中国风电CDM项目经济性分析

中国风电项目开发的主要障碍在于投资不足和融资风险相对较高。分析中国风电项目融资中的问题．对促进我国风电行业发展具有前瞻意义。文中通过构造并网型风电项目案例,讨论了项目经济性评估以及CDM合格性认定中存在的典型问题,提出了综合考虑国家政策和国际CDM资金的并网风电类项目的评价模式,以期能对中国风电行业发展有所裨益。     

Economic optimisation of a wind power plant for isolated locations

This paper presents a model of a wind power plant for isolated locations composed of a vertical axis wind turbine connected to a self-excited induction generator operating at constant voltage and frequency; a back-up diesel generator and a battery system are moreover included in the system. Constant voltage and frequency are obtained only by controlling the generator appropriately. The control system is supposed to be optimised so that the system operates at the highest efficiency. In order to improve the total efficiency even further, a gear-box to vary the gear transmission ratio between the turinbe and the generator has been considered. A “Monte Carlo” type simulation has been used to analyse the operation of that system over a one year period. The model is based on a probability density function of the wind speed derived by statistical data concerning a given location and on the probabilistic curve of the load required by an isolated location. The cost per kWh for different dimensions of the main components has been evaluated and the optimum configuration has been identified.     

风电机组的型式认证和风电场认证--IEC风电机组认证标准介绍

本文介绍的型式认证和风电场认证是依据国际电工委员会IECWT01：2001标准风电机组合格测试与认证体系规则及程序。型式认证的步骤包括设计评估、生产评估、质量管理评估以及型式实验。风电场认证是在型式认证完成后进行，包括场地评估、基础设计评估、安装评估（可选）一旦型式认证和风电场认证的相关工作完成后将签发认证证书。     

第三讲风力发电用的发电机及风力发电系统

风能是我国目前开发利用比较成熟的一种新能源,风电事业正在我国蓬勃发展.为了帮助读者了解风力发电知识,我们请长期从事风力发电研究工作的中国科学院电工研究所倪受元研究员撰写了<风力发电>讲座,以飨读者.     

Pricing offshore wind power

Offshore wind offers a very large clean power resource, but electricity from the first US offshore wind contracts is costlier than current regional wholesale electricity prices. To better understand the factors that drive these costs, we develop a pro-forma cash flow model to calculate two results: the levelized cost of energy, and the breakeven price required for financial viability. We then determine input values based on our analysis of capital markets and of 35 operating and planned projects in Europe, China, and the United States. The model is run for a range of inputs appropriate to US policies, electricity markets, and capital markets to assess how changes in policy incentives, project inputs, and financial structure affect the breakeven price of offshore wind power. The model and documentation are made publicly available.     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…     

欧洲11国鼓励近海风电面面观《可再生能源世界》介绍欧洲11国政策

比利时目前现有的鼓励政策仅限于独立风力发电制造商和小于１０MW的项目。人们期盼着一个新的适用于比利时两个主要风区的绿色证书交易和具有罚款性质的可再生能源定额政策尽快出台。丹麦１国家制订了（企业）强制购买风电的政策。２风电馈入税率目前是０．３３丹麦马克／kWh（４美分／kWh），加上绿色证书０．１丹麦马克／kWh～０．２７丹麦马克／kWh（１～３．３美分／kWh），适用于风力发电机组运行４．２万小时（大约１０年）。对于HornsRev项目和Rodstand计划，政府已出台了０．４５３丹麦马克／kWh（５．５美分／kWh）的税率。运…     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

Environmental/economic power dispatch with wind power

Economic environmental dispatch (EED) is a significant optimization problem in electric power system. With more wide spread use of wind power, it is necessary to include wind energy conversion system (WECS) in the EED problem. This paper presents a model to solve the EED problem incorporating wind power. In addition to the classic EED factors, the factors accounting for overestimation and underestimation of available wind power in both economic and environmental aspects are also considered. In order to obtain some quantitative results, the uncertain characteristic of available wind power and the performance of WECS are determined on the basis of the statistical characteristic of wind speed. The optimization problem is numerically solved by a scenario involving two conventional generators and two wind-powered generators. The results demonstrate that the allocation of system generation capacity may be influenced by multipliers related to the cost for overestimation and underestimation of available wind power, and by the multiplier related to the emissions for underestimation of available wind power. Nevertheless, the multiplier related to the emissions for overestimation of available wind power has little impact on the allocation. Taking account of economic factors, environmental factors and impacts of wind power penetration, the proposed EED model is beneficial to finding the right balance between radical and conservative strategy for wind power development.     

第六讲 风力发电的现状和展望

风能是我国目前开发利用比较成熟的一种新能源,风电事业正在我国蓬勃发展。为了帮助读者了解风力发电知识,我们请长期从事风力发电研究工作的中国科学院电工研究所倪受元研究员撰写了《风力发电》讲座以飨读者。———编者     

风电系统的无功功率与电网电压稳定

论述了风电容量在占局部电网相当比例时,风电机组的无功功率调整与电网电压之间的关系,对于定速和变速风电机组的运行特性做了分析,提出了在需要做无功功率调整时风电机组应能满足的特殊要求。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

The wind power of Mexico

The high price of fossil fuels and the environmental damage they cause have encouraged the development of renewable energy resources, especially wind power. This work discusses the potential of wind power in Mexico, using data collected every 10 min between 2000 and 2008 at 133 automatic weather stations around the country. The wind speed, the number of hours of wind useful for generating electricity and the potential electrical power that could be generated were estimated for each year via the modelling of a wind turbine employing a logistic curve. A linear correlation of 90.3% was seen between the mean annual wind speed and the mean annual number of hours of useful wind. Maps were constructed of the country showing mean annual wind speeds, useful hours of wind, and the electrical power that could be generated. The results show that Mexico has great wind power potential with practically the entire country enjoying more than 1700 h of useful wind per year and the potential to generate over 2000 kW of electrical power per year per wind turbine installed (except for the Chiapas's State). Indeed, with the exception of six states, over 5000 kW per year could be generated by each turbine.     

风电高速发展中存在的若干问题

20世纪80年代,我国引入首台并网型风电机组,之后较长的一段时间增长缓慢,风电场处于试验阶段.自2003年起,风电发展逐渐加速,装机规模逐年翻番.2007年底,全国风电装机容量590万kW.单一机型在5年内由百瓦级经过千瓦级发展到目前的兆瓦级机组,单一风电场的规模从几十兆瓦迅速发展到几百兆瓦,风电场送出电压等级从过去的35kV为主体迅速发展为以220kV为主体.国内内资企业风机产能从2005年15万kW、2006年55万kW,发展到2007年的180万kW.风电产业发展速度十分迅猛.     

风力发电前景广阔

被称为“蓝天白煤”的风力资源,是一种取之不尽,又不会产生任何污染的可再生能源。人类早在远古时代便开始利用风力,但直到１９世纪末丹麦才建成全球第一个风力发电装置。由于风力发电与火电、核电、水电等其它发电方式相比有诸多优点,所以,本世纪８０年代以来,世界风电装机容量迅猛增长。１９８１年为１５兆瓦,１９９２年已达２６５２兆瓦,１３%的年增长率使风力发电成为世界上增长速度最快的发电方式之一,目前仍保持着快速发展的势头。１９９９年１０月５日,欧洲风能协会在布鲁塞尔发表了一项国际能源研究报告。报告称,风力发电到２０２０…     

海上风电方兴未艾

截止2002年底,全世界已有10个近海风力发电站投入运行。早期的近海风力发电站规握较小,而且建在浅水区或隐蔽的海湾水区,算不上是海上风电站。2000年,英国的布莱斯(Blyth) 近海风力发电站并网发电,这个3.8MW的发电站完全暴露在北海之中,成为真正的海上风力发电站。此后,海上风力发电站的发展速度明显加快,仅2001年一年就增加了60.5MW。2002年,丹麦最新     

广东大举进军风电 全国装机容量最大的风电场建设项目在惠来石碑山启动

宽阔平坦的旷野上，随着一排排风车轻轻转动，巨大的电能沿着输电线路流向千家万户……这就是国家大力提倡发展的新型能源——风力发电的情景。当人们还难于将这种迷人的风力发电场景与广东拉上关系的时候，却传来全国目前装机容量最大的风电场项目建设在广东正式启动的消息：2004年3月21日，由粤电集团中标的全国首批风电特许经营权示范项目之一——广东惠来石碑山风电场项目机组设备合同签字仪式在粤举行，这标志着能源短缺的广东风电市场开发拉开了大幕。     

考虑风速相关性的风电接入能力分析

同一地区的风电场一般建立在相互接近的地理位置上,因此其风速往往呈现出一定的相关性。采用Copula函数建立多风电场的风速相关性模型,继而生成具有相关性的风速分布样本空间。考虑风速的随机性与相关性,应用机会约束规划理论,在满足系统安全可靠运行的前提下,以系统可接入的风电机组装机容量最大化作为优化目标,建立了计算风电穿透功率极限的概率最优潮流模型,并采用一种基于随机模拟技术的粒子群优化算法进行求解。以IEEE30节点测试系统为算例,分析风速相关性、风电场接入点和机会约束置信水平对风电接入能力的影响,结果验证了所提模型与算法的合理性与可行性。     

考虑平衡风电出力偏差的风电-抽水蓄能联合运行模式研究

风电出力的实际值与预期值的偏差较大会对电网的安全稳定运行带来冲击,从而制约风电大规模并网。为解决这一问题,文章提出在电力市场环境下通过风电-抽水蓄能联合运行的方式来弥补风电出力偏差。在研究独立运行模式的基础上建立联合运行模型,研究两种模式下抽水蓄能电站的经济效益以及联合运行模式的综合效益。算例分析验证了风电-抽水蓄能联合运行模式在技术上与经济上的可行性,联合运行模式虽然在一定程度上减少了抽水蓄能电站的电量收益,但实际综合效益比独立运行模式的经济效益有大幅度提高。     

风力发电技术讲座(六) 风电场及风力发电机并网运行

风电场（即风力发电场）是大规模利用风能的有效方式.风电场是在风能资源良好的较大范围内,将几台、或几十台、或几百台单机容量数十千瓦、数百千瓦,乃至兆瓦的风力发电机,按一定的阵列布局方式,成群安装组成的向电网供电的群体.