Influence of rare earth nanoparticles and inoculants on performance and microstructure of high chromium cast iron

The high chromium cast irons (HCCIs) with rare earth (RE) nanoparticles or inoculants were fabricated in the casting process. The phase compositions and microstructure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM), respectively. The hardness and impact toughness were tested by Rockwel-hardmeter and impacting test enginery. And then, the morphology of fracture was researched by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that the phase compositions of HCCIs with addition of RE nanoparticles or inoculants which were M7C3 carbides + α-Fe did not change obviously. However, the prime M7C3 carbides morphology had great changes with the increase of RE nanoparticles, which changed from long lath to granular or island shape. When the content of RE nanoparticles was 0.4 wt.%, the microstructure of high chromium cast iron was refined greatly. The microstructure of carbides was coarser when the addition of RE nanoparticles was higher than 0.4 wt.%. The hardness and impact toughness of HCCIs were improved by addition of RE nanoparticles or inoculants. The impact toughness of HCCIs was increased 36.4% with RE nanoparticles of 0.4 wt.%, but the hardness changed slightly. In addition, the adding of RE nanoparticles or inoculants could reduce the degree of the brittle fracture. Fracture never seemed regular, instead, containing lots of laminates and dimples with the increase of the RE nanoparticles. The results also indicated that the optimal addition amount of the RE nanoparticles was 0.4%, under this composition, the microstructure and mechanical property achieved the best cooperation. In addition, through the study of erosion wear rate, when adding 0.4% RE nanoparticles into the HCCIs, the erosion wear rate got the minimum 0.32×10-3 g/mm2, which could increase 51.5% compared with that without any RE nanoparticles.     

Effect of cerium on abrasive wear behaviour of hardfacing alloy

Hardfacing alloys with different amounts of ceria were prepared by self-shielded flux cored arc welding.The abrasion tests were carried out using the dry sand-rubber wheel machine according to JB/T 7705-1995 standard.The hardness of hardfacing deposits was meas-ured by means of HR-150AL Rockwell hardness test and the fracture toughness was measured by the indentation method.Microstructure characterization and surface analysis were made using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy spectrum analy-sis.The results showed that the wear resistance was determined by the size and distribution of the carbides,as well as by the matrix micro-structure.The main wear mechanisms observed at the surfaces included micro-cutting and micro-ploughing of the matrix.The addition of ceria improved the hardness and fracture toughness of hardfacing deposits,which would increase the resistance to plastic deformation and scratch,thus the wear resistance of hardfacing alloys was improved.     

Effect of RE oxide on growth dynamics of primary austenite grain in hardfacing layer of medium-high carbon steel

The flux cored wires with different rare earth oxide additions for hardfacing the workpieces of medium-high carbon steel were developed. The microstructure of the hardfacing layer was observed using the optical microscopy. The average dimension of primary austenite grains in hardfacing layer was measured by image analyzer. The primary austenite grain growth activation energy and index were calculated according to Sellars’s mode and Beck formula, respectively. Moreover, the effect of rare earth oxide on the growth dynamics of primary austenite grain was analyzed, and then discussed with the misfit theory. The experimental results showed that, by adding rare earth oxide, the average dimension of primary austenite grains in hardfacing layer of medium-high carbon steel decreased, and it was the smallest when the addition of rare earth oxide was 5.17 wt.%. Meanwhile, at this rare earth oxide addition, the primary austenite grain growth activating energy in hardfacing layer was the largest, while its index was the smallest. The calculated results indicated that the primary austenite grain could be refined because LaAlO3 as heterogeneous nuclei of γ-Fe was the most effective.     

离子色谱法测定球墨铸铁中的稀土含量

利用螯合离子色谱法测定了球墨铸铁中稀土含量。通过选择性螯合树脂和磺酸型阳离子交换树脂 ,选用适当的流动相将样品中大量的铁和其它金属离子除去 ,同时浓缩富集待测的稀土金属离子。再选用草酸和二甘醇酸的梯度淋洗体系 ,在含有阴、阳离子双功能基的分析柱上将 14种稀土分离 ,继用在线柱后衍生和光度法检测 ,检测限 (信噪比为 3∶1)可以达到ng/mL。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定稀土镁铸铁中常量及痕量元素

建立了利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES法）同时测定稀土镁铸铁中常量及痕量共12种元素(Si,Mn,P,Cu,Mo,V,Ti,Sn,Sb,Mg,La,Ce)的分析方法。研究了稀土镁铸铁试样的前处理方法、优选了适宜的仪器测定参数和分析谱线,采用基体匹配法进行基体效应的校正。实验结果表明,各元素分析谱线线性相关系数大于0.999 0,方法检出限在0.000 12%~0.001 4%之间。方法用于稀土镁铸铁标准物质分析,测定值与认定值相符,测定结果的相对标准偏差在0.59%（Si）～6.9%（La）范围。     

稀土在钢铁中的作用与机理研究

综述了稀土在钢铁中的应用发展和主要作用规律，总结了机理研究结论，分析了稀土对钢铁作用的特点，提出了今后的研究和发展方向。     

Nano-preparation promoting effectively luminescent properties of one-dimensional rare earth oxides

Rare earth (La,Nd and Tb) oxides with one-dimensional micro/nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally under facile and mild conditions with two surfactants, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence. The results showed that the synthesized rare earth oxides behaved regular nano-and micro-scale structures. And the morphologies of samples depended on the radii of rare earth ions, with the help of two surfactants of sodium dodecyl sulfonic and PEG 600. Nanocrystalline La2O3:Eu3+ possessed good photoluminescence (PL) property and might be used as a nanosized phosphor, its PL intensity was altered by the doping Eu3+ concentration and the optimum concentration of Eu3+ was 3 mol.%. In comparison with bulk Eu3+/La2O3, Eu3+/nano-La2O3 showed better photoluminescence property, nearly equal to that of nanocrtstal-line La2O3:Eu3+. Tb4O7 microwires showed interesting photoluminescence properties.     

Effects of rare earth oxide on hardfacing metal microstructure of medium carbon steel and its refinement mechanism

The electrodes for hardfacing medium carbon steel with six additions of rare earth oxide were developed in this work. By means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the microstructure, inclusion and the fractograph of the hardfacing metal were observed. Then, the effects of rare earth oxide on microstructure and inclusions in hardfacing metal were analyzed. The effectiveness of rare earth oxide as heterogeneous nuclei of δ-Fe was calculated with the misfit theory. The results showed that, the microstructure of hardfacing metal was composed of ferrite and small amount of pearlite. The microstructure was refined at first and then coarsened with the increase of rare earth oxide addition. The fractograph was changed from brittle to equiaxed dimples, then became quasi-cleavage and cleavage gradually. The calculated results showed that, the ferrite grain size could be refined because that LaAlO3 as heterogeneous nuclei of δ-Fe was moderately effective, and the ferrite grain size was coarsened because the misfits between Ce2O3 and δ-Fe, Ce2O2S and δ-Fe were increased with futher increase of rare earth oxide addition.     

稀土镁球墨铸铁光谱分析用标准物质的研制

采用分层隔离式结构的金属型模具、阶梯式的浇注补缩排气系统、合适的熔炼工艺以及有效的强制水冷措施等先进的铸造工艺,研制出了一套稀土镁球墨铸铁光谱分析用标准物质。经国内8家具有丰富的标准物质分析经验的单位用规定的分析方法进行了协作分析,表明该标准物质均匀性、成线性、分析精度等均达到了同类标准物质水平。经抽样解剖并观察其金相组织表明,该标准物质组织致密、白口化程度良好。应用表明,该标准物质适用于普通铸铁、球墨铸铁等生产分析检验。     

Synthesis and thermoluminescence properties of rare earth oxides （Y, Ce-Lu） doped lithium triborate

Lithium triborate (LiB3O5) was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction method, and then rare earth oxides were doped into LiB3O5 to enhance its thermoluminescent (TL) properties. The identification and characteristics of the obtained compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses, differential thermal analyses (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The glow curves were obtained using a thermoluminescent (TL) reader. The results revealed that all the rare earth oxides were not good activators for lithium triborate and the obtained compounds could not be used for dosimetric applications.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定稀土合金渣中主要稀土氧化物

提出了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)同时测定稀土合金渣中氧化镧、氧化铈、氧化镨、氧化钕、氧化钐和氧化镝等主要稀土氧化物的分析方法。考察4种不同的消解试剂体系,优化了消解参数并选择了合适的分析线。结果表明,在以下条件下样品的消解效果最好：以HNO₃-HCl-HF-H₂O₂（V(HNO₃)∶V(HCl)∶V(HF)∶V(H₂O₂)=4∶2∶2∶1）作为消解试剂,采用四段升温的消解程序,设定的最低温度为160 ℃,最低压力为1.5 MPa,最高温度为225 ℃,最高压力为3.5 MPa,每段的最大温差不超过25 ℃,最大压差不超过1 MPa。在选定的仪器参数下,以408.671,413.765,390.843,401.255,359.260,353.171 nm 波长的谱线分别作为La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Dy的分析线,用稀土氧化物绘制校准曲线,ICP-AES法测定消解液中上述氧化物。测定结果的相对标准偏差在0.44%～0.98% 范围,加标回收率在94%～106%之间。     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定轻稀土矿石中8种主量稀土氧化物

稀土矿种类繁多,矿物组成复杂,常富含Ca、P、Fe、Ba、Si、S、Mn、Pb等元素,而采用熔融法制样时,富含Fe、Mn、Pb等单质元素的稀土矿样会腐蚀Pt-Au坩埚。试验将稀土矿石与混合熔剂[m(Li₂B₄O₇)∶m(LiBO₂)=33∶67]以质量比1∶14(稀释比)混合,再加入1mL 500g/L NH₄NO₃溶液为氧化剂、0.2mL 100g/L LiBr溶液为脱模剂,在1050℃下熔融制成均匀玻璃片,使用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法(WDXRF)测定轻稀土矿石中La₂O₃、CeO₂、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、Sm₂O₃、Eu₂O₃、Gd₂O₃、Y₂O₃等8种主量稀土氧化物。方法中稀土氧化物的检出限为5~159μg/g。实验方法用于测定两个稀土矿石标准物质GSB04-3549-2019(稀土总量为4.44%)和GSB04-3309-2016(稀土总量为29.09%)中8种稀土氧化物,低品位稀土矿石标准物质(GSB04-3549-2019)中稀土氧化物测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)小于13%,高品位稀土矿石标准物质(GSB04-3309-2016)中稀土氧化物测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)小于2%。选取2个轻稀土矿石样品(稀土总量分别为2.55%和24.64%),按照实验方法进行稀土总量的加标回收试验,回收率为96%~100%。选取2个稀土矿石标准物质GSB04-3550-2019和GSB04-3311-2016以及2个轻稀土矿石样品,按照实验方法测定La₂O₃、CeO₂、Pr₆O₁₁、Nd₂O₃、Sm₂O₃、Eu₂O₃、Gd₂O₃、Y₂O₃,测定值与标准值或电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定值相吻合。实验方法具有较广的适应性,能满足复杂矿物组成轻稀土矿石中主量稀土氧化物的检测。     

脉冲电流参数对过共晶高铬铸铁近液相线熔化后凝固组织的影响

对过共晶高铬铸铁近液相线溶化后的凝固过程进行脉冲电流处理,研究了脉冲电流参数（脉冲电压和频率）对凝固组织的影响.发现脉冲频率和电压的增大都有助于过共晶高铬铸铁凝固组织中碳化物的细化和粒化.脉冲频率的增大促进大量细小颗粒状初生碳化物的析出,离异共晶现象变得更加明显,层片状共晶碳化物减少.脉冲电压的增加促进初生碳化物细化和粒化,片状共晶碳化物变短.过高的电压也促进离异共晶,导致更多的初生碳化物的形成.     

Effect of inoculating addition on machinability of gray cast iron

Gray cast irons were inoculated with FeSi75+RE and FeSi75+Sr inoculants. The changes of apex angle of the drills before and af-ter being used were used to evaluate machinability of gray cast irons. Effect of FeSi75+RE and FeSi75+Sr inoculants on mechanical proper-ties, machinability and sensibility of gray cast iron used in cylinder block were investigated. Experimental results showed that gray cast iron treated with 60%FeSi75+40% RE inoculants exhibited tensile strength consistently at about 295 MPa along with good hardness and im-proved metallurgical quality. While gray cast iron inoculated with 20%FeSi75+80% Sr inoculants exhibited the best machinability, the low-est cross-section sensibility and the least microhardness difference. The tool flank wear of the drill increased correspondingly with the in-crease of the microhardness difference of the matrix, indicating the great effect of homogeneity of the matrix on the machinability of gray cast iron.     

Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives on the high temperature performance of nickel electrodes

Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives including Er2O3,Tm2O3,and Yb2O3,Lu2O3 on high temperature and high rate discharge performance of nickel electrodes were investigated.The discharge efficiency at 0.2C reached 96% at 60 oC for electrodes with 1 at.% flaky rare earth oxides.The high rate discharge performance for electrodes with flaky rare earth oxides were improved significantly,for example,discharge efficiency at 5C improved from 50% to 70%.The results showed that the end charging potential of the ...     

变温超固相线液相烧结工艺对15Cr系高铬铸铁显微组织及性能的影响

为解决常规定温超固相线液相烧结出现的烧结温度窗口狭窄和产品力学性能对烧结温度波动敏感的问题,采用变温超固相线液相烧结工艺制备了粉末冶金高铬铸铁,研究了变温超固相线液相烧结的高温阶段工艺参数对15Cr系高铬铸铁显微组织和力学性能的影响,并与定温超固相线液相烧结制备的合金进行了对比.研究发现,变温超固相线液相烧结制备的合金...     

碱熔预处理对废旧稀土荧光粉中稀土提取的影响

针对废旧稀土荧光粉特性,采用高温碱熔与酸浸相结合的方法处理废旧稀土荧光粉,考察碱熔温度、氢氧化钠用量、碱熔时间对稀土浸出率和铝回收率的影响,并对碱熔过程中的物相及形貌变化进行分析.结果表明,在碱熔温度为1050℃、氢氧化钠与废粉质量比为2.5∶1、碱熔时间为2 h 条件下,其稀土浸出率可达98%以上,铝回收率可达98%.通过对碱熔产物物相和形貌分析表明,废粉晶体结构被有效破坏,其中稀土以稀土氧化物形式存在,碱熔产物变成无定型云絮状.     

Up-conversion processes of rare earth ions in heavy metal glasses

Heavy metal lead germanate glasses doubly doped with Yb3+ and Ln3+ ions(Ln=Er,Tm) were investigated.Up-conversion spectra of Er3+ and Tm3+ were registered under diode-laser excitation of Yb3+.Up-conversion luminescence bands corresponded to 4S3/2→4I15/2(green) and 4F9/2→4I15/2(red) transitions of Er3+ as well as 1G4→3H6(blue) and 3H4→3H6(NIR) transitions of Tm3+,respectively.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定高铬铸铁中锰

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定高铬铸铁中锰,对测定条件及试样处理方法进行了系统研究。用SrCl2做释放剂消除Si的干扰,并采用HCl溶样、HClO4冒烟消除碳化物的影响。对高铬铸铁标样中锰的测定,结果满意。     

Effect of rare earth elements on the thermal cracking resistance of high speed steel rolls

The effect of rare earth elements on the thermal cracking resistance of high speed steel (HSS) rolls was investigated. Laser rapid heating was used for thermal fatigue experiments. Thermal cracks and microstructure were observed using metalloscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that thermal cracks initiated from the interface between the matrix and eutectic carbides (including M6C and M7C3 type carbides),and propagated along the interface between the two phases. MC type carbides enriched with vanadium could prevent the propagation of thermal cracks. The presence of rare earth elements decreased the quantity of big eutectic carbides,and proportionally increased spherical and rod-shaped MC type carbide content. HSS0 (0.00% RE) had approximately three times the thermal cracking density of HSS3 (0.12 wt.% RE). Rare earth elements were shown to significantly improve the microstructure and thermal cracking resistance of HSS rolls.