启停过程对空气源热泵-冷柜一体机性能影响的实验研究

空气源热泵-冷柜一体机中热泵的启停过程不仅会影响系统供热性能,还会影响冷柜性能.本文实验研究了在单独运行及联合运行工况下考虑空气源热泵的启停过程的空气源热泵-冷柜一体机的性能,分析了空气源热泵的启停次数对热泵系统和冷柜系统性能的影响.实验结果表明:相比热泵单独运行工况,空气源热泵-冷柜一体机中热泵制热量的衰减开始时间延...     

具有防霜功能的低温型空气源热泵热水器性能研究

针对空气源热泵热水器在冬季低温环境下蒸发器容易结霜和机组效率降低的问题,提出一种具有防霜功能的低温型空气源热泵热水器,通过试验测试了热泵系统在不同低温工况下的性能。实验结果表明:通过在热泵系统蒸发器底部安装防霜换热器,可使热泵系统的输入功率平均提高了5.6%,制热量平均提高了9.3%,COP平均提高了5.5%,系统压缩机的排气温度明显降低。     

空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜理论研究

针对大中型空气源热泵系统除霜,提出一种空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统,该系统能够实现除霜时不停止制热。为分析系统的结霜/除霜特性,建立空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统理论模型。通过模拟研究蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统结霜/除霜过程中霜层和系统制热性能随运行时间的变化情况。结果表明,在环境温度-5℃,相对湿度80%时,系统运行60 min时,室外机霜层厚度已影响机组正常运行;在运行40 min时开始运行除霜,除霜周期为15.76 min,获得的最大制热量为7.94 kW,最大制热COP为2.77。     

两级压缩空气源热泵结霜性能试验研究

虽然空气源热泵得到了广泛的应用,但是空气源热泵机组在冬季低温环境下运行,其蒸发器表面结霜,会严重影响效率。本文研究了两级压缩空气源热泵在低温工况下一些参数变化对风冷热泵结霜的影响,以及结霜条件下热泵机组性能参数的变化。研究表明:在0℃以下,结霜量以及结霜速度随着温度的升高而增多和加快,在进风温度在0℃左右的时候结霜最严重。温度在3℃的时候,结霜却不如前者严重。而当温度达到-7℃以下时,结霜不是很明显,特别是在相对湿度为90%,温度为-12℃时几乎不结霜。当蒸发器壁面的温度与空气的露点温度比较接近,而且空气含湿量大时,结霜速度最快。在保持进风温度一定,相对湿度越大,换热器风侧表面结霜量也就越多。相对湿度变化对结霜量的影响比温度要大,因此环境相对湿度是影响空气源热泵机组结霜、除霜特性的主要因素。同时,机组在结霜条件下运行时,机组的制热量和COP降低,综合性能下降。这一研究对翅片管式蒸发器除霜具有指导意义。     

空气源热泵结霜/除霜特性的数值模拟

为研究空气源热泵的结霜与除霜特性,建立了热泵系统结霜动态模型和显热除霜模型,求解模型获得了结霜与除霜过程中各系统参数变化规律。结果表明,初期霜层对系统性能影响较小;当结霜工况运行70 min时,系统性能系数(COP)、制热量和蒸发压力降幅分别为6.9%、10.9%和12.3%;随着霜层继续生长,系统性能衰减加剧;除霜工况下,管壁温度迅速升高,霜层预热后进入融霜阶段,从蒸发器入口微元到出口微元,融霜时间从7 s增加到52 s;进入融霜水蒸发阶段后,管壁温度增速减慢,沿制冷剂流动方向融霜水蒸发时间逐渐增加;当换热器散热与得热达到平衡时,管壁温度维持恒定。     

喷气增焓与喷液冷却式空气源热泵在低温环境下实验数据对比及分析

对喷气增焓及喷液冷却式空气源热泵进行了热力学分析,并在低环境温度下对其制热性能进行了数据测试及对比研究,结果表明,随着室外环境温度在10℃～30℃之间下降时,两款热泵耗电量都在逐渐增加,制热量逐渐降低,喷气增焓空气源热泵机组相较喷液冷却式空气源热泵机组的COP下降有变缓趋势,当室外环境温度为-5℃时,喷气增焓热泵的COP为3.03,而喷液冷却式热泵降至2.66;在-20℃时,喷气增焓式热泵COP为2.15,喷液冷却式热泵COP已降至1.88;喷气增焓空气源热泵比喷液冷却式热泵性能提高大概13%左右。喷气增焓空气源热泵机组在低温环境下效率更高。     

三重回路空气源热泵热回收系统的热力性能分析

为了提高大温差工况下空气源热泵系统的性能,本文提出一种三重回路空气源热泵系统的方案,并以回收建筑空调排风能量为基础,搭建了三重回路系统性能测试平台,实验测试了单回路与三重回路热泵系统在冬、夏季不同室外温度工况下的性能。结果表明:无论冬、夏季工况,三重回路系统在各工况下的整体性能均明显高于单回路系统,且随室内外温差的增大,三重回路系统可明显改善传统空气源热泵存在的压比过大、系统性能急剧降低等问题。冬季工况下,三重回路系统COP增长率可达1.88,室内外温差为40℃时,三重回路比单回路COP提高54.8%;夏季工况下,三重回路COP增长率可达89.8%,室内外温差为13℃时,三重回路比单回路COP提高74.6%。     

基于变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术的家用空气源热泵制热性能分析

在低环境温度工况下，传统空气源热泵存在制热量不足、制热性能系数(COP)低等问题，这导致其热舒适性差和运行经济性差，阻碍了空气源热泵技术在北方寒冷地区的应用。本文将变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术应用于家用空气源热泵，研究结果表明：该热泵的低温运行工况可低至-35℃;-15℃制热工况的COP可达到1.92;-30℃制热工况下，热泵出风口温度可达47℃。     

空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为了预测空气源热泵热水器的运行性能,提高系统稳定性和降低能耗,建立空气源热泵热水器系统仿真模型,在焓差实验室对一台水箱容积为150L的一体式空气源热泵热水器样机进行变工况实验以验证模型的准确性,利用所建立的模型研究蒸发器入口空气流速及制冷剂质量流量对机组性能的影响。结果表明:系统制热量和COP都随环境温度的升高而不断增大;系统制热量随蒸发器入口空气流速的增大而呈增大趋势,在达到某值后,系统制热量变化趋于稳定;系统COP随制冷剂质量流量的不断增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,即制冷剂质量流量存在最佳值使得热泵性能系数最高。     

基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法的研究

本文选择空气源热泵机组的性能恶化点作为除霜的开始时刻,提出了一种基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法。为验证该方法的可行性与适用性,采用四种不同的除霜方案对一台空气源热泵机组的除霜特性进行实验研究。针对不同的结霜工况条件,测量了翅片表面霜层厚度及机组输入功率、制热量等参数随时间的变化,并以此为基础分析了空气源热泵在整个结霜/除霜循环中的总耗功、总制热量以及平均COP的变化。实验结果表明:当空气源热泵机组选择以性能恶化点作为除霜开始时刻时,系统在整个结霜/除霜循环中的平均COP达到最大,即验证该除霜控制方法的可行性,能够用于空气源热泵机组的最佳除霜开始时刻控制。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from