Simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacement derivatives using dual-wavelength digital holographic interferometry

The paper introduces a method for simultaneously measuring the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement derivatives of a deformed object in digital holographic interferometry. In the proposed method, lasers of different wavelengths are used to simultaneously illuminate the object along various directions such that a unique wavelength is used for a given direction. The holograms formed by multiple reference-object beam pairs of different wavelengths are recorded by a 3-color CCD camera with red, green, and blue channels. Each channel stores the hologram related to the corresponding wavelength and hence for the specific direction. The complex reconstructed interference field is obtained for each wavelength by numerical reconstruction and digital processing of the recorded holograms before and after deformation. Subsequently, the phase derivative is estimated for a given wavelength using two-dimensional pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution and the in-plane and out-of-plane components are obtained from the estimated phase derivatives using the sensitivity vectors of the optical configuration.     

Phase estimation in digital holographic interferometry using cubic-phase-function based method

The paper introduces a cubic-phase-function based method to estimate interference phase in digital holographic interferometry. The proposed method relies on piecewise polynomial approximation of phase by dividing an arbitrary row/column of the complex reconstructed interference field in many segments and modeling signal data in each segment as a cubic phase signal. The polynomial coefficients in each segment are determined using cubic phase function algorithm. The phase is subsequently evaluated from the polynomial constructed using the obtained polynomial coefficients. The piecewise polynomial approximation approach is extended for all rows/columns and the overall phase is thus determined. The method's applicability is demonstrated using simulation and experimental results.     

稳健协方差矩阵重构波束形成算法

针对信号导向向量失配以及接收数据协方差矩阵存在误差会导致传统的自适应波束形成器产生能损失的问题,提出了一种基于干扰加噪声协方差矩阵重构的稳健波束形成算法.该算法通过对信源来波角度范围进行Capon谱估计得出重构信源协方差矩阵,并通过特征分解以及子空间性质得出信源的导向向量,然后利用重构所得信源导向向量计算出信源功率以及...     

An orthotropic variant of the equilibrium gap method applied to the analysis of a biaxial test on a composite material

In this paper, it is proposed to apply the equilibrium gap method to orthotropic composite materials to retrieve damage laws from measured displacement fields. A finite difference implementation method is first proposed. A linear system is formed, for which the unknowns are piecewise constant orthotropic rigidities, while the measured displacements are input (known) data. In this example, a cruciform specimen is considered for biaxial test. It is shown that, by referring to FE computed displacement fields a prescribed contrast map can be identified. Corrupted artificial displacement fields obtained through non-linear simulations are also used. When considering shear damage, a procedure using estimated contrast maps to identify a damage law is validated. An experimental biaxial test on a 2.5 C/C composite is finally analysed following the proposed approach. For each unloading step, a contrast map for all moduli is obtained from full-field measurements. By assuming that the shear moduli contrasts result from a damage mechanism, one subsequently obtains damage maps, and therefore, a growth law. The results are first validated by comparing measured and FE reconstructed displacement fields, and by comparing the identified damage fields with post-processed ones.     

Inverse scattering from phaseless measurements of the total field on a closed curve

A new approach for quantitative electromagnetic imaging of scatterers located in free space from phaseless data is proposed and discussed. The procedure splits the problem into two steps. In the first one, we solve a phase-retrieval problem for the total field, thus estimating the amplitude and phase of the scattered field. Careful analysis of properties and possible representations of both scattered and incident fields allow us to introduce a criterion for an optimal choice of the measurement setup and a successful retrieval. Then the complex permittivity profile is reconstructed in the second step by use of the estimated scattered field. Numerical examples are provided to check the whole chain in the presence of noise-corrupted data.     

Complete characterization of optical pulses by real-time spectral interferometry

We demonstrate a simple method for complete characterization (of amplitudes and phases) of short optical pulses, using only a dispersive delay line and an oscilloscope. The technique is based on using a dispersive delay line to stretch the pulses and recording the temporal interference of two delayed replicas of the pulse train. Then, by transforming the time domain interference measurements to spectral interferometry, the spectral intensity and phase of the input pulses are reconstructed, using a Fourier-transform algorithm. In the experimental demonstration, mode-locked fiber laser pulses with durations of approximately 1 ps were characterized with a conventional fast photodetector and an oscilloscope.     

基于噪声水平自适应估计的往复压缩机振动信号局部投影降噪方法

局部投影降噪算法在其应用过程中,邻域的选择对降噪效果有较大影响。提出了改进算法以解决传统算法中邻域难以选取的问题。该方法利用小波包分解技术,依据频带能量的差异将原始信号分解为噪声频带和系统信号频带,将噪声频带能量占原始信号能量的比值估计为噪声水平。在一定程度内逐步增加分解层数,直至该噪声水平收敛。根据收敛时的噪声水平估计相空间中相点的邻域半径,此外利用该噪声水平可实现对原始信号的盲信噪比估计。对含噪的Lorenz和Rossler序列进行数值仿真,结果表明该方法的降噪效果优于一些传统方法和基于定量递归分析的局部投影降噪算法。对实测往复压缩机振动信号的降噪研究,进一步表明了该方法的有效性。     

相关机械振源的盲源分离方法

相关源不满足独立分量分析关于源的统计独立性假设,标准的独立分量分析方法无法准确分离相关机械振源信号。在相关振源信号的部分频带满足统计独立的假设前提下,提出了一种基于小波包分解的相关机械源盲源分离方法。该方法将观测信号用小波包分解成子带观测信号,根据互信息标准选择相关性较小的若干子带观测信号重构观测信号。通过重构的观测信号的独立分量分析估计分离矩阵,然后用该矩阵分离原始观测信号从而实现相关机械振源信号的分离。仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Phase-shifting digital holography with a low-coherence light source for reconstruction of a digital relief object hidden behind a light-scattering medium

Hiding image data with a light-scattering medium is effective as a basic data protection technique. The hidden image data can be observed only by using a low-coherence interference technique and is thus protected from unauthorized access. Unlike an intensity-distributed object, a digital relief object has no intensity distribution, making it possible to hide its existence by using a dilute light-scattering medium. To reconstruct the digital relief object through the light-scattering medium, we developed phase-shifting digital holography with a low-coherence light source. The experimental performance, including the spatial resolution and phase error of the reconstructed image, is estimated.     

Multi-spatial-frequency and phase-shifting profilometry using a liquid crystal phase modulator

Optical profilometry is widely applied for measuring the morphology of objects by projecting predetermined patterns on them. In this technique, the compact size is one of the interesting issues for practical applications. The generation of pattern by the interference of coherent light sources has a potential to reduce the dimension of the illumination part. Moreover, this method can make fine patterns without projection optics, and the illumination part is free of restriction from the numerical aperture of the projection optics. In this paper, a phase-shifting profilometry is implemented by using a single liquid crystal (LC) cell. The LC phase modulator is designed to generate the interference patterns with several different spatial frequencies by changing selection of the spacing between the micro-pinholes. We manufactured the LC phase modulator and calibrated it by measuring the phase modulation amount depending on an applied voltage. Our optical profilometry using the single LC cell can generate multi-spatial frequency patterns as well as four steps of the phase-shifted patterns. This method can be implemented compactly, and the reconstructed depth profile is obtained without a phase-unwrapping algorithm.     

Measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacements and strains using digital holographic moiré

The paper proposes a non-destructive method for simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacements and strains undergone by a deformed specimen from a single moiré fringe pattern obtained on the specimen in a dual beam digital holographic interferometry setup. The moiré fringe pattern encodes multiple interference phases which carry the information on multidimensional deformation. The interference field is segmented in each column and is modeled as multicomponent quadratic/cubic frequency-modulated signal in each segment. Subsequently, the product form of modified cubic phase function is used for accurate estimation of phase parameters. The estimated phase parameters are further utilized for direct estimation of the unwrapped interference phases and phase derivatives. The simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

扩展傅里叶衍射理论在相移掩模中的应用

针对现代光刻中,超大教值孔径的情况下,通过简单的傅里叶衍射理论模拟掩模的传递函数的方法不够精确,必须得考虑倾斜照明带来的阴影效应.因此本文针对交替式相移掩模,提出了一种考虑阴影效应的近似模型.重新定义了阴影比率的公式.该方法是傅里叶衍射理论的扩展,是一种依赖于入射角的函数.分别给出了交替式相移掩模空间域和空间频率域的传递函数的表达式.并对提出的近似模型的衍射效率以及干涉场光强分布进行了仿真.结果表明,衍射效率和干涉场的强度分布是随着入射角的改变而改变的,不同线宽的衍射效率也不同.并且衍射效率是关于零度入射角对称分布.     

Contouring of Diffused Objects by Using Lensless Fourier Transform Digital Holography and Dual‐Index Immersion Method

Abstract: A simple method for contouring of diffused objects by using lensless Fourier transform digital holography and dual‐index immersion method is presented. It is noticed that to get more accurate results speckle noise should be eliminated/reduced from the reconstructed phase map from digital holograms. Speckle noise is handled by 5 × 5 median filtering. Depth contour interval up to a maximum of 0.12 mm could be achieved without making the interference phase fringes overcrowded.     

Decay interference induced high precision localization in a multilevel atom via controlled spontaneous emission

A simple scheme for one-dimensional atom localization is proposed by employing a technique for the formation of the standing-wave regime using two unidirectional standing-wave fields. We consider a four-level atomic system similar to the one used by Paspalakis and Knight [Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 81, 293–296], with travelling-wave fields for the study of the phase control of emission in the presence of vacuum-induced interference between two spontaneous decay channels. In the present system precise position information of the atom can be achieved by measuring the frequency of spontaneous emission, which can be efficiently controlled by different system parameters and also by adjustment of the relative phase in the presence of the decay interference effect. The proposed scheme provides a potential technique to attain 100% detection probability of the atom in one wavelength range with generation of a sharp localization peak at low light level.     

Statistical interferometry based on a fully developed speckle field: an experimental demonstration with noise analysis

A novel interferometric method named statistical interferometry is proposed and studied. In the method, in contrast to the conventional deterministic interferometry, the complete randomness of the two interfering light fields, i.e., the random interference of the fully developed speckle fields, plays an essential role and is used as a standard of phase in a statistical sense. Preliminary experiments were conducted to verify the validity of the method, followed by a computer simulation. As an experimental result, the accuracy of the measurements of an out-of-plane displacement was confirmed up to lambda/800 by comparison with the heterodyne interferometer. The method has the advantage of simplicity of the optical system required, while at the same time providing high accuracy.     

Fe_(78)Si_9B_(13)非晶合金晶化过程的电阻变化研究

采用直流四端接线法测量Fe_(78)Si_9B_(13)非晶合金在等温退火和升温过程中的电阻变化.结果表明,当温度高于693K时非晶结构易被热效应所影响.与DSC法相比较,直流电阻四端接线法的优点是能够反映出晶化的形核阶段.但是R-T曲线上所反映的晶化第二阶段的特征不明显,晶化第二阶段产物Fe_2B的电阻率比第一阶段产物Fe_3B的高可能是造成这一现象的原因.     

广义解调算法中能量因子的引入与配置原理的研究

广义解调算法在振动信号时频谱应用中效果显著,而在分析解调频谱时对频率的初始值非常敏感。提出了能量因子可调的广义解调算法,将其应用到轴承振动信号的处理中并进行有效性评估。为获得轴承信号的相位函数,使用峰值搜索算法在包络信号中检测瞬时故障特征频率,估计拟合函数;引入了能量因子的概念,根据拟合函数配置能量因子,按照提出方法对原始信号进行重构;参考能量因子对重构信号的相位函数进行估计;对重构信号进行解调,得到关于能量因子的解调信号。根据特征频率的解调值与通过测得转速计算的理论值进行对比,评价能量因子配置的合理性。仿真和实测信号的处理,证明了算法的有效性。     

Phase retrieval of complex optical fields by binary amplitude modulation

A method to retrieve the complex optical fields from the intensity information recorded in only one plane is discussed. The wavefront to be reconstructed is modulated by using a random binary amplitude mask. Wavefronts with a rather large phase depth can be accurately retrieved by using several masks in combination with iterative Fresnel algorithms and without any prior information. The influences of the contrast of the mask and the dynamic range of the detector on the accuracy of the phase retrieval are analyzed.     

Inverse scattering from phaseless measurements of the total field on open lines

A new solution approach to inverse scattering from aspect-limited phaseless measurements of the total field is introduced and discussed. In analogy with the case of measurements on closed curves [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A21, 622 (2004)], the procedure splits the problem into two different steps. In the first step, amplitude and phase of the scattered field are estimated from only amplitude information of the total field. By properly extending the concept of reduced radiated field to the case of scattered fields (as a function of both illumination and measurement variables) and taking advantage of the properties of the square amplitude distribution of the total field, criteria are given for an optimal choice of the measurement setup and a successful retrieval. Then the complex permittivity profile is reconstructed in the second step, starting from the scattered fields estimated in the previous step. Numerical examples are provided to assess the effectiveness of the whole chain in the presence of noise-corrupted data and the relevance of the representation introduced for the scattered fields.     

基于干扰方位跟踪的自适应干扰抑制方法

针对复杂海洋环境中声呐探测弱目标易被强干扰淹没的问题,提出一种对被动声呐探测到的强干扰源进行跟踪抑制的方法,通过对观测数据的互谱密度矩阵(Cross Spectral Density Matrix,CSDM)进行特征分解,根据干扰方位范围的先验知识,对干扰源的方位进行跟踪,依据方位信息选择代表强干扰的特征向量,依此根据不同的算法重构剔除了干扰信息的CSDM。数值仿真和海试数据验证结果表明,该方法能够在已知干扰初始方位区域的情况下自适应地抑制强干扰,较好地保留并提取目标信息,检测出感兴趣的目标。该方法为后续的目标识别与跟踪提供了有利条件。