像的非线性流形结构特点,指出ISAR二维像可以看作是由位置、姿态和尺度等内在参数共同作用而张成的一个在高维图像空间中的非线性流形。在此基础上,论文将非线性流形学习的思想引入到ISAR目标识别领域,提出了一种基于局部保持投影（Locality Preserving Projections, LPP）算法和k近邻分类器的ISAR二维像特征提取和目标识别方法。该方法首先利用LPP算法对维数较高的ISAR二维像进行降维,然后采用具有拒识功能的k近邻分类器对四类飞机目标进行了分类识别。仿真实验结果表明,LPP算法能够发现嵌入在高维ISAR图像空间中的低维非线性流形,并且能够利用LPP算法降维后的特征获得较高的识别率。     

基于ISAR像序列的弹道目标进动特征提取

中段弹道目标进动特征是分辨弹头及诱饵的重要依据.以二维ISAR图像序列为基础,分析了弹道目标成像特点和目标姿态角的变化过程,提出了基于图像配准的ISAR像姿态差估计方法;采用等间隔配准避免了配准奇异,根据姿态差二次方曲线实现了进动参数的估计,给出了计算目标进动角、进动周期的具体步骤.仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现弹道目标进动特征提取,估计精度较高.     

基于HOURGLASS网络语义关键点提取的光学图像空间目标姿态估计方法

空间目标姿态估计是有效实现各类航天任务的重要前提,基于空间光学观测图像的目标姿态估计关键一环在于快速准确地建立起观测图像与空间目标之间的“二维特征点-三维实体结构”映射关系。传统的方法往往将这一任务分解为特征提取和特征关联两个步骤序贯进行,然而在空间目标光学观测场景中,高动态的光照变化和目标的相对高速运动特点会显著降低图像特征提取的可靠性,影响后续特征关联匹配的正确率并最终降低对空间目标的姿态估计精度。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于语义关键点提取的光学图像空间目标姿态估计方法,利用Hourglass网络端到端地提取包含语义信息的关键点,直接实现了光学图像中二维特征点与目标三维实体结构的关联映射,并在此基础上利用EPnP算法求解待估计的目标姿态值。实验结果表明,本文所提的方法能较好地兼顾算法精度与效率,其在仿真数据集上的姿态估计最小误差为0.83°,且在数据降质的情况下平均误差依然优于传统方法。      

基于单视图像的球体姿态估计

该文给出一种基于图像信息估计3D目标球体及其中心轴孔空间姿态的视觉检测技术。若相机焦距已知,且给定球体与圆特征形状参数,则可由单视方法估计球心与圆特征中心位置及其法向方向,从而可由球及中轴构成的多个圆特征给出对目标球体姿态的初步估计。由于图像噪声及投影椭圆拟合误差的存在,每一个特征的独立估计结果并不完全一致,进一步引入非线性最小二乘方法对上述初步结果进行优化以改善估计精度。仿真及实际图像处理结果验证了算法的有效性。     

一种基于波程差补偿的InISAR图像配准方法

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)图像配准是干涉逆合成孔径雷达(InISAR)成像领域一个关键的课题,可以实现同一散射点在不同ISAR图像中的对齐,以便于后续的ISAR图像干涉处理。该文分析了ISAR图像失配准的原因,即散射点到不同天线之间的波程差,并据此提出一种基于波程差补偿的方法来实现不同天线ISAR图像之间的精确配准。首先通过调频傅里叶变换估计目标相对于雷达的转速;进一步根据波程差与目标转动角速度的关系构建补偿相位消除散射点到不同天线间的波程差,并通过2维傅里叶变换获得配准之后的ISAR图像。最后利用干涉处理获得目标真实的3维结构。该文方法可以在回波域通过波程差补偿实现ISAR图像配准,配准之后的各散射点在图像中的位置相同;而经过相关法配准之后的ISAR图像中的各散射点之间有一个像素单元的错位,即该方法的配准效果更精确。此外,基于相关法的图像配准方法耗时达到万秒级,而基于该方法的ISAR图像配准时间仅为秒级,即该方法计算效率更高。最终的InISAR 3维成像结果中,该方法的散射点坐标重构误差为0.3034,而基于相关法的成像结果的误差(45.8529)远大于此。因此,基于所提出方法的InISAR 3维成像结果精度更高。      

空间目标宽带雷达特征信号仿真建模

空间目标宽带雷达特征信号包括其高分辨一维距离像和二维ISAR图像,空间目标宽带雷达特征信号仿真建模对空间目标探测、识别研究具有重要意义。在光学区复杂目标RCS特征信号计算基础上,重点研究了空间目标宽带雷达特征信号包括高分辨一维距离像和二维ISAR图像仿真建模方法。仿真目标和实际复杂空间目标宽带雷达特征信号仿真建模的实验结果验证了其有效性。     

基于子空间投影的复杂水下环境运动小目标检测前跟踪方法

针对复杂水下环境运动小目标检测中存在的目标信号强度弱、信杂比低等问题,该文提出基于子空间投影的检测前跟踪(TBD)算法:对原始图像数据截取序列片段,将3维时空片段中的短时运动航迹投影到2维子空间平面;利用2维投影图中平面航迹的形态特征进行初步筛选,提取目标的有效运动区域;将2维平面中的目标短时航迹在局部区域重建3维时序,在3维航迹回溯过程中利用目标运动特征再次筛选目标短时航迹。通过上述分级检测机制,可实现快速高精度的目标短时航迹检测。结合前景检测以及基于层次凝聚聚类(HAC)的长时航迹检测算法,构建了针对运动小目标的完整检测前跟踪方法。最后使用实测声呐图像数据验证了算法的检测精度和检测速度。     

基于子空间投影的复杂水下环境运动小目标检测前跟踪方法

针对复杂水下环境运动小目标检测中存在的目标信号强度弱、信杂比低等问题,该文提出基于子空间投影的检测前跟踪(TBD)算法:对原始图像数据截取序列片段,将3维时空片段中的短时运动航迹投影到2维子空间平面;利用2维投影图中平面航迹的形态特征进行初步筛选,提取目标的有效运动区域;将2维平面中的目标短时航迹在局部区域重建3维时序,在3维航迹回溯过程中利用目标运动特征再次筛选目标短时航迹.通过上述分级检测机制,可实现快速高精度的目标短时航迹检测.结合前景检测以及基于层次凝聚聚类(HAC)的长时航迹检测算法,构建了针对运动小目标的完整检测前跟踪方法.最后使用实测声呐图像数据验证了算法的检测精度和检测速度.     

Adaptive model-based motion estimation

A general discrete-time, adaptive, multidimensional framework is introduced for estimating the motion of one or several object features from their successive nonlinear projections on an image plane. The motion model consists of a set of linear difference equations with parameters estimated recursively from a nonlinear observation equation. The model dimensionality corresponds to that of the original, nonprojected motion space, thus allowing to compensate for variable projection characteristics such as paning and zooming of the camera. Extended recursive least-squares and linear-quadratic tracking algorithms are used to adaptively adjust the model parameters and minimize the errors of either smoothing, filtering or prediction of the object trajectories in the projection plane. Both algorithms are derived using a second order approximation of the projection nonlinearities. All the results presented here use a generalized vectorial notation suitable for motion estimation of any finite number of object features and various approximations of the nonlinear projection. The application of the model-based motion estimator for temporal decimation/interpolation in digital video sequence compression systems is presented.     

基于最大熵谱估计的距离-多普勒成像

提出一种目标超分辨逆合成孔径(ISAR)成像方法。该方法首先利用最大熵谱估计的方法对雷达宽带测量数据进行外推处理，然后对经过外推处理后的数据采用距离一多普勒原理进行ISAR成像，最后采用仿真数据和实际测量数据进行实验验证。实验结果表明，该方法对目标ISAR成像分辨率有明显提高，对用传统方法不能进行的ISAR成像数据，采用该方法成像效果有明显改进；且计算量不是很大，易于工程实现。     

空间自旋运动目标的ISAR成像研究

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)是空间目标探测的重要途径.文中对空间自旋运动目标的ISAR成像进行讨论.根据目标自旋运动规律,建立和分析了ISAR回波信号模型,重点分析自旋目标的成像机理,研究了自旋对目标ISAR成像的影响.基于ISAR成像的原理,建立了计算目标ISAR投影像的方法.仿真实验验证了ISAR投影像计算方法的有效性和自旋对ISAR成像影响分析的正确性.该投影像算法也适用于空中目标成像的讨论.     

Two-dimensional ISAR model and image reconstruction with stepped frequency-modulated signal

A two-dimensional (2-D) inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) return signal model that employs stepped frequency (SF) modulation is developed. The geometry of the examined ISAR scenario is described by analytical geometrical equations. The target to be imaged is represented by a rectangular grid of point scatterers, moving along a rectilinear trajectory at constant speed, without any rotational motion. Thus, the inverse synthetic aperture results from the translational motion of the target for a short period of time. The process of ISAR signal modelling through coherent summation of the SF-modulated signals reflected from different point scatterers of the target is thoroughly described. Moreover, an efficient ISAR image reconstruction approach, including cross-correlation-based range compression and fast-Fourier-transform-based azimuth compression, is presented through analytical mathematical expressions. Numerical simulations are carried out for various SF ISAR scenarios and high-resolution ISAR images are obtained by applying the proposed ISAR image reconstruction approach. Simulation results (ISAR images and corresponding entropy values) indicate the validity of the proposed 2-D SF ISAR return signal model and the efficiency of the proposed imaging algorithms. Finally, a numerical simulation result is illustrated, which shows the comparison of the performance of the proposed ISAR image reconstruction algorithms based on SF and linear frequency modulation waveforms. It is shown that the two waveforms attain almost the same ISAR image resolution.     

基于trace特征的ISAR像空间目标识别

论文提出了一种基于trace特征的逆合成孔径雷达（Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar,ISAR）像空间目标识别算法.首先将ISAR像进行分割与归一化处理,利用Canny边缘检测、Hough变换方法提取空间目标ISAR像最长轴,确保所提特征具有旋转不变性;然后仅对最长轴所在局部区域进行Trace变换生成空间目标ISAR像的局部trace矩阵,使得所提trace特征满足低维要求;再将trace矩阵每一列向量进行移位对准操作以消除ISAR像平移对识别带来的影响并将其作为空间目标识别的特征向量;最后在特征空间内以最小欧氏距离作为不相似度,采用集成分类器AdaBoost.M2-KNN完成了5类空间目标的分类识别.通过5类空间目标的ISAR数据对该方法进行目标识别验证,并与现有的几种ISAR像特征提取方法进行了对比.结果表明论文所提算法可行有效,可以明显地提高识别率.     

基于视觉的非合作空间目标三维姿态估计方法

基于视觉的非合作空间目标3维姿态估计,关键在于建立观测图像与目标模型的特征关联。当前方法往往通过采用复杂的多维特征、产生候选关联结果的方式确保特征关联的准确性,难以兼顾算法效率。为解决以上问题,该文提出一种结合深度学习技术的姿态估计方法,首先通过深度神经网络得到姿态初值,然后基于姿态初值建立图像和目标模型之间的特征关联,进而求解目标姿态。所提方法中,深度神经网络提供了稳定的姿态初值,缩小了特征关联的候选空间;在姿态初值的支撑下采取了更为高效的特征提取与匹配方法。仿真实验表明,该文方法相比于现有方法更好地兼顾了算法准确率和效率。     

Three-dimensional ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets using threereceivers

The conventional ISAR image is a two-dimensional (2-D) projection of a three-dimensional (3-D) object surface. The image (projection) plane is related to the motion of a target with respect to the line of radar sight (LOS). In general, the image plane and the image scale in the cross range direction can not be determined by the traditional ISAR system with one receiver unless the target motion knowledge is known. In this paper, we propose a new ISAR system with three receivers. Using the three-receiver ISAR system, 3-D images of maneuvering targets can be generated, where the knowledge of the target motion is not required.     

Manoeuvring target motion parameter estimation for ISAR image fusion

In inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging applications, generating an image of a manoeuvring target is a challenge due to the tradeoff between the fine image resolution requirements and the temporal variability of the Doppler response. The time frequency transform (TFT) is a common method to solve this problem. Prior TFT-based research assumes that the ISAR observes the target from a single fixed aspect. Because of its manoeuvring characteristics, the target motion features are sometimes not extractable from the observing aspect, but become much more distinct from other aspects. ISAR image fusion is thus able to provide significant advantages, since multiple looks of the same target from different aspects will increase the available knowledge. After constructing the common projection plane and building up the physical connection between radars and the manoeuvring target, the parameters that describe the target motion are estimated for very short time duration within which the Doppler response can be assumed to be a constant. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the estimation procedure and thus the fusion method. The authors conclude that the ISAR system must be carefully configured in order to realise the full benefits of their image fusion technique for manoeuvring targets.     

Automatic aircraft landing using interferometric inverse syntheticaperture radar imaging

This paper presents an interferometric processing of an aircraft's monostatic and bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) signatures for automatic landing. The aircraft's squint angle in this ISAR imaging problem is near 90 degrees . We show that this extreme squint angle does not pose any problem for the ISAR Fourier-based (wavefront) reconstruction algorithm. In fact, the aircraft can be imaged accurately, and without any erroneous shifts in the cross-range domain, within the imposed theoretical resolution. Moreover, the algorithm is accurate enough such that one can utilize the phase of the ISAR monostatic and bistatic measurements for interferometric processing. The resultant interferometric ISAR image is used to detect undesirable rotations in the aircraft's orientation.