柴油机EGR电控冷却系统试验研究

研究了 CA498 柴油机在不同工况下EGR冷却温度对NOx等排放的影响规律,确定了各个工况下EGR的最佳冷却温度,据此设计出一套EGR冷却温度控制装置,可以通过单片机控制伺服电动水泵的转速来调节冷却水的循环量,确保不同工况下的最佳EGR冷却温度.将该电控冷却系统在CA498柴油机上进行了试验.结果表明,与未冷却的EGR系统相比,该EGR电控冷却系统在c0和Hc的排放略有增加的情况下,可以有效地降低NOx的排放、烟度和油耗率.     

废气再循环在增压柴油机上的应用分析

为了降低车用柴油机的NQ排放，分析了不同工况下EGR率对柴油机性能的影响。通过试验了解：采用EGR可以有效地降低NQ排放，大负荷比小负荷效果显著。并对控制最佳EGR率的电控脉谱系统提出了初步的探讨。     

废气再循环在增压中冷柴油机上的试验研究

为了降低车用柴油机的NOx排放,分析了不同工况下EGR率对柴油机性能的影响。通过试验了解到,采用EGR可以有效地降低NOx排放,大负荷比小负荷效果显著。并对控制最佳EGR率的电控脉谱系统提出了初步的探讨。     

增压直喷式柴油机EGR率测试及优化研究

针对增压直喷式柴油机,开展了应用废气再循环技术降低NOx排放的研究.研究了不同EGR率对发动机13工况下性能和排放的影响规律,并优选了发动机13工况下EGR率.利用设计的EGR电控系统,实现了发动机EGR率的自动控制,并通过试验对EGR系统进行了验证.     

增压直喷柴油机EGR系统开发与试验研究

以增压直喷柴油机为研究对象,设计了一套EGR控制系统以降低NOx排放。试验研究了不同EGR率对柴油机性能及排放的影响规律,针对柴油机不同工况的特点,确定了各工况所用的EGR率,并设计了EGR率电控系统。台架试验表明,在保持其它排放物基本不变的情况下,借助EGR系统该柴油机的NOx排放下降了26．4％。     

具有自动控制功能的柴油机EGR系统的研制

研究了与柴油机匹配的电控废气再循环系统,进行了电控EGR系统中的部分硬件、硬件电路设计和软件的编写,EGR的实现方式和EGR系统与柴油机匹配的问题.试验用柴油机在使用了自行设计的电控EGR系统后,实现了整个转速、负荷范围内EGR率的自动控制.13工况排放测试结果表明:采用EGR系统,NOx排放降低26.7 %、微粒总量和HC排放几乎不变、CO排放上升15.5 %.     

增压柴油机EGR技术的试验研究

对增压柴油机EGR技术进行了试验研究。分析了不同工况下不同EGR率对柴油机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响规律,最后给出了随发动机工况变化的最佳EGR率MAP图。     

国Ⅳ柴油机EGR的控制与匹配研究

废气再循环(EGR)技术,作为一种成熟的排放控制策略,在国Ⅳ排放柴油机上已有广泛的应用,以某电控共轨柴油机为例介绍了EGR阀的结构和工作原理,以及在应用该技术的过程中如何实现EGR率的控制和EGR脉谱图的标定,通过试验对EGR系统进行了验证,表明该电控共轨柴油机能够达到国Ⅳ排放要求。     

EGR标定方法与试验研究

介绍了EGR工作原理和EGR系统组成,分析了13工况与15工况排放试验方法的差别,提出了不同的排放试验方法分别以各个工况点的排放量和总的排放量最低分别作为优化EGR率的EGR标定方法。试验结果表明:不同的EGR率对发动机排放和性能的影响十分明显,最优化标定EGR率对大幅度降低排放是十分有效的。     

CA498车用柴油机EGR的试验研究

进行了不同工况下EGP率对发动机排放和性能影响的试验研究。在试验中按ECE R49十三工况法研究了有EGR时NOx和微粒的变化规律,并对柴油机性能进行了分析。在综合考虑EGR对各工况的排放及性能影响的基础上,确定十三工况中应进行EGR的工况及相应的最佳EGR率。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.