高效非成像聚光光学系统设计与性能分析

针对菲涅尔透镜存在实际光学效率偏低的问题,本文设计了一种由非球面透镜和棒锥镜组成的高效非成像聚光光学系统。在光学设计软件Zemax的序列模式下对非球面透镜进行了优化设计,通过最大程度地减小球差,像面光斑的几何半径从42 mm降到了1.7 mm。基于此,在Zemax的非序列模式下,完成了非球面透镜和棒锥镜的建模和优化,通过蒙特卡罗光线追迹分析实现了光学效率为87%、接收角为0.9°的非成像聚光光学系统。最后,基于非球面透镜阵列和棒锥镜样品,实现了高倍聚光型光伏模组的封装与测试。测试结果表明,该模组的光电转换效率达30.03%,与菲涅尔透镜构成的高倍聚光型光伏模组相比有显著提升。     

光学加工中真空夹具设计及分析

为了在光学加工中快速、可靠地装夹光学元件,设计了真空夹具,对该真空夹具引起光学元件变形量进行了分析.首先,根据光学加工对夹具的要求,应用手动静压快速夹头以及传统真空吸盘结构,设计了真空夹具;接着,对真空夹具引起光学元件变形量进行了仿真分析,并根据分析结果改进了真空夹具结构;最后,针对改进后的真空夹具进行了仿真验证.仿真结果表明:有防护层的真空夹具引起光学元件表面最大变形量在0.1 μm～0.32 μm之间,是没有防护层的真空夹具引起光学元件表面最大变形量的1/14.该种真空夹具可以应用于高精度光学加工中.     

超精密磨削大型光学非球面元件的研究

介绍了加工大型光学非球面的超精密数控磨削系统，给出了用来生成NC加工软件的加工非球面时砂轮的中心位置的求解模型，在此基础上讨论并给出了由砂轮安装产生的砂轮与工件主轴的偏心误差形成的加工工件面形误差的计算模型，并提出有效的工具路径补偿方法。通过计算机模拟验证了这种补偿方法的可靠性。     

An apparatus for measuring the optical strength of UPIG artificial eyes

Metrological support is considered for automatic eye refractometers, and an apparatus is described for measuring the optical strength of an artificial eye. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 63–65, April, 2008.     

Coupling efficiency of optical coherence tomography system with gradient refractive index rod lens as reference arm

The coupling efficiency equation of an optical coherence tomography system with a gradient refractive index rod lens as the reference arm is established and discussed theoretically and experimentally. The experimental result is consistent with the theoretical result. The higher coupling efficiency of the OCT system can be obtained if θ, which is the angle between the mirror and the y axis, is smaller than 0.5°.     

全金属反射光学系统主镜的集成分析

光学集成分析是对外界力或热作用下系统光学性能的分析。全金属反射光学系统主镜的集成分析包括:在AutoCAD和Pro/E中进行结构设计,建立模型,于Ansys中进行有限元分析,在Zemax中进行光学分析。分析结果表明,横向20g加速度作用下主镜轴向变形最大,为0.869E-6m;轴向20g加速度作用下主镜的应力最大,为1.19MPa;在重力作用下,系统最大波前值分别为0.0387λ,在系统对光学性能0.05λ的要求范围内;在5~20g加速度范围内,主镜变形对系统RMS点尺寸的影响成近似的线性;近轴视场内,横向加速度对系统RMS点尺寸的影响比轴向的略小。光学集成分析可为光学系统的设计与评价提供更确切的依据。     

空间光通信系统的设计及实现

提出一种较全面的空间光通信系统结构。该系统的光发射接收子系统采用三发三收的设计方法,以增大光的发射功率和接收功率;APT子系统采用望远镜进行粗瞄准,音频调制光标信号进行精瞄准;控制子系统采用Ethernet接口,远程通过Internet对系统进行测量和控制的设计方法。给出一个近地大气空间光通信系统的设计实例, 其信号传输速率为155Mbps,传输距离为4km,在误码率不大于10-9条件下,系统接收灵敏度达到-52dBm。     

Technique of calculating the divergence at the exit of afocal optical systems, taking aberrations into account

A flexible system of approximations by means of which it is possible to precisely compute the Kirchhoff diffraction integral is analyzed. A beam of the null component mode (TEM₀₀) at the exit from a flat hollow resonator transformed by an afocal optical system that reduces aberration is considered. The possibility of reducing aberrations by a computation of the structural parameters of the lens using a newly developed procedure is investigated. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 45–48, October, 2006.     

A dimensionless ordered pull-through model of the mammalian lens epithelium evidences scaling across species and explains the age-dependent changes in cell density in the human lens

We present a mathematical (ordered pull-through; OPT) model of the cell-density profile for the mammalian lens epithelium together with new experimental data. The model is based upon dimensionless parameters, an important criterion for inter-species comparisons where lens sizes can vary greatly (e.g. bovine (approx. 18 mm); mouse (approx. 2 mm)) and confirms that mammalian lenses scale with size. The validated model includes two parameters: β/α, which is the ratio of the proliferation rate in the peripheral and in the central region of the lens; and γ_GZ, a dimensionless pull-through parameter that accounts for the cell transition and exit from the epithelium into the lens body. Best-fit values were determined for mouse, rat, rabbit, bovine and human lens epithelia. The OPT model accounts for the peak in cell density at the periphery of the lens epithelium, a region where cell proliferation is concentrated and reaches a maximum coincident with the germinative zone. The β/α ratio correlates with the measured FGF-2 gradient, a morphogen critical to lens cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. As proliferation declines with age, the OPT model predicted age-dependent changes in cell-density profiles, which we observed in mouse and human lenses.     

Constructing predictive models of human running

Running is an essential mode of human locomotion, during which ballistic aerial phases alternate with phases when a single foot contacts the ground. The spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) provides a starting point for modelling running, and generates ground reaction forces that resemble those of the centre of mass (CoM) of a human runner. Here, we show that while SLIP reproduces within-step kinematics of the CoM in three dimensions, it fails to reproduce stability and predict future motions. We construct SLIP control models using data-driven Floquet analysis, and show how these models may be used to obtain predictive models of human running with six additional states comprising the position and velocity of the swing-leg ankle. Our methods are general, and may be applied to any rhythmic physical system. We provide an approach for identifying an event-driven linear controller that approximates an observed stabilization strategy, and for producing a reduced-state model which closely recovers the observed dynamics.     

A prototype safety system for new on-the-job training (OJT) in an anthropocentric cell manufacturing system

The anthropocentric cell manufacturing system (ACMS) discussed consists of a skill-based manufacturing scheduling system, a new on-the-job training (New OJT) system and a safety system. The New OJT was developed using e-learning and automated guided vehicle (AGV)-arm robot as a teacher for CNC machine training. Since the machines and the AGV-arm robot are automatic devices, controlled by computer programs, the dangers might arise during training. Therefore, the safety system is required to ensure that a learner will be safe. We propose a prototype of safety system with designed machine-protection in order to protect the learner from dangerous behaviours during a level 1 training of a New OJT in ACMS. The machine-protection focused on protection from danger using image processing with a background subtraction technique and comparison of objects’ position. We also evaluated safety assessments of the learners, consisting of human error probabilities (HEP) and a human error rate (HER). The prototype of this developed safety system showed that the machine-protection certainly raises a warning alarm when the learner rises into dangerous zones during the training. The evaluated safety assessments showed that our designed New OJT training level 1 course performed more efficient safety performance for self-training of the learner.     

A prototype safety system for new on-the-job training (OJT) in an anthropocentric cell manufacturing system

The anthropocentric cell manufacturing system (ACMS) discussed consists of a skill-based manufacturing scheduling system, a new on-the-job training (New OJT) system and a safety system. The New OJT was developed using e-learning and automated guided vehicle (AGV)-arm robot as a teacher for CNC machine training. Since the machines and the AGV-arm robot are automatic devices, controlled by computer programs, the dangers might arise during training. Therefore, the safety system is required to ensure that a learner will be safe. We propose a prototype of safety system with designed machine-protection in order to protect the learner from dangerous behaviours during a level 1 training of a New OJT in ACMS. The machine-protection focused on protection from danger using image processing with a background subtraction technique and comparison of objects' position. We also evaluated safety assessments of the learners, consisting of human error probabilities (HEP) and a human error rate (HER). The prototype of this developed safety system showed that the machine-protection certainly raises a warning alarm when the learner rises into dangerous zones during the training. The evaluated safety assessments showed that our designed New OJT training level 1 course performed more efficient safety performance for self-training of the learner.     

眼球系统中关键屈光元件的光学模型研究

角膜和晶状体是人眼光学系统中两个关键的屈光元件,为了理解眼内各介质和整个眼球的屈光状态以及视网膜上的成像,有利于眼科临床方面的应用,需要分别对二者进行光学特性模型的分析与研究。根据角膜和晶状体的光学特性,应用光学设计软件Zemax和有关的数学工具,从光学成像角度,分别对角膜和晶状体模型进行研究:基于结合人眼光学模型的角膜双二次曲面模型的建立方法,统计分析了我国人眼实测角膜参数的数据;通过对晶状体折射率分布特点的分析,分别在轴向和径向上进行了综合分析。最后给出了符合我国人眼特点的角膜面型的统计数值,完善了我国人眼角膜光学模型的建立;获得了形式简单且能够表示晶状体折射率分布一般特征的梯度渐变模型表达式。基于收集的我国人眼实测数据的角膜面型模型和晶状体梯度渐变形式的折射率模型,为解决人眼光学系统研究中的关键问题提供了新的方案和思路。     

基于CMOS APS的星敏感器光学系统结构设计与优化

基于CMOS APS的星敏感器是适应航天技术微型化的发展而产生的新一代姿态敏感器.结合星敏感器系统帧频以及探测信噪比阈值的要求,确定了合适的CMOS探测器件以及光学系统的通光孔径、焦距、工作光谱范围和中心波长等主要参数.分别基于球面和非球面,在ZEMAX平台上实现了具有良好像质的大孔径(F/1.198)、大视场(22.6°)、宽光谱范围(0.5～0.8 μm)的两种光学系统的结构设计,满足了对弥散斑、能量集中度、畸变等的特殊要求.     

基于机器视觉的光纤准直器自动耦光系统

针对以往无源光器件自动耦光系统耦光耗时长的问题,提出一种基于机器视觉的准直器自动粗对光解决方案.应用工业相机采集待调准直器图像;结合改进后的OTSU二值化算法与概率霍夫直线检测算法,提取待调准直器的轮廓线并计算两准直器之间的角度位置差;根据角度位置差,控制系统会发送相应数量的脉冲控制自动平台实现运动控制.以上3个环节相...     

全反射法折射率测量中的多光源光学系统设计

介绍了一种用于全反射法折射率测量的光学系统.当采用一个光源时,折射率测量的精度和量程受到接收面积的限制,采用多光源的光学系统,通过把量程分段,切换不同的光源来选择合适的量程,能在不改变接收端光电传感器的条件下,提高测量精度,扩大量程.本文根据折反射定律,通过分析光路图,给出了此光学系统的结构参数.理论计算和实验结果表明,当采用三个光源时,测量精度或量程比单光源系统提高到三倍左右.     

用于光纤多普勒测振的远距离光纤准直系统

为了解决光纤多普勒测振仪远距离非接触测量物体振动时,信号偏弱、过零点波形凌乱、难于解调的问题,本文提出了一种新型光纤准直系统。本系统主要采用在小型C-lens光纤准直器后端增加整形系统并借助ZEMAX软件对高斯光束进行准直并优化,通过对光纤准直系统成品进行耦合测试实验,使用C-lens准直器与光纤准直系统进行信号耦合效率的测试对比。实验结果表明：改进后的准直系统能够满足2 m的工作距离,空间返回光耦合效率最大能达到6.3%,极大地提升了多普勒信号的对比度,提高了远距离光纤多普勒测振仪对振动的测量精度。

     

基于MEMS技术的自适应光学系统的研究

用自适应光学系统来校正由大气湍流等产生的波前畸变,能够得到很好的效果.通过对自适应光学系统的工作原理进行研究,提出了一种基于MEMS技术的微小型自适应光学系统校正波前畸变的方法,将MEMS技术应用于变形反射镜,并构建了具体的实验平台,用来校正一种人为产生的波前畸变,且阐述了具体的实验过程.实验结果表明,基于MEMS技术的自适应光学系统能够很好地闭环校正波前畸变,且其体积小、质量轻、校正性能稳定,为自适应光学技术在星载相机上的应用提供了依据.