All-Dielectric Electrooptic Sensor Based on a Polymer Microresonator Coupled Side-Polished Optical Fiber

A novel electrooptic (EO) electric field (E-field) sensor based on side-polished fiber coupled with an EO polymer microring resonator is proposed and demonstrated. An EO polymer waveguide with a ring shape is fabricated on the polished flat of an optical fiber. Light in the fiber evanescently couples into the resonator and forms resonant modes for certain wavelengths and produces notches in the output intensity of the fiber. External electric fields change the index of refraction of the ring waveguide and therefore dither its resonant wavelengths. For light of wavelength on the slope of a resonance notch, a change in the output intensity can be detected. The sensor is all dielectric without metal layers to distort the measured E-field. The resonant structure allows the sensor to potentially have much higher sensitivity than other electrooptic sensors based on Mach-Zehnder or polarization modulation. Since electrooptic polymers have higher electrooptic coefficients, lower dielectric constants and faster electrooptic responses than inorganic crystals, higher sensitivity, lower invasiveness, and higher bandwidth of E-field sensing can be expected. This sensor eliminates unreliable fiber-to-waveguide butt coupling as well as the high propagation loss encountered in the long straight EO polymer waveguides of sensors based on Mach-Zehnder structures. By using the fiber itself as the supporting substrate of the ring waveguide, the sensor can have small size and low disturbance to the measured electric field. The concept is demonstrated using AJLS103 EO polymer. A sensitivity of 100 mV/m has been achieved at frequencies up to 550 MHz (limited by the measurement system)     

Equivalent circuit for the microstrip ring resonator suitable for broadband materials characterisation

A simple equivalent circuit of the edge coupled microstrip ring resonator is developed based on both circuit and electromagnetic theory. The new model extends the work done by previous authors by including the effects of radiation loss, the coupling gap and the feed network as well as extending the frequency range by including higher-order modes. The model accurately predicts the resonant frequencies of the ring including the effects of dispersion and thick conductors. The equivalent circuit allows measurement of the resonance frequencies and the Q factors to be made independently of the coupling gap dimensions, which traditionally have been difficult to accurately model. A method of determining radiation loss is also presented, which has often been incorrectly neglected in the past. Experimental results support the accuracy of the equations and measurements on alumina rings that demonstrate a frequency accuracy of better than 1% over 12 resonant modes in the frequency range 3-33 GHz.     

Light scattering resonances in small particles with electric and magnetic properties

Lorenz-Mie resonances produced by small spheres are analyzed as a function of their size and optical properties (epsi > or < 0, mu > or < 0). New generalized (mu not equal to 1) approximate and compact expressions of the first four Lorenz-Mie coefficients (a1, b1, a2, and b2) are calculated. With these expressions and for small particles with various values of epsi and mu, the extinction cross section (Q(ext)) is calculated and analyzed, in particular for resonant conditions. The dependence on particle size of the extinction resonance, together with the resonance shape (FWHM), is also analyzed. In addition to the former analysis, a study of the scattering diagrams for some interesting values of epsi and mu is also presented.     

Spectral resolution analysis of resonant grating waveguides

A high spectral resolution analysis of narrowband reflection filters based on resonant grating waveguide structures is presented. A tunable high‐performance dye laser with ～0.15 cm^‐1 line width and a beam analyzing system consisting of three simultaneously controlled CCD cameras were used to investigate grating waveguide resonances at wavelengths ～694 nm and ～633 nm. A reflectivity of 91 % and a line width of ～0.3 nm were measured and theoretically modeled for a resonant reflection filter specifically designed for the ruby laser wavelength 694.2 nm. A resonance shift of several nanometers was observed for a second grating waveguide structure in the region of the helium‐neon laser emission wavelength 632.8 nm by changing the sample temperature. We discuss the potential of grating waveguide devices combining the narrow line width and the tunability of the resonant response as promising candidates for implementation in innovative concepts for reflection filter and sensor applications.     

Frequency Measurement Errors of Passive Resonators Caused by Frequency-Modulated Exciting Signals

The condition of resonance for a signal with FM is defined in this paper as the condition of maximum power transfer by the resonant device. It is shown that if the width of the signal spectrum is small compared to the resonator's linewidth, then the frequency error is proportional to the third moment of the instantaneous signal frequency about its mean. One expects that this treatment should, at least, give the leading term for a precise treatment of atomic resonances. Experimental results with a cesium beam frequency standard confirm this expectation and add caution to the idea that higher Q atomic resonances make better absolute frequency standards.     

Observation of Fano Resonances in All‐Dielectric Nanoparticle Oligomers

It is well‐known that oligomers made of metallic nanoparticles are able to support sharp Fano resonances originating from the interference of two plasmonic resonant modes with different spectral width. While such plasmonic oligomers suffer from high dissipative losses, a new route for achieving Fano resonances in nanoparticle oligomers has opened up after the recent experimental observations of electric and magnetic resonances in low‐loss dielectric nanoparticles. Here, light scattering by all‐dielectric oligomers composed of silicon nanoparticles is studied experimentally for the first time. Pronounced Fano resonances are observed for a variety of lithographically‐fabricated heptamer nanostructures consisting of a central particle of varying size, encircled by six nanoparticles of constant size. Based on a full collective mode analysis, the origin of the observed Fano resonances is revealed as a result of interference of the optically‐induced magnetic dipole mode of the central particle with the collective mode of the nanoparticle structure. This allows for effective tuning of the Fano resonance to a desired spectral position by a controlled size variation of the central particle. Such optically‐induced magnetic Fano resonances in all‐dielectric oligomers offer new opportunities for sensing and nonlinear applications.     

基于Helmholtz共振腔阵列的声学超材料研究

为有效控制特定频段的噪声,基于Helmholtz共振腔阵列,通过Helmholtz共振腔短管位置的控制,设计了一种新型的局域共振型声学超材料。利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件求得新型声学超材料的能带图和传递损失曲线,并与具有单一方向开口的Helmholtz共振腔阵列的传递损失曲线进行对比;同时,为分析新型声学超材料的带隙形成机理,求得了其在带隙频率范围内的声压分布云图。通过试验测试了新型声学超材料的吸声性能。结果表明：新型声学超材料的能带图中产生了2段较窄带隙和1段较宽带隙,在带隙频率范围内,声学超材料传递损失出现峰值;第1带隙和第2带隙较窄,原因是单个Helmholtz共振腔局域共振,声波能量消耗少;第3带隙较宽,原因是Helmholtz共振腔与其周期排列形成的外部波导联合共振吸声,消耗大量声波能量。试验测试结果与仿真计算结果较为吻合,新型声学超材料可有效控制1 300~1 500 Hz和1 500~2 000 Hz频率范围内的噪声。研究结果表明,所设计的新型局域共振型声学超材料可有效实现中低频减振降噪,为声学超材料在中低频的降噪控制研究提供了新的思路。     

Ring vibrations in an acoustic medium as a source of ultrasonic radiation

In this paper, the vibrational characteristics of ultrasonic transducers consisting of a ceramic ring filled with a plastic disk are considered. For axially symmetric resonances, the vibrational amplitude on the surface of the plastic core is approximately described by a truncated Bessel function of zero order and first kind J(0), leading to an ultrasonic beam which is nondiffracting near the transducer. The near- and far-field pressure distributions of such transducers are measured and compared with model predictions. In the near zone, the width of the measured main lobe is narrow, which is in accordance with the theoretical results for circular transducers with a truncated Bessel function amplitude distribution. By changing the inner diameter of the ring, it is possible to control the resonance frequency of the plastic core. On the other hand, the resonance frequency of the ring may be regulated by varying its width. The existing coupling of resonant vibrations of the ceramic ring and plastic core enables variations of the bandwidths of the considered circular transducers.     

A coupled-mode theory for periodic piezoelectric composites

A coupled oscillator model to calculate the resonance spectrum of a one-dimensional piezoelectric composite plate, used in ultrasonic transducers, is proposed. Two resonant modes, one produced by the elastic wave reflection on the plate boundaries (thickness resonance) and the other by the reflection on the periodic discontinuities (lateral resonance) are considered. A Kronig-Penney model is used to calculate the lateral resonances. The thickness resonance is obtained with an effective medium model. The coupling of these two modes is described by a biquadratic equation whose solutions are the resonant frequencies of the piezoelectric composite plate. A criterion for a distribution of phases to keep the spurious lateral resonances away from the thickness resonance vicinity is obtained.     

Wide-angle transmissive filter based on a guided-mode resonant grating

A wide-angle color filter for TE-polarization is proposed based on a guided-mode resonant grating selectively coated with a metal film. The effects of the structure parameters to the resonant transmission characteristics are discussed by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Its optimal structure was given for a green color filter with a peak transmission of 77.6%, a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ～120 nm, and a good angular tolerance up to ±40°. Compared to the similar structure with a nonresonant dielectric grating, it decreases the FWHM effectively for the resonance induced by the guided-mode resonant grating. The numerical results indicate that the designed structure has a good wide-angle transmission performance.     

A model for the theoretical characterization of thin piezoceramicrings

This work describes a matrix model of the radial mode of a thin piezoceramic ring capable of predicting the dynamic behavior when the two main surfaces are stress free, while the lateral, inner, and outer are loaded by an external medium. The ring is modeled as a three-port system with two mechanical ports and one electrical port. With this approach it is easy to compute the resonance frequency spectrum, the radial displacement, and the electric impedance of a thin ring. Good agreement between the computed and the measured electric impedance is found. The resonance frequency spectrum is computed as a function of the inner-to-outer radius ratio G: when the inner radius vanishes, the resonances of the ring coincide with those of a disk, while, increasing G up to one, the first-mode frequencies decrease approaching the value obtained with a lumped mode model. The frequencies of the higher-order modes, on the other hand, increase to infinity, justifying the lumped mode approximation. The spatial distribution of the displacement in the radial direction is also computed; it has a Bessel function shape which, as expected, becomes linear by increasing the inner radius. Finally, the behavior of the effective coupling factor k_eff with G is examined. It is shown that, when G→1, k_eff approaches the material coupling factor k₃₁, while when G→0, k_eff is proportional to the planar coupling factor k_p . Further it is shown that for G>0.6, the approximation of the ring to a lumped mode system is quite acceptable     

Shape-Resonant Superconductivity in Nanofilms: from Weak to Strong Coupling

Ultrathin superconductors of different materials are becoming a powerful platform to find mechanisms for enhancement of superconductivity, exploiting shape resonances in different superconducting properties. Here, we evaluate the superconducting gap and its spatial profile, the multiple gap components, and the chemical potential, of generic superconducting nanofilms, considering the pairing attraction and its energy scale as tunable parameters, from weak to strong coupling, at fixed electron density. Superconducting properties are evaluated at mean field level as a function of the thickness of the nanofilm, in order to characterize the shape resonances in the superconducting gap. We find that the most pronounced shape resonances are generated for weakly coupled superconductors, while approaching the strong coupling regime the shape resonances are rounded by a mixing of the subbands due to the large energy gaps extending over large energy scales. Finally, we find that the spatial profile, transverse to the nanofilm, of the superconducting gap acquires a flat behavior in the shape resonance region, indicating that a robust and uniform multigap superconducting state can arise at resonance.     

Spin-orbit-driven ferromagnetic resonance

Ferromagnetic resonance is the most widely used technique for characterizing ferromagnetic materials. However, its use is generally restricted to wafer-scale samples or specific micro-magnetic devices, such as spin valves, which have a spatially varying magnetization profile and where ferromagnetic resonance can be induced by an alternating current owing to angular momentum transfer. Here we introduce a form of ferromagnetic resonance in which an electric current oscillating at microwave frequencies is used to create an effective magnetic field in the magnetic material being probed, which makes it possible to characterize individual nanoscale samples with uniform magnetization profiles. The technique takes advantage of the microscopic non-collinearity of individual electron spins arising from spin-orbit coupling and bulk or structural inversion asymmetry in the band structure of the sample. We characterize lithographically patterned (Ga,Mn)As and (Ga,Mn)(As,P) nanoscale bars, including broadband measurements of resonant damping as a function of frequency, and measurements of anisotropy as a function of bar width and strain. In addition, vector magnetometry on the driving fields reveals contributions with the symmetry of both the Dresselhaus and Rashba spin-orbit interactions.     

Optomechanical transduction of an integrated silicon cantilever probe using a microdisk resonator

Sensitive transduction of the motion of a microscale cantilever is central to many applications in mass, force, magnetic resonance, and displacement sensing. Reducing cantilever size to nanoscale dimensions can improve the bandwidth and sensitivity of techniques like atomic force microscopy, but current optical transduction methods suffer when the cantilever is small compared to the achievable spot size. Here, we demonstrate sensitive optical transduction in a monolithic cavity-optomechanical system in which a subpicogram silicon cantilever with a sharp probe tip is separated from a microdisk optical resonator by a nanoscale gap. High quality factor (Q ≈ 10(5)) microdisk optical modes transduce the cantilever's megahertz frequency thermally driven vibrations with a displacement sensitivity of ≈4.4 × 10(-16) m/(Hz)(1/2) and bandwidth >1 GHz, and a dynamic range >10(6) is estimated for a 1 s measurement. Optically induced stiffening due to the strong optomechanical interaction is observed, and engineering of probe dynamics through cantilever design and electrostatic actuation is illustrated.     

First-principles study of carbon nanotubes with bamboo-shape and pentagon-pentagon fusion defects

A first-principles study of single-walled carbon nanotubes with bamboo-shape (BS) and pentagon-pentagon fusion defects was conducted. Sharp resonances occur on the BS-nanotubes as strong density of electronic states (DOS) localized at carbon atoms adjacent to the partitions, while at the partition the localized DOS was greatly depleted. A strong defect state at -0.1 eV below the Fermi level was generated and the band gap was narrowed for BS-(10, 0) nanotube. Sharp resonant states are observed in the valence and conduction bands of BS-(12, 0) nanotube. The resonant states are attributed to the pentagon defects as exemplified by the study of a (5, 5) nanotube with pentagon-pentagon fusion ring. The high chemical reactivity of the topological defects of the BS-nanotubes is correlated to the presence of localized resonant states.     

On Helmholtz and higher-order resonance of twin floating bodies

The Helmholtz mode and other symmetric modes of resonance of a moonpool between two heaving rectangular floating cylinders are investigated. The hydrodynamic behavior around these resonant modes is examined together with the associated mode shapes in the moonpool region. It is observed that near each of the resonance frequencies, the damping coefficient can vanish. The Helmholtz mode is characterized by a region of modest variation of added-mass value from negative to positive near the Helmholtz frequency. The peaks are, however, bounded with the cross-over point in sign corresponding to a bounded spike in damping. The higher-order resonant modes are characterized by the presence of standing waves in the moonpool, which leads to large spikes in the hydrodynamic behavior near the resonance frequencies. The Helmholtz frequency has a distinct value, while the higher-order resonances occur at fairly regular intervals of the frequency parameter, σ²(w ? b)/g, where w ? b is the moonpool gap. The parametric dependence of the hydrodynamic behavior on frequency and geometry is discussed. With best wishes to my colleague and good friend, Nick Newman, on the occasion of his 70th birthday. A leader and staunch supporter of marine hydrodynamics, Nick has expanded the reach and influence of this field through his insights and publications. His contributions have been wide-ranged and his graciousness to young researchers is exemplary. May he enjoy the best of health in the years to come. R.W. Yeung      

Fano-Interference of Decaying States With Continuum in Nanostructures

A new scenario of quantum interference in open systems when a decaying (quasi-bound) state can interfere with the continuum is investigated. The resonant perturbation theory and numerical methods are applied to treat a scattering problem in an electron waveguide. Specifically, we use the Kapura and Peierls (KP) approach to extract resonances. In the waveguide with two antidots, we observe an interesting phenomenon: the interference between a quasi-bound state of one channel and background states of the other channel. Our results show that the zero of Fano resonance, arising from the interference between the quasi-bound states and the continuum, is generally placed in the complex plane.     

Semiclassical theory to optical resonant modes of a transparent dielectric spheroidal cavity

We study the resonant scattering of light by a transparent dielectric spheroid. We try to understand the features of the resonant modes of a spheroidal optical cavity. In this way, we use an analogy between optics and quantum mechanics. Through this analogy it is possible to interpret resonances as quasibound states of light. Using semiclassical methods such as the WKB method and a uniform asymptotic expansion for spheroidal radial functions, we developed algorithms that permit us to calculate the resonance position as well as the resonance width.     

夹杂及弹性耦联对手性蜂窝复合材料吸振带隙的影响

为了研究手性蜂窝复合材料的振动特性与其振动传播带隙之间的关系,首先,建立了该种材料离散多自由度的夹杂-韧带振动力学模型,该模型考虑了其内嵌夹杂的局部振动与由微结构韧带连接的节点环之间的弹性耦联及诱发共振模态。然后,重点研究了微结构元件之间的耦联程度和微结构元件的尺寸参数对材料吸振带隙低频段和高频段的影响,并结合有限元方法对模型进行了验证分析。结果表明:除柔性包覆的夹杂以外,耦联诱发振动、节点环和韧带的材料及尺寸参数都对手性蜂窝复合材料的固有振动频率产生显著影响,从而控制带隙的位置和带宽。随着节点环内、外弹性耦联程度的减小,夹杂的模态频率将控制带隙的低频段,且随着夹杂质量的增大,低频段的频率降低;高频段由韧带振动表征;当节点环内、外弹性耦联程度增大时,带隙的低频段对韧带和框架的模态更加敏感,从而出现比夹杂模态频率更低的带隙。无论弹性耦合程度强弱,当韧带和节点环的厚度减小时,材料第三阶较高的包覆层变形频率将被相对更低的韧带振动频率取代。所得结论可为小尺寸、低频宽带隙手性蜂窝型隔振材料的设计研究提供理论指导。     

Magnetic Plasmonic Fano Resonance at Optical Frequency

Plasmonic Fano resonances are typically understood and investigated assuming electrical mode hybridization. Here we demonstrate that a purely magnetic plasmon Fano resonance can be realized at optical frequency with Au split ring hexamer nanostructure excited by an azimuthally polarized incident light. Collective magnetic plasmon modes induced by the circular electric field within the hexamer and each of the split ring can be controlled and effectively hybridized by designing the size and orientation of each ring unit. With simulated results reproducing the experiment, our suggested configuration with narrow line‐shape magnetic Fano resonance has significant potential applications in low‐loss sensing and may serves as suitable elementary building blocks for optical metamaterials.