焊接参数对高强钢与铝合金点焊接头性能的影响

高强钢和铝合金的连接在汽车轻量化中具有重要的研究价值。针对DP590高强双相钢和6061铝合金分别采用交流和中频逆变点焊机进行电阻点焊试验,研究不同点焊工艺参数对钢一铝熔核尺寸、点焊接头力学性能的影响,并对高强钢一铝合金的中频逆变电阻点焊接头断口形貌进行机理分析。研究表明:当高强钢与铝合金的点焊热输入量较小时,热输入量增加有利于形成较大熔核直径;但增大到一定程度后,会逐渐稳定。同时,高强钢-铝合金电阻点焊熔核尺寸与其接头的正交拉伸、抗剪强度有一定关系,抗剪断裂出现在铝母材侧,断口形貌为明显的韧性断裂。     

铝/钢异种金属电阻点焊接头微观组织与力学性能研究

采用电阻点焊实现对6061铝合金和H220YD高强镀锌钢的焊接,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计和万能试验机等测试方法研究了铝/钢点焊接头的组织和性能。结果表明,铝/钢点焊接头从铝侧向钢侧依次为铝合金熔核、铝/钢界面、高强钢热影响区。铝/钢点焊接头界面靠近钢侧金属间化合物层显微硬度最高,靠近铝合金侧金属间化合物硬度次之,铝合金显微硬度最低。随着焊接电流的增加,铝/钢点焊接头拉剪力先增加后减小,焊接电流9 k A、焊接时间300 ms、焊接压力2 k N时,接头拉剪力达到最大值3.4 k N。     

焊接电流对铝合金-钢电阻点焊接头组织和性能的影响

采用电阻点焊实现对铝合金A6061和B1500HS高强钢的焊接,研究了焊接电流对铝合金/高强钢点焊接头组织和性能的影响。采用万能试验机测试焊接接头力学性能,采用SEM观察焊接接头显微结构及熔核直径、金属间化合物层厚度。结果表明,铝合金/钢点焊接头剪切力随焊接电流增大先增大后减小,焊接电流10 kA时达到最大值3409 kN。焊接电流对铝合金/钢点焊接头表面质量影响较大。     

电极板辅助点焊钢/铝异质接头的组织与性能

采用电极板辅助点焊进行了H220YD高强钢与6008-T66铝合金异种金属的连接,研究了接头的微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,焊接接头是通过液态铝合金在钢/铝界面处对高强钢的润湿铺展而形成的,本质上属于熔-钎焊接头.钢/铝界面上生成了由Fe2Al5和FeAl3组成的金属间化合物层.接头中铝合金熔核直径在焊接电流为14kA、焊接时间为300 ms时达最大值为9.5 mm.接头拉剪力随焊接电流的增加先迅速增大后趋于稳定,当焊接电流为12 kA、焊接时间为300 ms时达4.3 kN,比不加电极板时提高约30%.在接头拉剪过程中裂纹的扩展路径不仅沿着金属间化合物,还部分经过铝合金熔核内部.     

热冲压钢电阻点焊形核热过程及组织特征分析

电阻点焊接头质量在宏观上取决于熔核尺寸,在微观上则取决于点焊接头的组织状态,而两者都是由电阻点焊传热传质规律所决定的。文中采用数值模拟的方法对热冲压钢电阻点焊熔核形成过程进行研究。首先建立电阻点焊接头的有限元模型;然后模拟其熔核形成过程,建立点焊接头温度场分布及点焊熔核中心至热影响区的焊接热循环曲线;最后分析了点焊接头的组织特征及显微硬度分布,为控制点焊接头质量提供依据。     

双相钢点焊熔核界面撕裂分析

双相高强钢电阻点焊快速冷却过程中形成的淬硬马氏体会增加点焊接头脆性,产生熔核界面撕裂问题,降低接头力学性能与低周疲劳寿命.以1.4 mm双相钢DP600为例,采用残余在母材上的熔核面积百分比作为衡量电阻点焊熔核界面撕裂程度的评价指标,利用正交试验设计方法,研究不同焊接工艺参数对熔核撕裂程度的影响规律.通过对单因子分析,可知焊接电流对双相钢点焊接头撕裂程度的影响最大;通过交互作用分析,获得了减少焊点界面撕裂程度的最优工艺参数;最后通过试验验证,有效减少和避免焊点界面撕裂发生.     

基于高熵合金中间层的Q235钢/6061铝合金电阻点焊接头的组织与性能

钢和铝形成的复合结构，可以使铝的低密度、高导热性、良好的耐腐蚀性能与钢的高强度、高韧性、低成本性结合起来，既能充分发挥两种材料的性能优势，又具有良好的经济效益.由于钢和铝的物理和化学性能差异较大、接头中易产生脆性金属间化合物而难以实现可靠的连接.将Fe_0.2CoCrMnNiAl_0.2高熵合金作为中间层进行了Q235钢/6 061铝合金异种金属的电阻点焊研究，利用高熵合金的超级固溶性改善钢/铝异种金属的焊接质量.结果表明，采用Fe_0.2CoCrMnNiAl_0.2高熵合金作为中间层时，接头截面中钢侧和铝侧均有半椭圆形状的熔核，熔核成形美观，无明显的宏观裂纹和气孔等焊接缺陷，熔核内部组织均由面心立方的固溶体相组成，接头的平均最大拉剪力达到1 913 N，比钢/铝直接电阻点焊接头提高了130%，断裂发生在铝合金侧熔核处，铝合金熔核在拉剪力的作用下被撕脱并留在高熵合金表面，呈现出“纽扣状”破坏特征.     

铝合金与低碳钢的复合电极电阻点焊接头特性

针对铝/钢难以焊接这一课题,研发了基于复合电极的电阻点焊新工艺,并对铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235进行了点焊. 介绍了复合电极的设计、制造流程,观察分析了结合界面区反应层形貌及分布等微观组织特点,探讨了焊接电流对熔核尺寸和接头抗剪载荷的影响. 在结合界面上观察到了反应层的生成,其厚度随位置的变化而变化. 焊接接头熔核直径与抗剪载荷随焊接电流的增加而增大. 结果表明,在铝合金与低碳钢的电阻点焊中,镶嵌式复合电极的使用能够起到抑制界面反应层在焊点中央区域生长的效果.     

热成形B1500HS硼钢与DP780双相钢点焊焊接性及仿真分析

以热成形B1500HS钢和DP780双相钢电阻点焊为研究对象,通过对焊点的熔核特征、热影响区微观组织以及焊接缺陷的分析,对焊接接头的焊接性能进行评价。同时,结合Sorpas软件建立点焊数值模型,对点焊过程进行了仿真分析,再现了点焊的熔核形成过程、焊接温度场分布以及焊接后焊点特征。研究表明,板材的接触电阻和焊接电流密度分布影响焊核的形成;热影响区主要由于焊接热循环中峰值温度不同,形成不同的微观组织结构;焊接缺陷的形成主要是由焊接飞溅影响所致。     

汽车用双相钢/铝合金异种材料电阻点焊过程数值模拟研究

基于SORPAS软件,对1.8 mm的DP590双相钢板和1.2 mm的6061-T6铝合金板材点焊过程进行了模拟,并将模拟熔核形貌与试验结果进行对比。结果表明,随着焊接过程的进行,工件与电极接触界面处温度迅速升高,而上下电极附近温度并没有迅速升高,接头在铝合金侧和双相钢侧形成双熔核;在整个焊接过程中,铝合金侧的应变明显比双相钢侧大,变形主要集中在熔核附近,熔核边缘应变大于心部;模拟的熔核直径为4.3 mm,实测值为4.6 mm,模拟结果与实测结果较为吻合,所建立的模型可以用于DP590钢及6061-T6铝合金板异种材料电阻点焊过程模拟。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.