激光光学系统的球差

依据斯特列尔判断，采用解线性方程组的方法讨论了高斯光束初级和高级球差的最佳校正形式，并以表格方式给出了最佳校正形式。讨论了按照均匀光波最佳校正形式对高斯光束进行像差平衡时的中心点亮度变化，研究表明，在工程实际中，采用普通光学系统的像差平衡理论对激光光学系统进行设计是完全可行的。     

Polychromatic Optical Image. Diffraction Limited System and Influence of the Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

The illuminance and the chromaticity distributions in the polychromatic diffraction pattern of an object point, formed by an optical system, are computed and discussed in this paper. We consider the aberration-free system, and systems with the most frequent states of longitudinal chromatic aberrations, i.e. apochromatism, achromatism and systems with lineal residual chromatic aberration. The study is carried out by determining in each case the colour (illuminance and chromaticity) in different image planes. The colour distributions in the diffraction patterns give more information about the aberration corrections than the study of only the illuminance distributions. The influence of the spectral emission is also studied by using the standard sources EQ (equal energy), A, B and C (1931 CIE). The standard observer (CIE 1931) is taken as the receiver.     

Polarization Aberration Effects Propagated in Optical Systems

Abstract

The propagation and imaging of polarized light through optical systems described by a polarization aberration expansion is treated by combining a scalar operator calculus with the Jones calculus. The martrix-operator framework provides a means for handling diffraction and propagation in optical systems containing polarization aberrations. An expansion for the polarization aberration function of an optical system, similar to the expansion of the wavefront aberration function into defocus, tilt, piston, and higher-order terms, is analysed. These polarization aberration terms introduce phase changes in the diffraction image proportional to the first and second derivatives of the non-polarization aberrated image structure.     

空间相干光通信外差效率及天线像差的影响

空间相干光通信中接收天线像差会使光外差效率下降.对本振光为高斯分布,信号光为爱里斑分布的光外差效率进行了研究,给出了无像差时外差效率的解析表达式.当焦平面上爱里斑半径与本振高斯光束光腰半径之比为1.71时,有最大外差效率81.45%.然后以本振光为理想的高斯光束,信号光受像差的影响,研究了倾斜、离焦、球差、彗差、像散等像差引起的光外差效率损失,给出了存在像差时外差效率的一维积分表达式.研究表明即使在采用离焦校正后,一个波长的球差引起的附加外差效率损失仍可达0.9 dB.因此对于爱里斑位于光轴上的接收天线,在设计时需仔细处理球差的影响.     

Transformation of Reference Spheres by an Aberration Free and Infinitely Large Optical System in the Fresnel Approximation

Imaging of a complex distribution by a thin lens is studied and generalized by analysing the imaging process of a complex distribution defined on an off-axis object sphere in an optical system. First, imaging of an object in an elementary system is considered, and then the considerations for the system being a combination of the elementary systems are presented. The general rule of reference spheres transformation is introduced. It is shown that complex distributions given on an off-axis object sphere are fully reconstructed on an image sphere of the system with a change of scale only. The relations between the parameters of the object and image spheres are determined. Some examples of the applications of the transforming rule are given.     

Ray-tracing model for stretcher dispersion calculation

We propose a ray-tracing model that provides a clear physical picture and simple formulas for grating pair stretcher dispersion calculations. With this model we can easily demonstrate why and to what extent the stretcher and compressor are opposite quantitatively without using a Fourier transform. The dispersion calculation shows that the spherical aberration in the stretcher decreases fourth-order dispersion compared with an aberration-free stretcher. In a chirped pulse amplification system, this fourth order can help to reduce residual fourth-order dispersion. The effect of the finite beam size and the misalignment are also considered.     

Studying Hologram Imagery by a Ray-tracing Method

The wave fields in the recording and reconstruction processes are treated in terms of normal rectilinear congruences of light rays. The thin hologram is then interpreted as a distribution of local sinusoidal gratings of variable frequency and orientation. Replaced by a bundle of rays, the reconstruction wave interacts with the hologram by a series of diffractions on the local gratings. The concentration of light in the resulting congruences is evaluated in terms of the geometrical parameters of their caustics. The evaluation of quality of hologram imagery in dependence of experimental configuration can be obtained by automatic computations with reasonable running times. As an example the reconstruction of a cube is studied.     

Noise-Loading Analysis for a General Memoryless System

An expression for the noise power ratio of a memoryless nonlinearity with finite output power is given. This generalizes previous results which were restricted to nonlinearities with finite Taylor series expansions. Simpler proofs of these earlier results are presented.     

Ray-tracing formulas for refraction and internal reflection in uniaxial crystals

Formulas for the calculation of the direction cosines of refracted and internally reflected rays in anisotropic uniaxial crystals are presented. The method is based on a transformation to a nonorthonormal coordinate system in which the normal surface associated with the extraordinary ray is of spherical shape. A numerical example for the case of refraction and internal reflection in calcite is given.     

Influence of Amplitude-only Filters in Optical Systems with Residual Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

Abstract

The transverse and axial polychromatic responses of optical systems with residual chromatic aberration and an achromatic correction are studied. The influence of amplitude-only filters that produce apodization or hyper-resolution in a transverse section is shown. Filters that modify the responses along the axis are also shown. The differences between the responses of the aberration-free system with a filter and the aberrant systems with the same filter are compared.     

A Search for Optical Molasses in a Vapor Cell: General Analysis and Experimental Attempt

We analyze the application of optical molasses to a thermal vapor cell to make and collect cold atoms. Such an arrangement would simplify the production of cold atoms by eliminating the difficulty of first having to produce and slow an atomic beam. We present the results of our calculations, computer models, and experimental work. As a guide for future work, general results are given to illustrate which fundamental parameters are most important in the production of cold atoms in a vapor cell.     

Ray-tracing and physical-optics analysis of the aperture efficiency in a radio telescope

The performance of telescope systems working at microwave or visible-IR wavelengths is typically described in terms of different parameters according to the wavelength range. Most commercial ray-tracing packages have been specifically designed for use with visible-IR systems and thus, though very flexible and sophisticated, do not provide the appropriate parameters to fully describe microwave antennas and to compare with specifications. We demonstrate that the Strehl ratio is equal to the phase efficiency when the apodization factor is taken into account. The phase efficiency is the most critical contribution to the aperture efficiency of an antenna and the most difficult parameter to optimize during the telescope design. The equivalence between the Strehl ratio and the phase efficiency gives the designer/user of the telescope the opportunity to use the faster commercial ray-tracing software to optimize the design. We also discuss the results of several tests performed to check the validity of this relationship that we carried out using a ray-tracing software, ZEMAX, and a full Physical Optics software, GRASP9.3, applied to three different telescope designs that span a factor of approximately 10 in terms of D/lambda. The maximum measured discrepancy between phase efficiency and Strehl ratio varies between approximately 0.4% and 1.9% up to an offset angle of >40 beams, depending on the optical configuration, but it is always less than 0.5% where the Strehl ratio is >0.95.     

Aberration compensation in a grating interferometer

The transfer function of a grating interferometer with aberrated gratings is discussed. A geometrical configuration is developed that minimizes the aberrations of the output fringes in the interferometer, which is constructed with three hyperbolic gratings. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that it is possible to compensate for first-order aberrations of the interferometer and obtain straight output fringes if a suitable geometric configuration is used for both the recording of the grating components and the interferometer itself.     

Holographic Grating Aberration Correction for a Rowland Circle Mount I

The aberration coefficients of a concave holographic diffraction grating, derived using Fermat's principle, are used to correct the aberrations of a Rowland circle spectrograph when the slit and grating recording sources lie on the Rowland circle. The correction at two wavelengths of primary astigmatism or primary coma is demonstrated under this constraint.     

Optical Bilinear Transformations: General Properties

Because of the quadratic relation between the optical field and intensity, an inherent non-linearity exists in almost all optical systems. A class of non-linear transformations which we call bilinear (quadratic with memory) is defined; its properties and relevance to optical imaging systems are discussed. For space-invariant systems, a generalized transfer function is defined which characterizes the bilinear system completely. We also examine the approximate linearization of bilinear systems for low-contrast images, and the propagation of noise through such systems. Special emphasis is given to the partially coherent system which is but a special case of this general bilinear system.     

Holographic Grating Aberration Correction for a Rowland Circle Mount II

We generalize the treatment given in Part I to show how to correct primary astigmatism or primary coma at two wavelengths in two orders. We then introduce a further state of correction that permits the simultaneous correction of primary astigmatism and primary coma for a given value of 1 ? m λ/λ⁰ ? 2. Some practical implications are discussed.     

静态紫外地球模拟器光学系统设计

静态紫外地球模拟器是一种对紫外导航敏感器进行地面标定和精度测试的设备。本文设计了一种静态紫外地球模拟器光学系统,提出大视场静态紫外地球模拟器光学系统设计方案,对光学系统的参数进行了分析,系统选用七片透镜进行设计,有效孔径为D=10 mm,焦距为f=100 mm,视场角为Φ40°。全视场相对畸变小于0.036%,MTF在50 lp/mm处大于0.7,波像差均方根值小于0.037λ,地球张角偏差??0.006 7°,达到了高精度的指标要求,满足设计要求。     

Aberration analysis of a wedge-plate display system

The aberration characteristics of a wedge-plate display optical system are analyzed. The study shows that a kink-like feature is inherent in the ray-intercept curve due to either the onset of the dark zone in imaging or the coincidence of the ray direction with the vertex. Third-order aberration coefficients are deduced, and the total amount of aberration is investigated to illustrate the basic limitations of image quality in this type of display. The issue of design optimization is also investigated based on the aberration characteristics. A numerical example of a 50 in. display with a 1:10 thickness and a diagonal screen length ratio is also provided.