微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

低流量下阵列式微通道对流沸腾特性实验研究

设计了阵列式微通道热沉结构,进行了并R134a的沸腾流动换热实验。结果证明,在低干度区域由泡状流/弹状流/半环状流主导,主导换热机理为对流沸腾和蒸发,热交换系数随热流密度显著增加,随质量流量增大而略有增加。在高干度区域搅拌流/束状流主导沸腾流动,对流蒸发为主导换热机理,换热系数随流量增大而增大。该结构可以在低流量下提前紊流转捩;有效抑制压力波动,减小进出口压力差。实验观察发现搅拌流/束状流型,气液界面波失稳导致液膜破碎和卷携。液滴沉积会润湿局部蒸干壁面。当热流持续增大,液膜破碎并大量被卷携入气核后,壁面附着气膜且无法被润湿,形成反束状流型时,触发CHF。     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

R1233zd(E)在平行小通道中的流动沸腾可视化研究

本文对低压制冷剂R1233zd(E)在平行小通道内的流动沸腾换热过程进行了可视化实验研究，分析了制冷剂在平行通道内流型的演变与分布，在此基础上讨论了流型对换热特性的影响。结果表明：随热流密度的增加，在通道内观察到泡状流、段塞流、搅拌流和波形环状流；在较高的热流密度下，部分通道出现回流现象。此外，不同通道内流型的分布规律略有不同；通道中局部表面传热系数变化趋势随流型的演变可分为不同阶段，中部与出口处的局部表面传热系数呈现不同的变化趋势；当干度小于0.1时，表面传热系数几乎不受质量通量的影响；随着干度增加，表面传热系数与质量通量呈正相关。     

起伏振动状态下水平管内气液两相流研究

通过将振动装置与两相流实验回路结合的方法,对起伏振动状态下水平管内气液两相流问题进行了实验研究。同时基于FLUENT平台,结合动网格模型及UDF编程手段,通过数值模拟的方法,进一步扩展了研究内容:重点考察了振动工况及流体性质对压降和流型转换的影响。研究结果表明:振动工况下气液两相流动形式不同于稳态工况,主要流型有珠状流、泡弹流、沸腾波状流、波状流以及环状流。振动影响管内压降,但当Re数大于5 600时,无论是振动频率还是振动幅度对压降均没有很大影响。与稳态工况类似,黏度几乎不影响流型转换界限,流体处于高黏度状态时,振动工况对于流型转化及压降的影响减弱。振动频率和振动幅度的增大均使得流型转换界限呈现向外扩张的趋势,且与振动幅度相比,振动频率的改变对流型转换影响更大。     

液滴与壁面撞击流动及传热特性研究

采用Level Set-VOF模拟单液滴撞击壁面的铺展行为及液滴初速度、初始直径及液膜厚度对液滴撞壁传热特性的影响。研究表明:液滴初始速度较大,撞击壁面后发生强烈反弹,液滴在表面回缩破碎及铺展破碎能力加强,导致表面传热系数随之增大;随着液滴初始直径增大,液滴铺展破碎的发生,将对表面传热起促进作用;初始液膜越厚,撞击后液滴溅射能力被削弱且在表面铺展趋势延缓,因此不利于热量迅速传递。     

横置正弦型凹穴微通道中超临界LNG流动传热特性研究

为强化印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)中超临界LNG强化换热特性,基于处理表面强化换热技术,提出一种正弦型凹穴矩阵微通道模型,并对超临界LNG在其内部流动换热特性进行数值模拟研究。研究了不同凹穴结构阵列微通道流动换热性能和入口质量流量、正弦型凹穴高度和重力对范宁摩阻系数、对流传热系数及综合换热评价因子的影响,最后引入壁面平均涡强对正弦型凹穴局部流动与换热机理分析。结果表明:正弦型凹穴能够强化超临界LNG换热特性,换热效果与入口质量流速成正比,且环向横置阵列优于环向竖置阵列;凹穴高度增加,微通道中流动传热系数也随之增大;通过对比施加不同方向的重力对通道的流动换热影响,施加逆流方向的重力可以强化正弦型凹穴微通道的流动换热特性;结合综合换热评价因子分析,正弦型凹穴能够显著强化通道流动换热性能,并且凹穴高度0.2 mm阵列微通道换热性能最佳;通过壁面平均涡强分析正弦型凹穴通道局部流动换热机理,其能够产生强力漩涡使边界层变薄,对主流区域恶化程度低,能够加速热量由壁面向主流区传递,实现微通道表面强化换热。     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m²·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m²时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

狭缝宽度及坩埚半径对分离结晶法制备CdZnTe晶体的影响

借助有限元法,在常重力条件下对分离结晶过程进行全局数值模拟,研究了狭缝宽度及坩埚半径对CdZnTe晶体生长过程中整体传热与流动特性的影响。模拟结果表明系统内传热特性、熔体流型与狭缝宽度及坩埚半径密切相关:(1)狭缝宽度对分离结晶有决定性的作用,当狭缝宽度较小时,气-液弯界面两端的温差很小,导致增大晶体重新粘附于坩埚壁面的风险;随着狭缝宽度的增大,流动不稳定性增加,很难保持稳定的气-液弯界面形状,增加了实现晶体稳定生长的难度;(2)随着坩埚半径增大,Marangoni对流对熔体流动影响逐渐增大,结晶界面附近的熔体流动不稳定性增加,这不利于晶体的稳定生长。     

Effect of tube diameter on boiling heat transfer and flow characteristic of refrigerant R32 in horizontal small-diameter tubes

This study investigated the effect of tube diameter on flow boiling characteristics of refrigerant R32 in horizontal small-diameter tubes with 1.0, 2.2, and 3.5 mm inner diameters. The boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured at 15 °C saturation temperature. The effects of mass velocity, heat flux, quality, and tube diameter were clarified. The flow pattern of R32 for adiabatic two-phase flow in a horizontal glass tube with an inner diameter of 3.5 mm at saturation temperature of 15 °C was investigated. Flow patterns such as plug, wavy, churn, and annular flows were observed. The heat transfer mechanisms of forced convection and nucleate boiling were similar to those in conventional-diameter tubes. In addition, evaporation heat transfer through a thin liquid film in the plug flow region for low quality, mass velocity, and heat flux was observed. The heat transfer coefficient increased with decreasing tube diameter under the same experimental condition. The fictional pressure drop increased with increasing mass velocity and quality and decreasing tube diameter. The experimental values of the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop were compared with the values calculated by the empirical correlations in the open literature.     

Cryogenic Boiling and Two-Phase Flow during Pipe Chilldown in Earth and Reduced Gravity

For many industrial, medical and space technologies, cryogenic fluids play indispensable roles. An integral part of the cryogenic transport processes is the chilldown of the system components during initial applications. In this paper, we report experimental results for a chilldown process that is involved with the unsteady two-phase vapor-liquid flow and boiling heat transfer of the cryogen coupled with the transient heat conduction inside pipe walls. We have provided fundamental understanding on the physics of the two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer during cryogenic quenching through experimental observation, measurement and analysis. Based on the temperature measurement of the tube wall, the terrestrial cryogenic chilldown process is divided into three stages of film boiling, nucleate boiling and single-phase convection that bears a close similarity to the conventional pool boiling process. In earth gravity, cooling rate is non-uniform circumferentially due to a stratified flow pattern that gives rise to more cooling on the bottom wall by liquid filaments. In microgravity, there is no stratified flow and the absence of the gravitational force sends liquid filaments to the central core and replaces them by low thermal conductivity vapor that significantly reduces the heat transfer from the wall. Thus, the chilldown process is axisymmetric, but longer in microgravity.      

竖直矩形可视化流动沸腾换热实验台的设计及初步研究

为了了解矩形窄通道内流动沸腾及传热现象的机理,建立了单面加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化流动沸腾换热实验台进行了实验。实验结果表明:矩形窄通道流动沸腾过程的换热系数存在最大值;随着干度的增加(即热流密度的增加)其换热系数逐渐降低,转为以液膜蒸发为主的流动沸腾换热,此时需控制热流密度,避免干涸现象的发生。     

Effect of gravity on pool boiling heat transfer on thermal spray coating

This study deals with heat transfer enhancement surface manufactured by thermal spraying. Two thermal spraying methods using copper as a coating material, wire flame spraying (WFS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), were applied to the outside of copper cylinder with 20 mm OD. The surface structure by WFS was denser than that by VPS. The effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coeffcient and wall superheat at the onset of boiling were experimentally evaluated under micro- and hyper-gravity condition during a parabolic trajectory flight of an airplane. Pool boiling experiments in saturated liquid of HCFC123 were carried out for heat fluxes between 1.0 and 160 kW/m² and saturated temperature of 30 °C. As a result, the surface by VPS produced higher heat transfer coefficient and lower superheat at the onset of boiling under microgravity. For the smooth surface, the effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coefficient was a little. For the coating, a large difference in heat transfer coefficient to gravity was observed in the moderate heat flux range. The heat transfer coefficinet decreased as gravity changed from the normal to hypergravity, and was improved as gravity changed from the hyperto microgravity. The difference in heat transfer coefficient between the normal and microgravity was a little. Heat transfer enhancement factor was kept over the experimental range of heat flux. It can be said that boiling behavior on thermal spray coating might be influenced by flow convection velocity.     

Heat transfer from Ni–W tapes in liquid nitrogen at different orientations in the field of gravity

Ni–W tapes of the micrometric thickness are considered as the basis for the cost-effective manufacturing of coated conductors – the 2nd generation of high-temperature superconductor (HTS). Many HTS applications involve widely-available and inexpensive liquid nitrogen. The transition from superconducting to normal state may however occurs due to unexpected temperature fluctuations. In this case Ni–W tape is significantly heated by electrical current propagating through it. The amount of heat transferred from the tape to coolant is defined by heat transfer from the surface of tape to liquid nitrogen. The heat transfer, in turn, is strongly dependent on the tape orientation in the field of gravity. The present paper reports the experimental results on the heat transfer from Ni–W tape to a pool of liquid nitrogen. The heat transfer coefficients are quantified for three subsequent heat transfer regimes: natural convection of liquid nitrogen, nucleate boiling regime and film boiling. The dependence of heat transfer coefficient on inclination angle of the tape from vertical are experimentally clarified for each regime. The expression for the heat transfer coefficient at different inclination angles is derived for the case of nucleate boiling.     

Influence of oil on evaporator heat transfer (results for R 12 and Shell Clavus 68)

Experiments are described which investigated the influence of lubricating oil on the heat transfer and the refrigerant flow in refrigeration evaporators. The particular refrigerant was R 12, and the oil used was Shell Clavus 68. Efforts were made to model actual operation as closely as possible. It was found that the oil had a significant effect on the refrigerant flow and pressure drop. Measurements made on the heat transfer coefficient indicated that the oil had different effects depending on the fluid flow regime. For annular — wavy regimes, there was no apparent effect, while for annular and film flows, the presence of oil significantly reduced the heat transfer coefficient.The dependence of heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant quality was also investigated and was found to be a maximum when the quality lay between 0.6 and 0.8. This regime corresponds to fully developed annular flow.     

管内扭带插入件强化沸腾换热技术的研究现状及展望

制冷设备对换热器紧凑化和小型化的需求促使人们开发新型的强化传热技术,而管内扭带插入件是一种廉价且易于制造的被动强化传热技术,在制冷系统蒸发器中具备良好的应用潜力。扭带插入两相沸腾换热的管中能够增大表面传热系数,但同时也增大了管内压降。分析发现,通常情况下,质量流量、干度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈正相关,而管径、扭率、饱和温度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈负相关。沸腾换热过程复杂、评价指标选取不一、实验工况数量有限等因素是导致各学者总结的扭带插入的最佳条件不一致的主要原因。本文收集了各作者预测的内插扭带管内沸腾换热的表面传热系数和压降的关联式,认为管内扭带插入件还需要进一步明确最佳使用条件,并需要结合蒸发器整机或变频压缩机加以研究。     

Effect of motion of a local heat source on thermocapillary deformation of a thin liquid film flowing down under the action of gravity

The influence of a moving local heat source on the structure of flow in a thin liquid film flowing down on an inclined substrate under the action of gravity has been theoretically studied. Two-dimensional steady-state and conjugated hydrodynamic heat transfer problem has been solved in a long-wave approximation. The characteristics of flow are compared for various regimes: from the liquid film flowing down on a vertical surface with an immobile heat source to the behavior of a horizontal liquid layer under the action of a moving heat source. It is shown that changes in the flow velocity profile related to an increase in the velocity of the heat source motion and a decrease in the substrate slope under other equal conditions (constant flow rate, film thickness, and heat release) lead to a sharply increased thermocapillary deformation of the liquid film.     

Influence of oil on evaporator heat transfer (results for R 12 and Shell Clavus 68)Influence de l'huile sur le transfert de chaleur dans l'évaporateur

Experiments are described which investigated the influence of lubricating oil on the heat transfer and the refrigerant flow in refrigeration evaporators. The particular refrigerant was R 12, and the oil used was Shell Clavus 68. Efforts were made to model actual operation as closely as possible. It was found that the oil had a significant effect on the refrigerant flow and pressure drop. Measurements made on the heat transfer coefficient indicated that the oil had different effects depending on the fluid flow regime. For annular — wavy regimes, there was no apparent effect, while for annular and film flows, the presence of oil significantly reduced the heat transfer coefficient.The dependence of heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant quality was also investigated and was found to be a maximum when the quality lay between 0.6 and 0.8. This regime corresponds to fully developed annular flow.