圆柱型空腔电离室修正系数的Monte Carlo模拟与实验验证

采用标称体积为10 cm~3圆柱型空腔电离室对Cs-137空气比释动能进行绝对测量。使用Monte Carlo模拟计算和实验两种方法对电离室壁修正因子k_w和轴向不均匀修正因子k_(an)进行对比研究。结果显示,使用等效壁厚的实验外推法确定的k_w值比MC计算得到的值小0.1%,实验方法确定的k_(an)值比MC计算得到的值小0.63%。两种方法相互印证,给出的修正系数值之间的误差可以接受,由于重复实验不可避免将引入其他误差因素,且MC计算方法简便可重复性高,最终选取MC计算结果为k_w、k_(an)确定值。     

Effect of Truncation of Noisy Line Spread Function on the Computed Optical Transfer Function

Theoretical consideration is given to the error of the optical transfer function caused by noise and truncation of the measured line spread function. The error due to noise is shown to be an increasing function of the scanning range of the line spread function. An optimum scanning range is found to exist that minimizes the total error resulting from noise and truncation. Numerical calculation is presented for the case of an aberration-free circular aperture and the change in total error with varying scanning range and noise level is illustrated.     

基于蒙特卡罗法的冲击力溯源系统不确定度评定

利用蒙特卡罗方法对多变量的冲击力溯源系统进行不确定性量化评定。该方法首先建立冲击力溯源系统各不确定变量的表征模型;再根据抽样空间相邻迭代解的误差限,建立样本量的适应度函数;最后利用适应度函数使冲击力测量模型的输入变量最佳逼近总体分布。为了验证该方法的有效性,利用该方法对冲击力溯源系统进行不确定度评定,评定结果表明,在95%的置信水平上,冲击力溯源系统的相对扩展不确定度优于0.818%,其不确定性主要来源于落锤上表面加速度分布不均匀和横向偏摆。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的电力系统可靠性评估

介绍了蒙特卡罗方法的原理及其在电力系统可靠性评估中的应用。从进行电力系统充裕度与安全度评估所采用的数学模型、加快评估速度的各种改进算法等几个方面阐述了蒙特卡罗方法在评估电力系统可靠性中的应用现状,最后指出了今后的研究方向。     

Uncertainty Evaluation and Validation of a Comparison Methodology to Perform In-house Calibration of Platinum Resistance Thermometers using a Monte Carlo Method

The uncertainty required by laboratories and industry for temperature measurements based on the practical use of platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) can commonly be achieved by calibration using temperature reference conditions and comparison methodologies (TCM) instead of the more accurate primary fixed-point (ITS-90) method. TCM is suitable for establishing internal traceability chains, such as connecting reference standards to transfer and working standards. The data resulting from the calibration method can be treated in a similar way to that prescribed for the ITS-90 interpolation procedure, to determine the calibration coefficients. When applying this approach, two major tasks are performed: (i) the evaluation of the uncertainty associated with the estimate of temperature (a requirement shared by the ITS-90 method), based on knowledge of the uncertainties associated with the temperature fixed points and the measured electrical resistances, and (ii) the validation of this practical comparison considering that the reference data are obtained using the ITS-90 method. The conventional approach, using the GUM uncertainty framework, requires approximations with unavoidable loss of accuracy and might not provide adequate uncertainty evaluation for the methods mentioned, because the conditions for its valid use, such as the near-linearity of the mathematical model relating temperature to electrical resistance, and the near-normality of the measurand (temperature), might not apply. Moreover, there can be some difficulty in applying the GUM uncertainty framework relating to the formation of sensitivity coefficients through partial derivatives for a model that, as here, is somewhat complicated and not readily expressible in an explicit form. Alternatively, uncertainty evaluation can be carried out by a Monte Carlo method (MCM), a numerical implementation of the propagation of distributions that is free from such conditions and straightforward to apply. In this paper, (a) the use of MCM to evaluate uncertainties relating to the ITS-90 interpolation procedure, and (b) a validation procedure to perform in-house calibration of PRTs by comparison are discussed. An example illustrating (a) and (b) is presented.     

Experimental and Monte Carlo evaluation of the neutron flux of an assembly with two AmBe sources

This work aimed to determine the irradiator thermal (under-cadmium) and fast (over-cadmium) neutron fluxes, of the Nuclear Experimental Laboratory of the Nuclear Engineering Center (CNEN-IPEN, S?o Paulo, Brazil), and the possibility of this irradiator use for Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), by the absolute method. To establish the facility specifications, the neutron flux values along the irradiator axis were determined experimentally and calculated by Monte Carlo method. The irradiator presents the advantage of supplying a stable neutron flux for a long period, eliminating the need to use standard material (comparative method), so that the process becomes agile, practical and economical.     

Intensity Fluctuations of an Optical Wave in a Turbulent Medium Effect of Source Coherence

The measured intensity scintillations of an optical wave in the turbulent atmosphere depend strongly on the coherence properties of the source. In this paper we obtain results for the intensity variance in a weakly turbulent medium for the case when the source is spatially incoherent, but has an arbitrary degree of temporal coherence.     

Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty Based on the Propagation of Distributions Using Monte Carlo Simulation

The uncertainty associated with a value of some quantity is widely recognized throughout scientific disciplines as a quantitative measure of the reliability of that value. In addition, measurement uncertainty is increasingly seen as essential in quality assurance for industry. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides internationally agreed recommendations for the evaluation of uncertainties. This paper outlines the current situation of uncertainty evaluation in the context of international norms and arrangements. It describes the basic ideas and concepts that underlie the GUM and serves as a brief tutorial on methods for evaluating measurement uncertainty in a manner consistent with the GUM. It recommends an approach to evaluating measurement uncertainty based on the propagation of distributions using Monte Carlo simulation. An example is presented to illustrate Monte Carlo simulation.     

Monte Carlo simulation of the homogeneous cooling state for a granular mixture

 The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to numerically solve the Enskog equation for a granular binary mixture in the homogeneous cooling state (HCS). The fourth velocity moments, the temperature ratio, and also the velocity distribution functions are obtained and compared with approximate analytical results derived recently from a Sonine polynomial expansion [V. Garzó and J. W. Dufty, Phys. Rev. E 60, 5706 (1999)]. The comparison shows an excellent agreement between both approaches, even for strong dissipation or disparate values of the mechanical parameters of the mixture. In contrast to previous studies, the partial temperatures of each species are clearly different, so that the total energy is not equally distributed between both species. Finally, in the same way as in the one-component case, the simulation as well as the theory show a high energy tail of the distribution functions. Received: 9 May 2001     

Monte Carlo calculation of the response function for a He neutron spectrometer

The response of a gridded ³He ionization chamber to monoenergetic neutrons has been calculated using a Monte Carlo approach. The effects of neutron scattering on detector materials, wall effects, recoil continua and background neutrons are included. The calculated results are smoothed according to a peak shape taken from experiment. Response functions in the energy range E_n < 1217 keV are compared to experimental data obtained with the ⁷Li(p, n)⁷Be reaction and to the detector efficiency derived from them.     

蒙特卡洛法测量不确定度评定中测量模型的建立

测量不确定度在测量结果中具有十分重要的意义,蒙特卡洛法以其不受非线性模型的限制、计算过程简便等优点,得到了广泛的应用。本文在蒙特卡洛法评定原理的基础上,分析建立准确可靠的测量模型是采用蒙特卡洛法进行测量不确定评定中的关键步骤,结合不确定度的可能来源,对测量模型的建立过程中的相关问题进行了探讨。     

A general Monte Carlo calculation for the geometrical efficiency of a detection system

A general Monte Carlo procedure is described for calculating the geometrical efficiency of a detection system with regard to a beam of particles impinging on a gaseous target or on a plane parallel target plate with finite thickness, while the detected particles are emitted with an isotropic angular distribution or one of the form [1−0.5P₂ (cos θ)], with P₂ (cos θ) the second Legendre polynomial. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the ¹⁶O(γ, P₀)¹⁵N data.     

不同价态的Mn和点空位对ZnO体系光学性能的影响

目前,因为实验上点空位的精确测量调控对ZnO:Mn体系物理性质的影响具有挑战性,而第一性原理解决此问题有一定的优势,所以用第一性原理研究了Mn2+/3+/4+掺杂和氧空位或锌空位(VO/VZn)对ZnO的结构稳定性、电子结构和光学性质的影响.研究结果显示,所有体系在富氧条件下的形成能比富锌条件下的形成能低,说明ZnO:Mn在富氧条件下容易形成稳定结构.在Mn2+掺杂的含VO/VZn的ZnO体系中,VO价态越低,体系形成能越低,结构越稳定;而对于VZn价态则相反.在Mn2+/3+/4+掺杂的含中性空位(VO 0/VZn 0)的ZnO中,Mn的价态越高,体系形成能越低,结构越稳定.Mn2+掺杂的含VO 0/VZn 0的ZnO体系的光学带隙变窄,在可见光范围内吸收光谱红移.其中,VO 0杂质能级和费米能级部分重叠形成陷阱效应,更有利于产生电子?空穴对.此外,含VO 0体系在360～509 nm内的吸收强度最大,而含VZn 0体系在509～760 nm范围内的吸收强度最大.ZnO:Mn体系对可见光的响应主要由Mn、Zn和O离子之间的sp?d相互作用和Mn掺杂、VO 0/VZn 0引导的体系自旋极化引起.因此,含VO 0/VZn 0的ZnO:Mn体系是有较好应用前景的光催化材料.     

Effect of red cell clustering and anisotropy on ultrasound blood backscatter: a Monte Carlo study

When flowing at a low shear rate, blood appears hyperechogenic on ultrasound B-scans. The formation of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates that also alters blood viscosity is the microscopic mechanism explaining this acoustical phenomenon. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to predict how RBC clustering increases ultrasound scattering by blood. A bidimensional Gibbs-Markov random point process parameterized by the adhesion energy epsilon and an anisotropy index nu was used to describe RBC positions for a hematocrit H = 40%. The frequency dependence of the backscattering coefficient chi(f) was computed using Born approximation. The backscattering coefficient chi0 at 5 MHz and the spectral slopes n(x) and n(y) (chi alpha f(nx) or f(ny)) measured, respectively, when the insonification is parallel and perpendicular with the RBC cluster axis were then extracted. Under isotropic conditions, chi0 increased up to 7 dB with epsilon and n(x) = n(y) decreased from 4.2 to 3.4. Under anisotropic conditions, the backscattering was stronger perpendicularly to aggregate axis, resulting in n(x) < n(y). The anisotropy in scattering appeared more pronounced when epsilon or nu increased. These two dimensional results generally predict that low-frequency blood backscatter is related to cluster dimension, and higher-frequency properties are affected by finer morphological features as anisotropy. This numerically establishes that ultrasound backscatter spectroscopy on a large frequency range is pertinent to characterize in situ hemorheology.     

Monte Carlo study in physical adsorption II: A comparison of Monte Carlo and renormalization group results for localized monolayer adsorption on a triagular lattice

The localized monolayer adsorption of an atomic adsorbate on a triangular lattice was studied with the help of grand ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. The adsorbed atoms were assumed to interact with one another via a Lennard-Jones potential and interactions up to the sixth nearest neighbours were taken into account. The diameters of the adsorbed atoms (relative to the lattice unit cell size) were chosen such that a direct comparison could be made of the simulation results with the renormalization group calculations due to Ostlund and Berker. In particular, it was assumed that mutual occupation of adjacent sites is excluded because of the highly positive energy of interaction between the first nearest neighbours. In spite of the difficulties due to metastability, several phase diagrams for adsorbed films were constructed and compared with the phase diagrams obtained by the renormalization group method. A remarkable agreement between the results obtained by these two methods was found.     

Experimental validation of Monte Carlo and finite-element methods for the estimation of the optical path length in inhomogeneous tissue

To validate models of light propagation in biological tissue, experiments to measure the mean time of flight have been carried out on several solid cylindrical layered phantoms. The optical properties of the inner cylinders of the phantoms were close to those of adult brain white matter, whereas a range of scattering or absorption coefficients was chosen for the outer layer. Experimental results for the mean optical path length have been compared with the predictions of both an exact Monte Carlo (MC) model and a diffusion equation, with two differing boundary conditions implemented in a finite-element method (PEM). The MC and experimental results are in good agreement despite poor statistics for large fiber spacings, whereas good agreement with the FEM prediction requires a careful choice of proper boundary conditions.     

On the Diffusion of Radiation from a Point or a Line Source in an Infinite Medium

The approximate equation of transfer for diffused radiation in a seattering medium is obtained and applied to the cases of infinite media illuminated by a point source or by an infinite line source of radiation. Une relation approchée est obtenue pour la propagation du rayonnement diffus dans un milieu diffusant, puis appliquée aux cas de milieux infiniment étendus éclairés par une source ponctuelle ou par une source linéaire de longueur illimitée. Die Näherungsgleichung für die Ausbreitung der diffusen Strahlung in einem streuenden Medium wird aufgestellt und auf den Fall eines unendlich ausgedehnten Mediums angewendet, wobei die Strahlungsquelle entweder als punktförmig oder als linear unendlich angenommen ist.     

Experimental Procedure for Evaluating the Effective Power of a Solvent

An experimental procedure for determining the solvent efficiency index in cleaning and degreasing is proposed and substantiated.