The role of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen-induced martensites in hydrogen embrittlement of type 304L stainless steel

The role of atomic hydrogen and hydrogen-induced martensites in hydrogen embrittlement in slow strain rate tensile tests and hydrogen-induced delayed cracking (HIC) in sustained load tests for type 304 L stainless steel was quantitatively studied. The results indicated that hydrogen-induced martensites formed when hydrogen concentration C0 exceeded 30 ppm, and increased with an increase in C0, i.e. M(vol%) =62-82.5exp( - C0/102). The relative plasticity loss caused by the marten-sites increased linearly with increasing amount of the martensites, i.e. Iδ(M),% = 0.45M(vol %) = 27.9-37.1 exp( -C0/102). The plasticity loss caused by atomic hydrogen Iδ(H) increased with an increase in C0 and reached a saturation value Iδ(H)max = 40% when C0 > 100 ppm. Iδ( H) decreased with an increase in strain rate E , i.e. Iδ (H), % = - 21.9 - 9. 9(?), and was zero when (?)≥(?)c = 0.032/ s. HIC under sustained load was due to atomic hydrogen, and the threshold stress intensity for HIC decreased linearly with lnC0, i.e     

Fine structure and interface structure of ion-bombardment nitrided layers

ＧｅｒａｒｄｉｎａｎｄＭｉｃｈｅｌｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｔｈｅｉｏｎｎｉｔｒｉｄｅｄｌａｙｅｒｏｆｐｕｒｅｉｒｏｎｗｉｔｈＴＥＭ[1].Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｏｎｌｙｔｗｉｎｓ,ｓｏｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｄｉｓｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｗｈａｔｉｓｔｈｅｉｒｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎａｒｅｎｏｔｑｕｉｔｅｃｌｅａｒ.Ｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓｈａｖｅｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｖａｃａｎｃｉｅｓｉｎｉｏｎｎｉｔｒｉｄｅｄｌａｙｅｒｓ[2],ｂｕｔｔｈｅｐｒｏｏｆｏｆａｔｏ…     

K-bitonic sort

Ak-bitonic sort which generalizes the bitonic sort is proposed. The theorem of the bitonic sort, which merges two monotonic sequences into one order sequence, is extended into the theorem ofk-bitonic sort. Thek-bitonic sort merges (K (=2k or 2k−1) monotonic sequences into one order sequence in steps, where is an integer andk≥1. Thek-bitonic sort is the Batcher's bitonic sort whenk=1. Project supported by the National 863 Foundation of China (863-306-05-01-1) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 69673037).     

Theoretical and metrical standardization of strain rate sensitivity index

Strain rate sensitivity index m is one of the vital mechanical parameters for determining material superplasticity. In this paper, the existing formulae for measuring m value are reviewed, and it is found that the m values can be classified into three classes mi under constant length, mv under constant velocity, and mp under constant load. The constraint equation of the generalized m value is established according to the tensile constitutive equation and the basis theory for plastic mechanics. Based on three typical deformation paths, the m value is redefined. Furthermore, from the formula of generalized m value, the formulae for measuring mi, mv and mp are theoretically deduced. The precise methods with numerical simulation are presented. The results prove that the m value is a non-constant and its dependence on (ε) changes with the deformation path. Under different deformation paths, the m values calculated from the same formula are different. Using different formulae, the m values under the same deformation path are also different. Therefore, deformation path and corresponding formula should be given during the measurement of the m value. Moreover, it is explained theoretically and experimentally that why the mv value under constant velocity is sometimes negative but the mp value under constant load is sometimes lager than 1. The aim of the analysis and measurement of the m value is to facilitate the study on the relationship between macroscopical mechanical laws and microscopic physical mechanisms during superplastic deformation.     

Existence of positive solutions in a delay logistic difference equation

The author studied the existence of positive solutions of the delay logistic difference equationΔyn=pnyn(1-yτ(n)), n=0,1,2,....where {pn} is a sequence of positive real numbers, {τ(n)} is a nondecreasing sequence of integers, τ(n)＜n and limn→∞τ(n)=∞. A sufficient condition for the existence of positive solutions of the equation was given.     

Magnetohydrodynamic study of electromagnetic separation of nonmetallic inclusions from aluminum melt

Magnetohydrodynamic flow around the nonmetallic inclusions in aluminum melt and the force exerted on the inclusions were explored by dimensional analysis and numerical calcula-tions. Dimensional analysis shows that the invariant characterizes the force exertedon the inclusions and the flow intensity of the melt. The physical significance of A is represented as a modified particle Reynolds number that reflects the effects of electromagnetic force. The fluid flow around the particle becomes unstable when A>2×103. It is shown that the neglect of the in-ertial terms has little effect on the force exerted on the inclusions in the range of A≤1×106. However, the analytical solution of the maximum velocity inside the melt does not apply due to the appearance of turbulent flow in the case of A>2?103.     

Thermodynamic properties of aqueous aluminate ion, AI(OH) 4? (aq)

The heat effect of the reactions between metallic aluminum and NaOH(aq) solution of various concentrations were calorimetrically determined. Combining with the thermodynamic properties of related substances led to the thermodynamic properties of Al(OH) ₄ ⁻ (aq) as following: Project supported by the National Doctorate Program Fund of China Synopsis of the first author Chen Qiyuan, professor, born in 1948, major research field is metallurgical physicochemistry (metallurgical thermodynamics and kinetics)     

The dynamics of acid treatment in the preparation of porous glass

1　IntroductionPorousglasswithahighsilicacontentisoneofnewfunctionalmaterials ,andithasaprosperousprospectinapplications .Inrecentyears ,porousglasswaspaidatten tionbyinternationalmaterialspecialistsandscholars[1 4] .However,thephase separationglasseswerefragileandbreakableduringtheacidtreatment,limitingtheapplica tionsofporousglass .Herein ,inthispapertheeffectsoftreatmenttime ,temperatureandacidconcentrationinthepreparationofporousglasswithhighsilicawereemphas izedonandthedynamicsandmechanis…     

Dynamic recrystallization behavior of 35CrMo structural steel

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｕｒｉｎｇｈｏｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ ,ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｍｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｉｃａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎａｓｕｃｈａｓｗｏｒｋ ｈａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ (ＷＨ ) ,ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ (ＤＲＶ) ,ａｎｄｄｙｎａｍｉｃｒｅ ｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｚａｉｔｏｎ (ＤＲＸ )ｏｃｃｕｒｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓ ｌｙ[1 5 ] .Ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＤＲＸ ,ｃａｎｒｅｆｉｎｅｇｒａｉｎａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｉｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｈｏｔ ｗ…     

A method of determining and designing the drained slope in drained aluminum reduction cells

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｄｒａｉｎｅｄａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｅｌｌｉｓａｎｅｗｔｙｐｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｃｅｌｌｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｉｎｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｏｆ 1 980ｓ.Ｉｔｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｉｄｅａｉｓｔｏｍａｋｅｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｃａｔｈｏｄｅｓｌｏｐｅｓｈａｐｅ ,ａｎｄｃｕｔａｇｒｏｏｖｅｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｏｒａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｄｅｐｏｓｉｔ ｉｎｇ[1,2 ] .Ｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｍｅｌｔｅｄａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓ…     

Synthesis and characterization of triclinic structural LiVPO4F as possible 4.2 V cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

A potential 4.2 V cathode material LiVPO4F for lithium batteries was prepared by two-step reaction method based on a carbon-thermal reduction （CTR） process. Firstly, V2O5, NH4H2PO4 and acetylene black are reacted under an Ar atmosphere to yield VPO4. The transition-metal reduction is facilitated by the CTR based on C→CO transition. These CTR conditions favor stabilization of the vanadium as V^3＋ as well as leaving residual carbon, which is useful in the subsequent electrode processing. Secondly, VPO4 reacts with ElF to yield LiVPO4F product. The property of the LiVPO4F was investigated by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and electrochemical measurement. XRD studies show that LiVPO4F synthesized has triclinic structure（space group p I ）, isostructural with the naturally occurring mineral tavorite, EiFePO4-OH. SEM image exhibits that the particle size is about 2μm together with homogenous distribution. Electrochemical test shows that the initial discharge capacity of LiVPO4F powder is 119 mA·h/g at the rate of 0.2C with an average discharge voltage of 4.2V （vs Ei/Li^＋）, and the capacity retains 89 mA·h/g after 30 cycles.     

Optimal decay rate of vibrating beam equations controlled by combined boundary feedback forces

The optimal decay rate problem is considered for boundary control system modeling by a flexible structure consisting of a Eular-Bernoulli beam. Controls are a bending moment in proportion to angular velocity and a shear force in proportion to velocity. A sensitivity asymptotic analysis of the system' s eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is set up. It is proved that, for every 00, y(0)=Y_0, Y_0=(Y_1,Y_2)~T ∈V×H form a Riesz basis of V×H, and the optimal exponential decay rate can be obtained from the spectrum of the system.     

Study on syntheses and characterizations of polymethylphenethylsilane, polymethylcyclohexylsilane and their copolymers

Ｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｌａｓｔ10ｙｅａｒｓ,ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅｗｏｒｋ[1,2]ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄａｎｄｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｏｎｐｏｌｙｓｉｌａｎｅｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ.Ｔｈｅｓｅｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓａｐｐｅａｒｖｅｒｙｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇａｓｒｅｓｉｓｔｓｆｏｒｍｉｃｒｏｌｉｔｈｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ｔｈｅｐｒｅｃｕｒｓｏｒｓｆｏｒｃｅｒａｍｉｃｓｏｒｅｖｅｎａｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ.ＴｈｅｙａｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｄｂｙＷｕｒｔｚｔｙｐｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｏｆｓ…     

Effect of barium oxide on the formation and coexistence of tricalcium silicate and calcium sulphoaluminate

Formation and coexistence of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) and calcium sulphoaluminate (C₄A₃ ) minerals in Portland cement clinker containing calcium sulphoaluminate were investigated. The f-CaO content, mineral composite and formation of mineral in the clinker were analyzed respectively by chemical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and X-ray diffraction. The results show that, adding a suitable amount of BaO can improve the burnability of raw meal and promote the f-CaO absorption. Tricalcium silicate and calcium sulphoaluminate minerals can form and coexist in clinkers at 1 234–1 317 °C by the addition of BaO to the raw meal. A suitable amount of BaO expanded the coexistence temperature of two minerals by 58 °. Funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2009CB623100), National Eleven Five-Year Scientific and Technical Support Plans (No. 2006BAF02A24), the Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(No. 08KJB430006), the Open Fund for the Key Laboratory of Inorganical and Composite Materials in Jiangsu Province(No. wjjqfhxc1200801) and the Innovation Fund of Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University of Technology (No. BSCX200705)     

Synthesis and photoluminescence property of red phosphors LiEu1?xYx(WO4)0.5(MoO4)1.5 for white LED

A series of novel red phosphors LiEu_1−x Y _x (WO₄)_0.5(MoO₄)_1.5 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8) were synthesized by conventional solid state reaction method with the starting materials: WO₃, MoO₃, Eu₂O₃, Li₂CO₃ and Y₂O₃. The spectrum and the crystal structure of the phosphors were characterized by F-4500 and XRD respectively. Meanwhile the effects of flux and Y³⁺ concentration on the crystal structure and luminescent properties of the phosphors were investigated. The results showed that the optimal content of flux () was 1 wt% and the optimal doping concentration of Y³⁺ was 0.5 mol. The emission spectrum showed the most intense peak was located at 615 nm, which corresponds to the ⁵ D ₀→⁷ F ₂ transition of Eu³⁺ and that Eu³⁺ occupied the lattice site of noncentrosymmetric environment in the scheelite phases. The excitation spectrum displayed that these phosphors could be effectively excited by ultraviolet (UV) (396 nm) and blue (466 nm) light, nicely in correspondence with the widely applied output wavelengths of ultraviolet or blue LED chips. The influence of flux on the luminescent properties of LiEu_0.5Y_0.5(WO₄)_0.5(MoO₄)_1.5 phosphor was analyzed. The XRD spectra indicated that the flux could help to crystallize the phosphor, and no other phases were formed except the tetragonal. When adding flux, the relative intensity of LiEu_0.5Y_0.5(WO₄)_0.5(MoO₄)_1.5 became much stronger and the average particle size of the phosphor decreased. Supported by the Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of Hubei Province (Grant No. 2005AA105A05)     

Positive periodic solutions of higher-dimensional nonlinear functional difference equations

In this paper, we apply a cone theoretic fixed point theorem to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive periodic solutions to the higher-dimensional functional difference equations of the form:

Isotope systematics and metallogenetic age of Zhuanghe gold deposit, Liaoning province, China

Based on the metallogenetic geology conditions, the H, O, C and S isotopic compositions were measured by MAT-251 mass spectrometer, and Pb isotope and Rb-Sr dating were carried with MAT-261 multi-acceptor mass spectrometer. The results show that the δ18O values of gold-bearing vein quartz from different levels are 1.19%-1.42%. The calculated δ18O values of ore fluids are 0.55%-0.78%, and δD values are from –8.64% to –6.66%. The calculated values of δ 34 SH2Sby the δ34Spy values in quartz veins display sulfur isotope compositions from -0.053% to 0.413%. Carbon isotope compositions of carbonates are from -0.612% to 0.140%. The mole ratios of 206Pb to 204Pb, 207Pb to 204Pb and 208Pb to 204Pb in auriferous quartz vein are 16.987-17.545, 15.342-15.623, and 38.254-38.744, respectively. The age of the Zhuanghe gold deposit determined by Rb-Sr isochron of the fluid inclusions in quartzes is (143.0±5.8) Ma. These isotopic data suggest that the metallogenetic fluids are generated from magmatic hydrotherm and the origin of ore-forming matters is related to the deep-derived magmatic activities. Meanwhile, the metallogenetic epoch of the Zhuanghe gold deposit is in Yanshanian period.     

A modern and robust methodology for modeling anisotropic creep characteristics of Ni-based DS and SC superalloys

According to more recent work,the Wilshire equations have shown good prediction accuracy in a wide range of materials and stress-temperature conditions,particularly in extrapolation of short term results to long term predictions.In the current paper,this methodology was further developed for modeling anisotropic creep characteristics(i.e.minimum creep strain εmin ,stress rupture life tf and time to a specified strain tε)of four typical Ni-based directionally solidified(DS)and single crystal(SC)superalloys,where a simple orientation factor related to the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)was introduced.The application of these simplistic approaches showed that the anisotropic creep characteristics in a wide range of stress-temperature conditions can be accurately simulated.Meanwhile,during the application of the modified Wilshire equations,break points occurring at the specified stress levels agree well with the transition of creep deformation mechanisms occurring in different stress regions,which provides confidence for using this method.     

Effects and mechanism of titanium modification on structures of cast steel ZG270-500

The influences of titanium modification on the solidification behavior, shrinkage characteristic and primary austenite refinement of cast steel ZG270-500 smelted in intermediate frequency induction furnace were studied. 0.15wt% titanium modification increased the fluidity of the steel liquid, enhanced the feeding capacity of cast steel, changed the dispersed shrinkage porosity to concentrated shrinkage cavity, turned the coarse dendrites into fine equiaxed grain structures and greatly reduced the primary austenite grain size. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscope (EDS) analysis, it was found that titanium combined with carbon to be solid phase particles TiC, with high melting point, to promote the primary austenite nucleation authentically by non-spontaneous nucleating. The crystal lattice match growing model between γ-Fe and TiC was established. The mechanism of TiC heterogeneous nucleating existed in that the primary austenite grew up by {111}γ-Fe parallel to the closest packed plane {111}TiC in the crystal orientation <110>γ-Fe//<211>TiC. The crystal planes mismatch and the lowest orientation mismatch δ<110>γ-Fe <110>TiC were 8.18%. and 2.25% respectively, almost achieving complete coherent lattice match growing of austenite on TiC.     

Characterization of foreign grain on 6H-SiC facet

6H-SiC single crystals were grown by sublimation method. It is found that foreign grains occur frequently on the facets of the crystals. To characterize the foreign grain, a longitudinal and a sectional cut samples were prepared by standard mechanical processing method. Raman spectrum confirms that the foreign grain is actually a mis-oriented 6H-SiC grain. The surface structure of the foreign grain was studied by chemical etching and optical microscopy. It is shown that etch pits in foreign grain region take the shape of isosceles triangle, which are different from those in mono-crystalline region, and high density stacking faults are observed on the surface of the foreign grain. The orientation of foreign grain surface is determined to be (104) plane by back-scattering X-ray Laue image. The X-ray powder diffraction reveals that the powder is partly graphitized after a long crystal growth run. Therefore it is believed that the loss of Si results in the formation of C inclusions, which is responsible for the nucleation of foreign grain in the facet region. Foundation item: Projects(2006AA03A145, 2007AA03Z405) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Projects(50721002, 50802053) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (707039) supported by the Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project, Ministry of Education of China