氮素营养对小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质及组分含量的影响注

研究了不同旋氮量和施氮时期对小麦籽粒蛋白质及组合含量和产量的影响,试验结果表明,随施氮时期后移,小麦籽粒蛋白质及不同组分含量呈递增趋势,其中谷蛋白手清蛋白含量随施氮期推迟而递增,以孕穗期施氮达最高,醇溶蛋白和球蛋白含量以拔节期施氮为最高,随施氮量增加,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量明显提高,二者呈显著正相关,施氮量与籽粒产量和蛋白质产量间呈二次曲线关系,籽料最高蛋白质产量施氮量高于其最高产量施氮量。     

氮素运筹技术对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质影响的研究

研究结果表明施氮量与籽粒产量、蛋白质含量均呈二次抛物线关系。籽粒产量的临界施氮量小于籽粒蛋白质含量的临界施氮量,0~23.31g/m2为产量和蛋白质含量的同步增长区,23.31~27.14g/m2为异步徘徊区,27.14g/m2以上为同步下降区。增施氮肥能提高籽粒麦谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白的含量及籽粒麦谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白的比值,同时显著提高籽粒湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和面团延伸度。氮肥基施与追施相结合有利于提高籽粒产量和品质,以基施、拔节期和孕穗期三次施肥效果最佳,适当加大中后期氮肥施用比例,对提高小麦籽粒营养和加工品质有着重要的作用。     

氮用量对香料烟生理特性及品质的影响

采用盆栽与大田试验 ,研究了不同氮 (N)用量对香料烟生育期内生理特性及品质的影响。结果表明 :随氮用量的增加 ,各时期鲜叶中叶绿素、游离氨基酸含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈增加趋势 ,调制后烟叶总氮、烟碱、蛋白质、钾含量随氮用量的增加而增加 ,还原糖的含量则以施氮量 30kg hm2 的处理较高 ,氮用量对氯离子含量影响不明显 ;调制后烟叶中测定出的 33种香气物质总量以施氮量 15～ 30kg hm2 的处理较高 ,不施氮的处理最低。     

小麦籽粒不同部位蛋白质理化特性研究进展

制粉工序不同节点或逐层研磨的小麦粉表示籽粒从外到内不同部位的组分,因其蛋白组分含量和性质各不相同,具有不同的加工特性。明确不同部位蛋白质理化特性,可为制粉、配粉和专用粉生产提供参考。本文综述了小麦蛋白质的分类、蛋白质及其组分在小麦籽粒中的分布,以及不同组分蛋白质的理化性质。小麦籽粒由内向外,蛋白质含量逐渐增大,面筋含量先逐渐增加后降低。越接近外层胚乳或糊粉层,清蛋白、球蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白、十二烷基硫酸钠可溶蛋白、谷蛋白大聚体含量、面筋指数、沉降指数等呈现逐渐增大的趋势,各蛋白质组分的增加幅度不同;面团吸水率和拉伸面积逐渐增加,延伸性逐渐降低;面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力等变化规律不明显,总体表现为波动至较大值后降低。     

小麦叶片中几种抗氧化组分的含量变化研究

分别采用2,4-二硝基苯肼法、紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定小麦叶片中抗坏血酸、总黄酮和阿魏酸的含量,分析不同四川冬小麦品种(系)生长时期叶片中3种组分的含量变化规律以及品种间3种组分的含量变化差异。结果表明,抗坏血酸含量最高可达116.43 mg.100 g-1,且品种之间存在显著差异;总黄酮含量随生长时期总体呈递增趋势,最高含量可达3.27 mg.g-1;阿魏酸含量平均从76.36μg.g-1增加到475.44μg.g-1,增幅较大;总黄酮和阿魏酸的含量品种之间不存在显著差异,但两物质含量变化之间存在相关性,相关系数可达0.94。在小麦叶片生长周期内,总黄酮和阿魏酸含量总体呈递增的趋势,抗坏血酸含量随品种的不同达到峰值的时间不同。     

氮肥运筹模式对不同穗型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质调控效应的研究

以重穗型品种矮早8和中间型品种周麦18两个中筋小麦品种为试验材料,研究了在180～300 kg/hm2范围内3个梯度氮肥用量和三种基追比例对小麦产量和品质形成的调控效应.试验结果表明:氮肥运筹模式对不同穗型小麦品种籽粒产量有明显的调控作用.重穗型品种矮早8以中氮水平下基肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为3:5:2的M1处理单产最高,为8 319.0 kg/hm2;中间型品种周麦18以中氮水平下基肥与拔节肥并重的M2处理籽粒单量最高,为9027.0 kg/hm2.氮肥对中间型品种周麦18产量的调控主要是通过对单位面积稳数的调控来实现的,对重穗型品种矮早8则主要是通过对穗粒数和千粒重的调控来实现的.重穗型品种矮旱8籽粒蛋白质含量随氮肥用量和追肥比例的增加而升高,高氮水平下基肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为3:5:2的处理H1籽粒蛋白质含量最高;中间型品种周麦18籽粒蛋白质含量则以中氮水平下基肥与拔节肥并重的M2最高;供试品种的淀粉直/支比均随氮肥用量的增加和追肥比例的增加而提高.在180～300 kg/hm2纯氮范围内,根据品种不同穗型特点,采用中氮水平,适当加大追肥比例,重穗型品种矮早8以中氮水平下基肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥适为3:5:2适宜,中间型品种周麦18以中氮水平基肥:拔节肥为5:5是实现高产优质同步提高比较合理的氮肥运筹模式.     

不同春生叶龄期追施氮肥对小麦粉蛋白致敏性的影响

为研究不同春生叶龄期施氮对小麦粉蛋白致敏性的影响,以河北省主产区3种强筋小麦科农2009(KN2009)、石4366(SH4366)、藁优2018(GY2018)为原材料,在大田中进行不同叶龄时期追施氮肥的实验,采用微量凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量,不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)测定分析蛋白质亚基组分,双抗体...     

小麦胚乳中蛋白质、淀粉组分分布及各性状关系的研究

以小麦品种为9023的各系统面粉样品为试验材料,测定各样品蛋白质及组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、淀粉及其组分含量,研究小麦胚乳中蛋白质与淀粉及组分分布情况,并对蛋白质和淀粉及各性状间的关系进行初步研究.结果表明:小麦胚乳由内向外,蛋白质含量及球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量呈现递增的分布趋势,而淀粉和直链淀粉含量则逐渐减小;球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量两两呈现显著或极显著正相关,且与粗蛋白含量显著正相关;湿面筋含量与蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量均呈现极显著正相关关系;直链淀粉含量与总淀粉含量显著正相关,与支链淀粉含量负相关;直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均呈显著负相关,支链淀粉含量与谷蛋白含量、湿面筋含量显著正相关.     

小麦胚乳中蛋白质、淀粉组分分布及各性状关系的研究

以小麦品种为9023的各系统面粉样品为试验材料，测定各样品蛋白质及组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、淀粉及其组分含量．研究小麦胚乳中蛋白质与淀粉及组分分布情况，并对蛋白质和淀粉及各性状间的关系进行初步研究。结果表明：小麦胚乳由内向外．蛋白质含量及球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量呈现递增的分布趋势．而淀粉和直链淀粉含量则逐渐减小：球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量两两呈现显著或极显著正相关．且与粗蛋白含量显著正相关；湿面筋含量与蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量均呈现极显著正相关关系：直链淀粉含量与总淀粉含量显著正相关，与支链淀粉含量负相关：直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均呈显著负相关，支链淀粉含量与谷蛋白含量、湿面筋含量显著正相关。     

富硒花生中硒的赋存形态研究

采用不同的提取液分别提取花生中的蛋白质、多糖和脂肪,测定各组分中的含硒量,研究富硒花生籽粒中硒的赋存形态。结果表明:富硒花生籽粒中的硒以蛋白质结合态硒含量最高,占总硒的69.29%,其中碱溶性蛋白态硒含量最高,占硒总量的45.19%。其次是多糖态结合硒,占总硒的11.76%,其中酸溶性多糖态硒含量最高。脂肪结合态硒只占总硒的8.61%。     

Effects of cultivar and soil fertility on grain protein yield,grain protein content,flour yield and breadmaking quality of wheat

Grain protein content affects the flour yield and breadmaking characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). In this study, grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield and loaf volume were quantified for four wheat cultivars (Inia, Carina, Kariega and SST 86) grown under six different soil fertility regimes in a long-term fertilisation and irrigation experiment at the University of Pretoria. The experimental design was a randomised complete block replicated four times, with fertility as the main plots and cultivars as the subplot treatments. Grain protein yield, flour yield, loaf volume and mixograph dough peak mixing time varied among cultivars and soil fertility situations. Grain protein content differed among cultivars, but mixograph water absorption and dough characteristics did not differ. The highest grain protein yield was 873 kg ha⁻¹ for Carina and the lowest 527 kg ha⁻¹ for SST 86. Grain protein content averaged 131 g kg⁻¹ for Carina and 122 g kg⁻¹ for Kariega. Breadmaking performance showed that in a well-balanced soil fertility situation, Kariega produced 1025 cm³ of loaf volume while Inia averaged 950 cm³. Grain protein yield increased with increasing soil fertility, but grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume, water absorption and mixograph peak mixing time varied with soil fertility. The interaction between cultivar and soil fertility was significant for grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume and water absorption but not dough peak mixing time. The results indicate cultivar differences in breadmaking quality characteristics and that soil fertility status affects grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume potential and water absorption but not mixograph peak mixing time and dough characteristics. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of water deficit on yield and protein content in pearl millet grains

Seventy-two pearl millet genotypes were water stressed at panicle development and grain filling stages. Neither grain yields, yield components, protein percent nor total protein per unit area were affected by water deficit during panicle development but protein content per grain was increased. When plants were water stressed during grain filling, grain yield, grains per unit area and 1000 grain weight were reduced, but grain protein percentage increased. Total protein per unit area was reduced primarily due to lower grain yield. The protein content per grain was unaffected by stress, suggesting that the apparent increase in protein percentage is due to reduced carbohydrate accumulation under stress.     

Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of newly evolved wheat cultivars

Evaluation of quality characteristics of wheat provides significant feedback to breeders for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven advanced wheat cultivars and two commercial varieties were studied for 11 physicochemical characteristics. These cultivars showed significant differences for all parameters except ash content, which showed no significant variation. Test weight ranged between 75.6 kg hl^?1 (NRL‐2005) and 80.5 kg hl^?1 (NRL‐2017). Kernel weight and volume were highest (4.0 g and 3.2 ml) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (3.3 g and 2.6 ml) for NRL‐2005. Biological yield was highest (14 040 kg ha^?1) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (12 380 kg ha^?1) for Takbeer variety. Grain yield varied between 4717 kg ha^?1 (NRL‐01‐7) and 4042 kg ha^?1 (NRL‐9736), non‐grain biomass between 9708 and 8083 kg ha^?1, protein yield between 614.3 and 480.8 kg ha^?1 and harvest index between 34.8 and 30.8%. Moisture content ranged from 7.46 to 9.07%. Gluten and protein contents were highest (39.69 and 13.81%) in NRL‐9736 and lowest (29.78 and 12.70%) in NRL‐9822. Test weight was positively correlated with kernel weight and volume and negatively associated with moisture, protein and gluten contents. Protein and gluten contents had a negative association with kernel weight and volume. Gluten content had a highly positive correlation with protein content. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield. Protein yield had a positive relationship with biological and grain yields and a negative association with harvest index. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

日本寒冷地带北海道的优良食味稻米栽培技术研究（译文）

北海道是日本最北部的水稻栽培地区,在当地气候寒冷、环境多变的条件下,为能生产优良食味的稻米,研发出一系列降低直链淀粉和精米蛋白质含量的技术。影响直链淀粉含量的主要因素在于水稻品种,但水稻成熟期的气温越高,其含量也会随之降低,因此可通过提前插秧、选取叶龄较大稻秧等方式来加速水稻的抽穗。关于蛋白质含量,参考氮肥施用标准,分析20个不同栽培区域的气候条件以及5种土壤类型,在以往水稻产量基础上计算出标准产量,将蛋白质含量的目标值定为7.0%以下。可采取各类技术手段,比如:调整施肥量,分析上年秋季与当年雪融后的降水量与气温得出土壤干燥程度,并根据土壤干燥度及有机肥使用量相应减少氮肥量;避免追肥、泥炭土的客土、增加硅酸肥料也是有效措施;可通过培育壮秧,在适宜时机提前移栽、密植、浅插、侧条施肥,以及为保证移栽后水温的夜间或早晨灌水、增加强风地区的防风设备等技术,达到加快水稻早期生长的目的;为避免出现空秕谷,可在幼穗形成期到孕穗期阶段增加稻田水深;在灌浆期需要注意放水时机,始终保证水田土壤保持适宜水分状态;水稻收割后,将秸秆堆肥化处理,最有利于提高产量和降低蛋白,如要直接翻耕入田,也应选在秋季而非春季。     

日本の寒冷地における良食味米栽培（日语原文）

日本最北の稲作地帯である北海道では、冷涼な気候の変動の影響を避けて良食味米を生産するため、アミロース含有率（アミロース）と精米蛋白質含有率（蛋白）の低下技術が開発された。アミロースは栽培品種の影響が大きいが、唯一登熟気温が高いほど低下するため、早植えや葉令が大きい苗で出穂を促進する。蛋白では、窒素施肥標準量を、稲作地帯の気象条件による20区分と各5土壌型別に、過去の収量実績による設定基準収量から蛋白7.0％以下を目標に決める。さらに可給態窒素量による施肥増減、前年秋と当年融雪後での降水量と気温による乾土効果および有機物施与に対応した減肥も行う。さらに、追肥の回避、泥炭土での客土やケイ酸資材の施与を行う。初期生育の促進技術として健苗の育成、移植適期内の早植え、密植、浅植え、側条施肥、および移植後での水温上昇のため夜または早朝の入水や強風地帯での防風施設設置がある。また不稔多発の回避ための幼穂形成期から穂ばらみ期の深水がある。登熟期間には、落水時期に注意し，適正な土壌水分を保持する。収穫後の稲わらは、多収と低蛋白のため堆肥化が最善だが、土壌に直接鋤き込むとしても春を避けて秋に行う。     

Timing and rate of nitrogen application influence grain quality and yield in maize planted at high and low densities

BACKGROUND: Efficient use of nitrogen (N) is considered one of the most important inputs needed for increasing grain quality and crop productivity. Hypothesis was that grain quality and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in north‐west Pakistan are enhanced by increasing the rate of N, and that response to applied N is greater with an increase in the number of N split applications at high plant density compared to low density. RESULTS: Field experiments were carried out on maize (cv. Azam) in summer 2002 and 2003 consisting of two planting densities and three N rates as main plots, and six split N applications as sub‐plots. Year 1 had higher shelling percentage and stover yield (SY). Harvest index (HI) decreased but SY increased with increase in plant density. Increase in N rate and number of split N applications increased grain weight and protein content, HI and SY. CONCLUSION: The highest N rate in four to five split applications increased maize grain quality and yield at both densities. Maize response to the interactive effect of year × plant density, year × N rate, and year × N timing suggests zonal specific effective N management practices for sustainable maize production in different agro‐ecological zones. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

水钾耦合对大豆产量及品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同供钾水平下不同生育时期水分状况对大豆产量及品质的影响。结果表明：除营养生长期涝害能一定程度上增加蛋白质含量外,开花期和结荚期土壤干旱或涝害胁迫均降低了蛋白质及脂肪的含量;钾肥有提高大豆脂肪、降低蛋白质含量的趋势,但只有在水分供应适宜时,钾肥效果才显著。各生育时期土壤干旱或涝害胁迫均影响大豆产量的形成,但干旱引起的减产程度要大于涝害。干旱胁迫对各生育时期引起的减产程度表现为：结荚期〉开花期〉营养生长期;而涝害胁迫对各生育时期所引起的减产程度则是相近的。无论何生育时期控水,本试验中产量最优的处理是W2K3（适宜水分＋0．136gK2O／kg土）,而经济系数最优的处理是CK（适宜水分＋0．068gK2O／kg土）。钾肥能促进大豆子粒产量的形成,但只有在营养生长期控水条件下,钾肥才显著地影响大豆产量的形成,而开花期、结荚期控水,钾肥的产量效应并不显著;开花期、结荚期控水条件下,水钾互作都显著地影响大豆子粒产量的形成,但营养生长期控水条件下水钾互作对大豆产量的影响未达到显著差异。     

Strikingly high content of grain protein in solution‐cultured rice

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the nutritional quality of solution‐cultured rice. Five rice cultivars, different in grain amylose content and protein content, were grown under 10, 40 and 80 mg l^?1 nitrogen levels during the period of July 2003 to October 2003. In comparison to their original seeds, the solution‐cultured rice Oryza sativa L grain had strikingly higher protein content across all the cultivars and nitrogen levels, and remarkably lower amylose content in the waxy and low amylose cultivars, which might be due to the sufficiently stable nitrogen supply and well‐controlled temperature and humidity. The highest grain protein content was 163.6 g kg^?1 in this experiment, which is the highest reported rice grain protein content. The residual nitrogen concentration was greater than 12.39 g kg^?1 in the roots, 8.95 g kg^?1 in the stems, and 21.97 g kg^?1 in the flag leaves across all the cultivars and nitrogen treatments at harvesting. The rice grain had a narrow range of grain carbon content and hydrogen content. The average grain carbon and hydrogen contents for all the rice samples were 42.95 ± 0.15 (n = 60) and 6.81 ± 0.04 g kg^?1 (n = 60), respectively. The solution cultured rice grain was characterized with lower carbon–nitrogen mole ratio and lower hydrogen–nitrogen mole ratio, which could be mainly attributed to the increased protein content. The response of plant nitrogen, grain protein and amylose concentration to the supplemental nitrogen level varied with the cultivars. The results in this study suggested that solution culture technology could improve the production potential of rice. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors affecting test-day milk composition in dairy ewes,and relationships amongst various milk components

A total of 7492 test-day observations for mean contents of fat, protein, casein, serum protein and lactose and individual laboratory cheese yield (ILCY) were obtained, at approximately monthly intervals, from 1119 ewes belonging to eight Churra dairy flocks. The effect of various factors on these variables was examined and phenotypic correlations among all traits were estimated. Least squares analyses showed significant effects of flock test-date, stage of lactation, age of ewe, and number of lambs weaned on almost all variables. Protein content and composition were not affected by the number of lambs weaned. ILCY had an unadjusted mean (26-55 kg cheese/100 l milk) close to those reported for real cheese yield in dairy ewes and was affected similarly to the main milk components. Fat, protein, casein, and serum protein contents, and ILCY, showed a generally increasing trend as lactation progressed. These components reached a minimum at 1 month into lactation, when milk yield was highest, and increased for the remainder of the lactation. ILCY depended mainly on fat, protein and casein contents. Protein and casein contents were closely related and equally correlated with ILCY. An increase in somatic cell count (SCC) was associated with decreased milk yield and decreased lactose content.