Imaging Properties of the Schwarzschild Soft-X-ray Microscopes

Abstract

The imaging properties of the soft-X-ray microscopes composed of a Schwarzschild objective and a grazing incidence mirror condenser are discussed. Fundamental formulae on the partially coherent transfer function, the resolution of a two-point object and the edge response have been derived by consideration of the optical properties of an object in soft-X-ray regions. Then these imaging properties for the microscopes are investigated with the formulae and compared with those for a normal circular pupil system.     

ADR design for the Soft X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Astro-H mission

In its instrument suite, the Japanese Astro-H mission will include the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), whose 36-pixel detector array of ultra-sensitive X-ray microcalorimeters will be cooled to 50 mK. This will be accomplished using a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). A complicating factor for its design is that the ADR will be integrated into a superfluid helium dewar at 1.3 K that will be coupled to a 1.8 K Joule-Thomson (JT) stage through a heat switch. When liquid helium is present, the coupling will be weak, and the JT stage will act primarily as a shield to reduce parasitic heat loads. When the liquid is depleted, the heat switch will couple more strongly so that the ADR can continue to operate using the JT stage as its heat sink. A two-stage ADR is the most mass efficient option and it has the operational flexibility to work well with a stored cryogen and a cryocooler. The ADR’s design and operating modes are discussed, with emphasis on how they reflect the capabilities and limitations of the hybrid cryogenic system.     

氮化硅窗口在大气环境软X射线接触成像中的应用研究

成功地研制了将软X射线引入大气中的氮化硅窗口。根据具体数据,对大气环境下软X射线接触成像的水窗软X射线衰减进行了估算;给出成像实验结果并观察到了氮化硅膜上的微粒图像叠加在样品图像上的现象。所得结果与理论估算相一致。即使用3.2nm的软X射线时,同一样品在大气环境中所需的曝光量约为真空中的两倍。这些结果将十分有益于大气环境下的软X射线接触显微术及软X射线扫描透射显微术的研究。     

显微热成像系统行处理迭代超分辨力处理研究

针对已研制光学微扫描显微热成像系统空间分辨力较低的问题,基于改进的频域图像配准技术和改进的行处理迭代超分辨力算法,提出了显微热成像系统光学微扫描改进行处理迭代超分辨力图像处理方法。给出了该方法的原理及步骤,采用不同重构方法针对可见光和红外图像进行了仿真研究,给出了评价参数和结论。利用光学微扫描显微热成像系统采集低分辨力显微热图像序列进行了超分辨力处理实验,实验结果表明本文提出方法的有效性,光学微扫描显微热成像系统的空间分辨力得到提高,可应用于需要显微热分析的场合。该方法还可以应用于其它不可控光学微扫描成像系统中,具有广泛的应用前景。     

三角共路型干涉成象光谱仪研究

空间调制干涉成象（傅立叶变换）光谱仪是一种有重要的研究和应用价值的空间遥感器。本文就在研的三角共路型干涉成象（傅立叶变换）光谱仪原理样机的情况进行了介绍,并依据应用要求和建立的信噪比方程设计了原理样机的具体参数,该样机的设计性能达到和超过了预先提出 的技术指标,用该样机的具体参数进行的信噪比计算及计算机仿真模拟计算也表明,本装置及其参数能够了在可见和近红外谱段以较高的光说粉辨力满足探测要求。     

Considerations of Zone Plate Optics for Soft X-ray Microscopy

Fresnel zone plates are considered as imaging elements for soft X-ray microscopy. Conditions for the removal of unwanted diffraction orders by a combination of an axial stop and a pin-hole are examined. The effect of these obstructions on the image quality is discussed.     

Manipulation and Imaging of Individual Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with an Atomic Force Microscope

The tip of an atomic force microscope is used to create carbon nanotube junctions by changing the position and shape of individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes on a SiO₂ surface. With this manipulation technique, we are able to bend, buckle, cross (see Figure), and break nanotubes, and to unravel a nanotube “crop circle” into a single tube. Tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy measurements of the height of a carbon nanotube on the surface always yield values smaller than the nanotube diameter. Variation of the scan parameters shows that this is due to a tapping deformation by the tip. The tapping deformation of manipulated nanotube crossings and buckles is discussed as well.     

软X射线光刻机对准系统中的图象预处理方法

在图象处理系统中,处理速度是很重要的技术指标。本文介绍了一种采用求和投影法进行的预处理方法,在处理速度方面得到了很大的提高,取得了比较理想的效果．     

纳米尺度铁电畴的扫描力显微镜成像研究进展

扫描力显微镜(SFM)作为一种新型的超分辨率近场扫描探针显微仪器正日益受到各学科领域的高度重视.在铁电材料领域,SFM是开展纳米尺度铁电畴结构成像、纳米尺度畴结构控制及纳米尺度微区的铁电性、介电性、压电性等特性研究的潜在的强有力的研究工具.本文就纳米尺度铁电畴的扫描力显微镜的成像原理的研究进展作一综述.     

数字式万能工具显微镜常见故障排除

介绍数字式万能工具显微镜常见故障及排除.     

智能式软启动器的应用研究

交流鼠笼式电动机采用智能软启动控制技术,可以避免因较大电流的变化而产生的对机械设备的冲击力,延长设备使用寿命.采用微机控制技术,具有斜坡电压和限制电流的功能.可设置多种启动方式,使受控电机按转矩优化的加速曲线,完成启动过程.     

新型椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器研究

本文设计了一种新型椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器,该冷凝器采用套管结构,制冷剂在圆型内管与椭圆形外管之间的环形区域流动,同时与内管中的冷却水、外管外的喷淋水及冷却空气进行热量交换。以北京阜通地铁站为实测地点,对位于该站的圆管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器运行数据进行现场实测,以实测数据为基础对椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器进行传热理论和机理分析,并通过Fluent数值模拟,将模拟结果与圆管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器的实际运行数据进行对比。研究结果表明:当空气入口温度为27℃、空气流速为3～4 m/s时,椭圆形套管-管翅式换热器管外压降与圆管-管翅式换热器相比降低11. 18%～14. 65%;当喷淋水温度为27. 5～33. 5℃时,椭圆形套管-管翅式换热器出口制冷剂温度比圆管-管翅式换热器模拟值低2. 66～10. 21℃;当入口制冷剂温度大于44℃时,椭圆形套管-管翅式换热器出口制冷剂温度比圆管-管翅式换热器实测值低1. 9～4. 3℃,其总传热系数比圆管-管翅式换热器提高47. 42%。     

蒸发式冷凝器性能研究及强化

蒸发式冷凝器具有节水、节能、结构紧凑等优点,在工业制冷等领域得到了广泛的应用。建立了蒸发式冷凝器性能测试实验平台,测试了喷淋密度和迎面风速对蒸发式冷凝器传热性能及对其制冷系统制冷性能的影响。结果表明,在喷淋密度为0.047kg/m.s,迎面风速为3.01m/s时,蒸发式冷凝器的性能达到最佳,能效比为5.0,总传热系数为425W/m2。比较性实验表明,采用填料来提高蒸发式冷凝器的性能,在相同的操作条件下,总传热系数提高7.2%~16.9%,能效比提高0.4%~3.5%。     

Development of mechanical cryocoolers for the cooling system of the Soft X-ray Spectrometer onboard Astro-H

Astro-H is the Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite planned for launch in 2014. The Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) onboard Astro-H, is a high energy resolution spectrometer utilizing an X-ray micro-calorimeter array, which is operated at 50 mK by the ADR with the 30-L superfluid liquid helium (LHe). The mechanical cryocoolers, 4 K-class Joule Thomson (JT) cooler and 20 K-class double-staged Stirling (2ST) cooler are key components to achieve a LHe lifetime for over 3 years in orbit (5 years as a goal). Based on the existing cryocoolers onboard Akari (2006) and JEM/SMILES (2009), modifications for higher cooling power and reliability had been investigated. In the present development phase, the Engineering Models (EMs) of these upgraded cryocoolers are fabricated to carry out verification tests for cooling performance, mechanical performance and lifetime. Nominal cooling power of 200 mW at 20 K for the 2ST cooler and 40 mW at 4.5 K for the JT cooler were demonstrated with temperature and power margin. Mechanical performance test for the 2ST cooler units proves tolerability for pyro shock and vibration environment of the Astro-H criteria. Continuous running of the 4 K-class JT cooler combined with the 2ST precooler for lifetime test has achieved over 5000 h without any degradation of cooling performance.     

Analysis of a New Method for Determining Optical Constants in the Soft X-ray Region

In this paper, a new method for measuring optical constants using transmission gratings is presented and analysed. The method, based on utilizing the properties of ultra-thin transmission diffraction gratings, is independent of the absolute intensity of the radiation source, the most critical part of the experiment being the accurate measurement and control of the diffraction grating parameters. By way of example, this paper relates the use of the new method to gold in the soft X-ray regime. By extension, it is shown that the same technique may be used on other materials, as long as they may be shaped into similar grating structures, and as long as they fulfil certain other criteria, outlined in the main body of this paper.     

HOPG和云母基底上原子力显微镜的微操作研究

纳米级微操作技术是制造纳米电子器件的技术基础。本文以HOPG和云母为基底，利用原子力显微镜，对碳纳米管团簇进行微操作。由于基底不同，在微操作过程中呈现不同的现象。这为彬纳米机械装配技术的研究作出了有益探索。     

Soft X-ray radiation effects on yeast cells with energies on and off the OK absorption edge by a soft X-ray microprobe

The cell killing abilities of soft X-rays on and off the oxygenK-shell edges on yeast cells have been investigated using amicrometer soft X-ray microprobe from synchrotron radiation.The dose depositions at different X-ray energies in the cellwere discussed. At the same time, the cells were irradiatedby ⁶⁰Co gamma-rays and the abilities in inducing yeast cellkilling were compared with those produced by soft X-rays. Theresults showed that soft X-rays on and off the O_K edge had higherability of radiation damage than ⁶⁰Co gamma-rays. The totalkilling abilities of the three soft X-rays on yeast cells werealmost similar and the differences of the X-rays in inducingyeast cell killing on and off the O_K edge were not obvious.