激光原位合成钛基复合材料初步试验

利用激光原位合成工艺制备了TiC TiB增强的钛基复合材料,初步研究了原位合成反应的热力学以及激光原位合成钛基复合材料的工艺、组织及性能.结果表明:钛与B4C反应释放出大量热,反应能自发维持;存在两种不同形状的增强体,即短纤维状TiB和等轴、近似等轴状TiC粒子;该钛基复合材料局部显微硬度达到500HV.     

铸态(TiB+TiC)/Ti复合材料组织和性能的研究

利用钛与碳化硼及石墨之间的自蔓燃高温合成反应,经非自耗电弧熔炼工艺制备了TiB晶须和TiC粒子混杂增强的钛基复合材料。借助扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了复合材料的微观结构,结果表明:原位合成增强体均匀地分布在基体合金中,TiB增强体以晶须状生长,而TiC增强体以树枝状、等轴状生长。原位合成增强体与基体合金的界面非常干净,不存在界面反应产物,但TiC粒子周围的基体合金中存在高密度的位错。原位合成增强体的加入提高了复合材料的力学性能,合金化元素铝的加入不仅固溶强化了钛基体合金,同时使增强体长得更为细小,也有利于改善复合材料的性能。      

激光熔化沉积(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料的显微组织与力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积工艺制备了TiB+TiC增强相体积分数分别为9%、11%、22%及57%的4种(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料。随增强相含量提高,TiB形态由片层状向棱柱状转化,TiC形态由不规则颗粒状向枝晶状转化,钛基复合材料硬度及弹性模量均显著提高而塑性明显下降。增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料表现出较好的综合力学性能,增强相体积分数大于11%后复合材料的抗拉强度急剧降低。与激光熔化沉积态TA15钛合金相比,TiB+TiC增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料抗拉强度（1040 MPa）及屈服强度（935 MPa）均提高约12%。      

原位生成(TiBw+TiCp)/Ti复合材料的高应变速率超塑性

将纯钛粉和B4C粉按一定比例混合均匀后,通过反应热压方法原位合成制备了TiB晶须和TiC颗粒增强体积分数为3%的钛基复合材料,并在950℃以16∶1的挤压比对复合材料进行了高温热挤压变形.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分别研究了原位生成复合材料的相结构和微观组织,并在700℃以不同应变速率对钛基复合材料进行了高温拉伸变形.研究表明:纯钛和B4C在1200℃真空热压原位合成产生两种不同形状的增强体,即短纤维状TiB晶须和等轴状的TiC颗粒;应变速率为5.95×10-4、1.19×10-3s-1和0.89×10-2s-1时,(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料都表现出超塑性,延伸率分别为205.43%、148.3%和112.85%;700℃变形时(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料的应变速率敏感指数为0.45.     

原位生成TiC粒子在快凝Al-Fe合金中变化行为的研究

通过OM,SEM和TEM等手段研究了在常规铸态以及快速凝固Al-8wt?合金中原位生成TiC粒子时相组成及显微组织的变化.同时结合利用外加法制备的常规铸态和快速凝固Al-8wt?/TiC合金的显微组织变化,得出了原位反应TiC粒子的生成及其在合金熔体中的变化行为:在常规铸态下生成的尺寸较大的八面体TiC颗粒在快速凝固过程中将发生全部或部分溶解,在随后的快冷过程中将重新析出并形成细小的TiC粒子,原位生成的TiC粒子在快速凝固过程中同样可以对α-Al起到促发形核的作用.     

烧结温度对(Ti5Si3+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

为了获得性能优异的钛基复合材料和解决单一增强相对性能提升有限等问题,以Ti粉、SiC粉、TiB₂粉、C粉为原料,采用粉末冶金法,在不同烧结温度下原位自生制备了(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、万能试验机等设备表征了复合材料的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明:随烧结温度的升高,复合材料的致密度提高,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;烧结温度的升高使增强相数量增加的同时减少了较低烧结温度下的团聚现象。复合材料的洛氏硬度、屈服强度、抗拉强度随烧结温度的升高先增大后减小,断裂应变下降不显著。在1 300 ℃下,(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti具有最佳的综合力学性能,烧结态试样的抗压强度达到最高2 435 MPa,屈服强度1 649 MPa,洛氏硬度49.1HRC,断裂应变28.7%。分析可知,微米尺寸的TiC、TiB和亚微米尺寸的Ti₅Si₃增强相的协同作用在显著提高复合材料强度的同时也保持了一定的塑性。(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料的增强方式以细晶强化、弥散强化和载荷传递强化为主。     

原位合成(TiB_2+TiC)/Ti_3SiC_2复相材料及其性能研究

在热力学分析的基础上,以TiH2粉、Si粉、石墨粉与B4C粉为原料,采用热压烧结法原位合成制备了(TiB2+TiC)/Ti3SiC2复相材料.采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜与透射电镜对材料的物相组成和显微结构进行了表征,研究了烧结温度对材料物相组成、烧结性能、力学性能与显微结构的影响.结果表明,1400～1600℃烧结温度范围内均能获得致密的(TiB2+TiC)/Ti3SiC2复合材料.随着烧结温度的升高,复合材料的强度、断裂韧性与显微硬度均逐渐提高,1500～1600℃烧结所得复合材料具有优化、微细的显微结构,抗弯强度与断裂韧性均分别高于700MPa与9MPa·m1/2,显微硬度为7.33～8.31GPa.原位合成的柱状TiB2与等轴状TiC协同作用,通过颗粒增强、裂纹偏转、晶粒拔出、晶粒细化等机制对Ti3SiC2基体起到了显著的补强增韧效果.     

原位合成TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷的微观组织与性能研究

利用热压烧结方法原位合成了TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷。通过光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料物相组成和微观结构进行表征。研究了热压条件下烧结温度对材料物相组成、结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:烧结温度在1700-1950℃范围内,随着温度的升高,材料的致密度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性都有显著改善。烧结温度为1900℃可得到完全致密的原位合成TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷,材料的晶粒发育比较完善,条状TiB2和块状TiC0.8晶粒清晰可见。复合材料的维氏硬度、断裂韧性和弯曲强度分别达到23.6 GPa,(7.0±1.0)MPa.m1/2和470.9 MPa。当温度达到1950℃时,由于增强相TiB2晶粒长大,材料的强度降低。TiB2、TiC0.8与SiC颗粒协同,通过裂纹偏转、晶粒拔出、晶粒细化等机制对复合材料起到颗粒增强增韧的作用。     

颗粒增强Al基复合材料的制备工艺及凝固过程

着重研究了颗粒增强Al基复合材料的搅拌法制备工艺及凝固过程。 通过对熔体搅拌法制备颗粒增强金属基复合材料的工艺优化进行探讨,最终用最简单的工艺过程制备出组织致密、颗粒分布均匀、界面结合良好的SiC、Al_2O_3、SiO_2颗粒增强Al-4％Mg复合材料。 SiC、Al_2O_3、SiO_2颗粒增强Al-4％Mg复合材料在等轴晶凝固条件下,颗粒被等轴晶排斥,出现颗粒推移,晶粒直径越大,颗粒分布越不均匀。在试验分析基础上,提出了颗粒推移的强烈程度由晶粒与颗粒的质量比决定的观点:同种颗粒,其直径越大,颗粒推移越不强烈;同样直径不同种类的颗粒,其密度越大,颗粒推移越不强烈。 AlO_3颗粒增强 Al-4％Mg复合材料的凝固组织中的显微缩孔是由颗粒加入导致熔体粘度增加、颗粒堵塞枝晶间的补缩流动通道以及颗粒与基体合金的热膨胀系数的差异三种因素引起的。由于气孔易在SiC颗粒表面形核,或者SiC颗粒与基体结合较弱,使得SiC颗粒增强Al-4％Mg复合材料比Al_2O_3颗粒增强Al-4％Mg复合材料易形成显微缩孔。对SiO_2颗粒增强Al-4％Mg复合材料来说,SiO_2颗粒与基体间发生了界面反应,一定量的Si溶入了基体,增大了基体的凝固潜热,从而提高了基体合金凝固时的补缩流动能力,所以SiO_2(P)/Al-4％Mg复合材料的凝固组织比同样条件下Al_2O_3(P)     

石墨添加对原位合成钛基复合材料高温力学性能的影响

利用钛与碳化硼及石墨之间的自蔓延高温合成反应经普通的熔铸工艺原位合成制备了不同摩尔比值TiB和TiC增强的钛基复合材料。测定了原位合成钛基复合材料的高温力学性能。结果表明:由于增强体的原位合成,复合材料的高温拉伸性能与基体合金比较有了明显的提高。高温拉伸断裂与温度有关,温度较低时,增强体断裂是材料失效的主要原因;而随着温度的提高,增强体与基体合金界面脱粘成为材料失效的主要原因。高温拉伸时裂纹容易在短纤维状增强体TiB的端面处形核与长大从而使增强体与基体合金脱粘导致材料失效,因此加入石墨形成更多的TiC粒子有利于提高复合材料的高温力学性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...