An Error Probability Formula for M-ary DPSK in Fast Rician Fading and Gaussian Noise

A formula for the symbol error probability is derived which applies to differential detection ofM-ary phase-shift keying (MDPSK) in fast Rician fading and white Gaussiau noise. This formula is an extension of a result already known for MDPSK in Gaussian noise interference.     

Predetection Switched Combining in Correlated Rician Fading

The performance of dual-branch predetection switch-and-stay combining (SSC) in correlated Rician fading is considered in conjunction with several modulation formats. Analytical expressions are derived for the average symbol error rate (SER) of predetection SSC in correlated Rician fading. Switching thresholds that minimize the average SER are obtained. The impact of fading factor and the fading correlation on the performance of predetection SSC is studied. Analytical expressions for the output average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the outage probability are derived. The validity of the analytical expressions are verified using Monte Carlo simulation.     

Error Probability Distribution and Density Functions for Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channels with Diversity

This paper analyzes the distribution and density functions of the probability of error for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels with diversity. An expression for the signal-to-noise ratio is derived for an asynchronous CDMA (A-CDMA) system with diversity. The error probability distribution and density functions are derived and plotted for different mean energy-to-noise ratios.

Error Probability of Multicarrier CDMA with Orthogonality Restoring Combining Over Nakagami-m Fading

Orthogonality restoring combining (ORC) is appealing for the downlink of multicarrier code-division multiple- access (MC-CDMA) since it can eliminate multiple access interference (MAI) which would otherwise fundamentally limit the CDMA system performance. The ORC output instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), however, takes the form of a harmonic mean of SNRs on different subcarriers, making its error performance difficult to analyze. In this paper, we tackle the problem in the framework of characteristic functions (CF) ending up with useful results for various modulation schemes including M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM). The general solution for arbitrary real m can be evaluated numerically, and reduces to closed form for m being an odd multiple of half. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis. It is found that in general MQAM outperforms MPSK, and the error performance of MC-CDMA with ORC is insensitive to the number of subcarriers and to the correlation among subcarriers.     

Error Probability Evaluation for Systems Employing Differential Detection in a Rician Fast Fading Environment and Gaussian Noise

A method is presented for determining the error probability of a receiver using differential detection in the presence of Gaussian noise and fast Rician fading. Equations for the covariances of the fading component are derived, which include the effect of IF filter distortion. It is shown that these equations may be readily evaluated numerically. A simple formula for the error probability is derived for systems using BPSK and a matched filter receiver. An example of the error probability is given using this receiver. Also given is an example of a system using MSK with a practical IF filter. Different spectral shapes and bandwidths for the fading process are investigated for this example and their effect on the error probability is determined.     

Effect of Microdiversity and Macrodiversity on Average Bit Error Probability in Gamma‐Shadowed Rician Fading Channels

In this letter, we analyze the error performance of a mobile communication system with microdiversity and macrodiversity reception in gamma‐shadowed Rician fading channels for a binary differential phase‐shift keying modulation scheme. Analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and moment‐generating function (MGF) are derived. The average bit error probability can be calculated by averaging the conditional bit error probability over the PDF or using the MGF‐based approach. Numerical results are graphically presented to show the effects of macrodiversity, correlation, number of diversity branches, and severity of both fading and shadowing.     

Capacity and Error Probability for Maximal Ratio Combining Reception over Correlated Nakagami Fading Channels

In this paper, the capacity and error probability of maximal ratio combining (MRC) reception are considered for different modulation schemes over correlated Nakagami fading channels. Based on an equivalent scalar additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, we derive the characteristic function (CF) and the probability density function (PDF) of the signal to noise ratio for MRC reception over Nakagami fading channels. Using these CF and PDF results, closed form error probability and capacity expressions are obtained for PSK, PAM and QAM modulation. Wei Li received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Victoria in 2004. He is now a Post-doctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Victoria. He is a Member of the IEEE. His research interests include ultra-wideband system, spread spectrum communications, diversity for wireless communications, and cellular communication systems. Hao Zhang was born in Jiangsu, China, in 1975. He received his Bachelor Degree in Telecom Engineering and Industrial Management from Shanghai Jiaotong University, China in 1994, his MBA from New York Institute of Technology, USA in 2001, and his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Victoria, Canada in 2004. His research interests include ultra-wideband radio systems, MIMO wireless systems, and spectrum communications. From 1994 to 1997, he was the Assistant President of ICO(China) Global Communication Company. He was the Founder and CEO of Beijing Parco Co., Ltd. from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, he joined Microsoft Canada as a Software Engineer, and was Chief Engineer at Dream Access Information Technology, Canada from 2001 to 2002. He is currently an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Victoria. T. Aaron Gulliver received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada in 1989. From 1989 to 1991 he was employed as a Defence Scientist at Defence Research Establishment Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. He has held academic positions at Carleton University, Ottawa, and the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. He joined the University of Victoria in 1999 and is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and a member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, Canada. In 2002, he became a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada. His research interests include information theory and communication theory, algebraic coding theory, cryptography, construction of optimal codes, turbo codes, spread spectrum communications, space-time coding and ultra wideband communications.     

An Optimum Blind Receiver for Correlated Rician Fading MIMO Channels

A blind receiver scheme for narrowband separately- correlated Rician block fading coded MIMO systems is described. It is shown that this receiver (which can be interpreted as a limiting case of the optimum pilot-aided receiver) attains the maximum achievable throughput at sufficiently high E_b/N₀ ratio. The influence of the E_b/N₀ ratio and of the channel Rice factor on the receiver performance are studied and it is shown that, as either of these parameters increases, the advantage of the blind versus the pilot-aided receiver becomes more sensible. The results obtained support the intuition that, if the line-of-sight component is sufficiently strong, a blind scheme using only the knowledge of the fading statistics parameters matches or outperforms pilot- aided detection.     

Error Probability Distribution and Density Functions for Weibull Fading Channels With and Without Diversity Combining

In this letter, a detailed theoretical analysis of probability distribution and density functions of probability of error in a wireless system is considered. Closed form expressions for distribution and density functions of the probability of error are derived for Weibull fading channels for the cases of (i) No Diversity (ND), (ii) Selection Combining (SC) diversity, and (iii) Switch and Stay Combining (SSC) diversity. Numerical results are plotted and discussed in detail for the various cases.     

Performance of Two Dual-Branch Postdetection Switch-and-Stay Combining Schemes in Correlated Rayleigh and Rician Fading

The performance of binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) with dual-branch postdetection switch-and-stay combining (SSC) in correlated Rayleigh and Rician fading is studied. Two postdetection SSC receivers are considered and the performances of noncoherent BFSK and MFSK are analyzed. Closed-form expressions are derived for the average bit-error rate (BER) of BFSK and MFSK with postdetection SSC in correlated Rayleigh and Rician fading. Optimum switching thresholds that minimize the average BER are obtained. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are presented to test the validity of the analytical results. The performance of dual-branch postdetection SSC is compared with the performance of dual-branch predetection SSC. The effects of correlation, fading parameter, average fading power imbalance, and switching threshold on the performances of postdetection SSC receivers are examined     

Performance Analysis of Dual-Branch Selection Combining Over Correlated Rician Fading Channels for Desired Signal and Cochannel Interference

System performances of dual selection combining over fading channels are analyzed. Fading between the diversity branches and between interferences is correlated and Rician distributed. Infinite series expressions for the probability density function, and the cumulative distribution function of the output signal-to-interference ratio are derived, which is the main contribution of this paper. Outage probability and the average bit error probability for noncoherent modulation schemes are also presented. Numerical results, presented in this paper, point out the effects of fading severity and correlation on the system performances.     

Exact Performance Analysis of Optimum Combining With Multiple Interferers in Flat Rayleigh Fading

This letter provides a comprehensive overview and extension of recent results on outage probabilities and bit-error rates (BER) for optimal combiners in the presence of multiple interferers and additive noise. Desired signal and interferers are subject to flat Rayleigh fading and all channels are independent. In addition to summarizing previous work, this letter also derives the BER for a wider range of modulations than previously considered. We show that previous approximate results on the equal power interferer case where the number of interferers is less than the number of antenna elements can be made exact in a straightforward way. Finally we extend previous work on the single and double interferer case to the general case of arbitrary numbers of interferers.     

Optimum Receiver Design for Correlated Rician Fading MIMO Channels with Pilot-Aided Detection

Two structures based on pilot symbol-aided channel receiver estimation are considered for the separately-correlated Rician fading MIMO channel. Mismatched receiver, which A decodes the received signal by first using maximum-likelihood (ML) or mean- minimum error square (MMSE) estimation of the MIMO channel matrix, and then by assuming that the estimate is exact. An optimum receiver, which does not estimate explicitly the matrix but jointly channel processes the received pilot and samples assuming known channel distribution.     

采用分集接收的MQAM在Rician信道上的性能分析

 M-QAM是一种频谱利用率较高的调制方式,但是在多径环境下其性能的恶化限制了它在无线通信中的应用.本文结合Rician衰落特性,提出了采用最大比合并和选择式合并以有效改善M-QAM系统性能的方法.这种方法在实际中有着广泛的应用前景.     

莱斯衰落信道中混合FDMA/CDMA性能分析

分析混合频分多址／码分多址系统在莱斯多径衰落信道的性能,并与占据相同带宽的宽带ＣＤＭＡ系统进行比较。系统采用二进制ＤＰＳＫ调制和瑞克接收机。结果表明,直达 径分量较强或信噪比较大时,混合系统的性能优于宽带ＣＤＭＡ系统,否则,宽带ＣＤＭＡ系统最优。     

Statistical Analysis of a Mobile-to-Mobile Rician Fading Channel Model

Mobile-to-mobile communication is an important application for intelligent transport systems and mobile ad hoc networks. In these systems, both the transmitter and receiver are in motion, subjecting the signals to Rician fading and different scattering effects. In this paper, we present a double-ring with a line-of-sight (LOS) component scattering model and a sum-of-sinusoids simulation method to characterize the mobile-to-mobile Rician fading channel. The developed model can facilitate the physical-layer simulation for mobile ad hoc communication systems. We also derive the autocorrelation function, level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD) of the mobile-to-mobile Rician fading channel and verify the accuracy by simulations.     

采用分集接收的MQAM Rician信道上的性能分析

M-QAM是一种频谱利用率较高的调制方式,但是在多径环境下其性能的恶化限制了它在无线通信中的应用。本文结合Rician衰落特性,提出了采用最大比合并和选择式合并以有效改善M-QAM系统性能的方法。这种方法在实际中有着广泛的应用前景。     

The Distribution of Error Probability for Rayleigh Fading and Gaussian Noise

The distribution function of the probability of error in the presence of Rayleigh fading and Gaussian noise is determined for the basic binary modulation schemes of coherent frequencyshift keying (CFSK), noncoherent frequency-shift keying (NCFSK), differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), and coherent phase-shift keying (CPSK). General expressions for the distribution function of error probability are also derived when linear maximal-ratio diversity combining is employed. Results are given for various values of average error probability and various orders of diversity.     

Nakagami衰落环境下合并接收的平均错误概率

本文对最大比值合并,等增益合并及选择性合并等合并技术进行了归纳与总结,给出了各种调制方法在Nakagami信道下的错误概率的精确表达式或近似表达式。同时还给出了相应的计算方法。对这类问题研究中的主要理论工具进行了总结与分析。本文最后还讨论了这方面值得进一步研究的一些问题。     

Rician衰落信道下空时分组码的性能分析

基于Alamouti提出的BPSK调制下空时分组码在Rayleigh衰落信道中的码性能原理,推导出高阶(M ary)调制下Rician衰落信道中空时分组码的符号差错率的最小距离球界,并进行计算机仿真分析了两信道下引入空时分组码的多天线系统中发射和接收天线的分集增益,发射天线数量的“地板效应”以及Rician因子K对符号差错性能的影响。