对近期我国燃机电厂设计原则的建议

从近期我国建设燃机电厂的技术，经济，适用条件出发，概述燃机电厂设计原则的建议，包括燃机，汽轮机，余热锅炉的选择，主厂房布置，电气系统设计，控制方式与水平，燃料选择等。     

谁是石油安全的最大威胁？

中国成品油市场如同一个舞台，各个机构以及公司扮演着不同的角色，唱念做打，使出百般招数，虚虚实实，声东击西，可谓热闹非凡。这出戏，一波三折，跌宕起伏，可笑的是导演设计的高潮没有出现，却节外生枝发生了演员之间互相厮杀的剧情，使观众大倒胃口．     

强化节能管理 创节能降耗好成绩

我厂是1981年投产的棉纺单纱厂，有33000纱锭，5000线锭，2套精梳，年产量5000吨；为增加企业后劲，1995年投资4600万元，上马了牛仔布织造染整生产线，年生产能力为574万m牛仔布。年耗标煤2100吨，年用电量在1200万kw·h左右，现有2200余名职工的中二型棉纺织企业，历年来被评为江西省节约能源先进单位称号。1996年是不平凡的一年，在这一年里，由于国内外因素的影响以及纱价难以到位，企业负担沉重，纺织行业遇到了前所未有的困难，面对困难，我厂在上级部门的正确领导、支持和帮助下，全厂职工团结一心，奋发进取，学邯钢，降成本，抓管…     

和谐·智慧·电梯人之安全条件

电梯，归类为垂直运输交通工具，专业术语的描述，定义为服务于规定楼层的固定武升降设备，在国家监管的层面，列为特种设备。电梯与建筑物的关系，笔者曾经以“随遇而安”在闲情逸致话电梯系列中表述，电梯与建筑物或结构体的融为一体的配套，不同的建筑物，不同的特色，不同的环境，不同的需要，不同的效果，     

热烈庆祝上海市广安工程应用技术有限公司成立十周年

在全国上下迎接香港回归，迎接党的十五大召开前夕，一九九七年五月六日是广安公司成立十周年大喜日子。春暖花开，风和日丽，我们召开庆典大会，开了一个高兴大会，团结大会，出席会议的：有国家劳动部锅炉局江才寿局长、陈亦惠局长。有上海市劳动局锅炉处孙永安处长，钟立和副处长，周华科长。有徐汇区劳动局老局长蒋校成同志，有华东建筑设计院，第九设计院，轻工设计院，上海市能源研究会，徐汇区政协，上海市电力工业局，上海市计划用电办公室，宝钢设计研究院，新民晚报，上海徐汇房地产股份公司，上海工业锅炉厂等三十九位代表。到会…     

生物质气化发电技术

随着人们对能源需求的日益增长，作为人类目前主要能源来源的化石燃料却迅速减少，而生物质能是一种重要的可再生能源，它分布广泛，数量巨大。但由于它能量密度低，又分散，收集和运输困难，所以难以大规模集中处理。另一方面随着经济的发展，我国电力供应日益紧张，对电力需求很大，电价居高不下，在这种环境下，通过气化发电技术，把生物质转化为电力，既能大规模处理生物质废料，又能为生产提供电力，具有明显的社会和经济效益。本文主要讲述生物质的气化技术，生物质气净化处理技术及生物质气用于内燃机的发电技术。     

既有建筑采暖系统热计量方式的研究

本文针对既有建筑采暖系统的特点，根据电子式计量仪表的工作原理，分析了管道散热对测量结果的影响，探讨了如何在保证测量精度的条件下，减少温度传感器的问题，研究结果表明，利用较少的水温敏感元件，对单管顺流式采暖系统房间供热量计算，是完全可行的，无跨越管的单管顺流式采暖系统，进出水温敏感元件可减少40％，带跨越管的水平式采暖系统，温度传感器的数量可以减少30％，这不但减少设备投资，而且减少安装工程量。     

北方省柴节煤炕连灶技术讲座(二)

1火炕概述千百年来，用火炕取暖是我国北方广大农村的传统习惯。然而，这种落后的取暖方式，热效率低，虽然烧掉大量柴草，却不能很好地解决广大农民取暖的问题。改革旧式落地炕，提高热效率，增加有效能获得量，提高农民生活质量，增加秸秆还田数量，不仅关系到广大农民生活水平的提高，而且关系到农业的持续发展和生态环境的改善。辽宁省经过多年的研究、试验和示范，创造出的高效预制组装架空炕及其系统，通过大面积的推广应用，深受广大农户的欢迎，其热效率有了大幅度的提高，炕灶综合热效率由原来的450／b提高到7O0／，0以上，户年均…     

加强沼气管理 提高用管水平 有效促进沼气生态农业建设

近几年，沼气生态农业在我县得到了蓬勃发展，截止1997年底，全县累计建池刀332口。实践证明，沼气的开发与综合利用，做到沼气与养殖业、种植业有机高效的统一，为解决农村燃料用能问题，减少林木消耗，保护生态环境，帮助农民脱贫致富奔小康，促进农村两个文明建设，起到了积极的作用。随着时间的推移，有的池子年久失修，农民弃之不用；有的农民文化素质不高，用管水平跟不上，没有充分发挥沼气地应有的效益，影响了沼气生态农业的发展。会昌县能源办积极探索，认真实践，坚持加快发展的同时注重效益。集思广益，群策群力，加强对沼气池…     

电炉炼钢电耗分析和节电潜力

电炉炼钢是一个耗电较大工序之一。江西新余钢铁公司现有25t电炉2座，5t电炉4座，主要冶炼优质钢。为了降低生产成本，降低电耗，公司能源处对st电炉进行了监测诊断，分析了影响电耗的主要原因，采取了相应的措施，取得了较好的节电效果。l原料对电耗的影响由于废钢质量差，轻薄料多，夹杂严重，见荷尺寸超长，单块超重，造成装料不密实，每炉钢进料次数平均达4．2次，多的达到5次甚至6次。根据监测，每多进一次料，需要延长冶炼时间20分钟，增加单耗45kwlrlxt。由于个别废钢太长，造成炉盖盖不严，大量热气、火焰冒出，损失了热能。导电不…     

New capability of graphene as hydrogen storage by Si and/or Ge doping: Density functional theory

We studied the adsorption of water molecules via the density functional theory on the pure and silicon and/or germanium doped graphene. We investigated the electrostatic surface potential of the structures to predict the possible interactions. Also, we examined the interaction between every possible side of the water molecule and possible sites of the pure and doped graphene. There was no interaction between the water molecule and the graphene. The only interaction was between the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the doped atoms. We also studied the decomposition of the water molecule on these doped graphene sheets and the possible intermediates and transition states and reaction pathway for the decomposition process. We calculated the interaction energies for the adsorption steps and the thermodynamic parameters for all steps of reaction pathway. The results showed that the adsorption of the water molecule on silicon and/or germanium doped graphene. Also, the decomposition of one of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule was thermodynamically favored at room temperature.     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。     

Semi-analytical method for heat and moisture transfer in packed bed of silica gel

A semi-analytical model for the heat and mass transfer of adsorption and desorption processes of the vertical solid desiccant packed bed dehumidifier is presented on the basis of quasi-steady state assumption, and is solved using close form integration with the limits equivalent to bed and time increments, and numerically by Runge-Kutta Fehlberg and forward scheme finite difference techniques. The most important parameters during the dehumidifier operation, namely, (i) exit air temperature and humidity, (ii) axial temperature distribution in the bed and (iii) water content are evaluated. Stability of the semi-analytical method is investigated and found that the main parameters affecting the model stability are the bed and time increments size. A dimensionless parameter combining time and bed increments size and air velocity named velocity ratio is defined and investigated. It is found that when the velocity ratio equals the ratio of particle diameter to bed length, the method is stable, and as the velocity ratio is made smaller beyond the stable velocity ratio, the results remain unchanged. The results of semi-analytical and numerical models agree well with the experimental results for both desorption and adsorption processes. Using the proposed semi-analytical model, the minimum and maximum relative errors for exit air temperature are 2.24% and 11.78%, respectively and for exit air humidity the minimum and maximum errors are 3.79% and 27.17% respectively.     

Energy use in Indian household sector – An actor-oriented approach

Over the years, significant changes have taken place with regard to the type as well the quantity of energy used in Indian households. Many factors have contributed in bringing these changes. These include availability of energy, security of supplies, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carriers, ease of use, and external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, and environmental considerations. The present paper presents the pattern of energy consumption in the household sector and analyses the causalities underlying the present usage patterns. It identifies specific (groups of) actors, study their specific situations, analyse the constraints and discusses opportunities for improvement. This can be referred to “actor-oriented” analysis in which we understand how various actors of the energy system are making the system work, and what incentives and constraints each of these actors is experiencing. It analyses actor linkages and their impact on the fuel choice mechanism. The study shows that the role of actors in household fuel choice is significant and depends on the level of factors – micro, meso and macro. It is recommended that the development interventions should include actor-oriented tools in energy planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The analysis is based on the data from the national sample survey (NSS), India. This approach provides a spatial viewpoint which permits a clear assessment of the energy carrier choice by the households and the influence of various actors. The scope of the paper is motivated and limited by suggesting and formulating a powerful analytical technique to analyse the problem involving the role of actors in the Indian household sector.     

考虑黏性效应的半潜浮式风力机动力特性研究

对半潜浮式风力机动力特性进行研究，推导考虑黏性阻尼的动力学方程及传递函数。对黏性效应的影响及其计算方法进行探讨，对比附加阻尼矩阵法、Morison单元法的优缺点，并提出考虑黏性阻尼效应水动力计算的混合法，在此基础上对半潜浮式风力机气动-水动-锚泊全耦合动力响应进行分析。结果表明：黏性效应主要影响共振周期附近的响应值，在数值分析时不可忽略；附加阻尼矩阵法在考虑水平面内运动黏性阻尼时有所不足，且无法考虑黏性效应对共振周期的影响，Morison单元法在考虑垂荡、转动黏性阻尼时有所不足，混合法是考虑黏性阻尼水动力计算的更有效方法；该半潜浮式风力机垂荡和纵摇响应主要受波浪控制，而水平面内运动受风、浪、流联合作用的影响；浮式风力机运动和加速度的最危险工况可发生在发电工况时，最大锚链张力发生在极端环境条件时。     

Theoretical and experimental investigations of a liquid desiccant filmed cellulose fibre heat and mass exchanger

This paper presented theoretical and experimental investigations of a liquid desiccant filmed cellulose fibre heat and mass exchanger, a new type of exchanger with the potential to be an alternative to a conventional exchanger. Owing to the complexity of the desiccant assisted heat and mass transfer and difficulty in determining its associated parameters, work started from the simulation of a clear fibre exchanger by developing a dedicated numerical model, and its validation by using the data from the manufacturer of the exchanger. Further to this, laboratory testing was carried out with the same exchanger, but filmed with a liquid desiccant fluid, i.e. LiCl. Comparison between the data of the clear and desiccant filmed exchangers suggested the use of correction factors for heat and mass transfer resistances with desiccant operation. A revised model for the desiccant filmed exchanger was then established taking into account the correction factors. By using the updated model, influence of geometrical sizes and operating conditions of the liquid desiccant filmed exchanger on the exchanger efficiency were studied and the optimal values of these were obtained. The results indicated that the exchanger efficiencies (heat, mass and enthalpy) are largely dependent upon the exchanger channel length, air flow rate and less related to the exchanger channel height, intake air temperature and intake‐to‐outgoing air moisture content difference. It was also suggested that the air speed across the channels should be in the range 0.5–1.5 m s^?1. The height of air channel (passage) should be set at 6.5 mm or below and its length should be 1.0 m or more. A simulation was carried out under UK typical summer operation conditions, i.e. the intake air streams at 30°C db and 70% rh and outgoing air streams at 24°C db and 50% rh, and the results indicated that the exchanger with the above recommended geometrical sizes can achieve an energy efficiency of 87%, which is 30% higher than for non‐desiccant filmed operation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.     

Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of basic,dual-pressure and dual-fluid ORCs and Kalina geothermal power plants: A comparative study

In present work, the basic, dual-pressure and dual-fluid ORCs and Kalina cycle for power generation from the geothermal fluid reservoir are compared from energy, exergy and exergoeconomic viewpoints. To do so, first thermodynamic models are applied to the considered cycles; then by developing cost flow rate balance and auxiliary equations using SPECO method for all components, the cost flow rate and unit cost of exergy for each stream are calculated. The results show that the turbine in basic and Kalina cycles and low pressure turbine in dual-pressure and dual-fluid ORCs have the maximum value of sum of total cost rate associated with exergy destruction and total capital investment cost rate. Thus, more attention should be paid for these components from the exergoeconomic viewpoint. The cycles are optimized to obtain maximum produced electrical power in the cycles as well as minimum unit cost of produced power. The optimization results show that among the considered cycles, dual-pressure ORC has the maximum value of produced electrical power. This is 15.22%, 35.09% and 43.48% more than the corresponding values for the basic ORC, dual-fluid ORC and Kalina cycle, respectively in optimal condition. Also Kalina cycle has the minimum value of unit cost of power produced and its value in optimum state is 26.23%%, 52.09% and 66.74% less than the corresponding values for the basic ORC, dual-pressure ORC and dual-fluid ORC, respectively in optimal condition. Finally a parametric study is carried out to assess the effects on thermodynamic and exergoeconomic parameters of the considered cycles of operating pressures and ammonia mass concentration.