Mechanism of cube grain nucleation during recrystallization of deformed commercial purity aluminium

Cube texture is a sharp recrystallization texture component infcc metals like aluminium, copper, etc. It is described by an ideal orientation i.e. (100) (100). The subject of cube texture nucleation i.e. cube grain nucleation, from the deformed state of aluminium and copper is of scientific curiosity with concurrent technological implications. There are essentially two models currently in dispute over the mechanism of cube grain nucleation i.e. the differential stored energy model founded on the hypothesis proposed by Ridha and Hutchinson and the micro-growth selection model of Dugganet al. In this paper, calculations are made on the proposal of Ridha and Hutchinson model and the results are obtained in favour of the differential stored energy model. It is also shown that there is no need for the micro-growth model.     

Electron interference oscillations and spin-density-wave energy gaps at the Fermi surface of antiferromagnetic chromium

A chain model incorporating the periodicity of the incommensurate spin density wave is used to describe the Fermi surface of antiferromagnetic chromium, and is found to give excellent semiquantitative agreement with much of the de Haas-van Alphen data obtained by other investigators. New experimental data are presented which confirm the anomalous features of the transverse magnetoresistance oscillations observed in antiferromagnetic chromium with the spin density wave vector Q[001], the current J[010], and the magnetic field H in the (010) plane near [100]. These anomalous features are explained with the help of the chain model as arising from a quantum interference effect in the transport of charge along open orbits in the direction of Q. Estimates are obtained from our experimental data for the size of the magnetic breakdown fields that characterize the interferometer trajectories, and hence for the energy gaps on the Fermi surface associated with the spin density wave. Previous theoretical estimates of the magnetic breakdown fields obtained by a perturbation calculation for a model of tight-binding s electrons are in poor agreement with our values.Work supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.     

Sub-radiant States of a Spatially Extended System of N Two-level Atoms

Abstract

The existence of sub-radiance is demonstrated for a generalized rotating-wave approximation Dicke Hamiltonian model characterized by an arbitrary space dependence of the coupling constants of N two-level atoms to a single mode of a radiation field. To deduce this result we first establish the form of a characteristic equation for sub-radiance and then solve it by introducing a suitable non-unitary operator. In this way the explicit form of all the sub-radiant states of the spatially extended model are easily obtained from those that are well known and relative to the point-like Dicke model. Our investigation clearly shows that inhomogeneous coupling of the N atoms with the field is compatible with sub-radiant behaviour.     

High-speed impact of electromagnetically sensitive fabric and induced projectile spin

This work deals with the dynamic contact of a rigid body with a deformable electromagnetically sensitive fabric structure, represented by a network model. Of particular interest are the electromagnetically induced forces generated on the fabric, which are proportional to the external electric field (E ^EXT ) and the velocity crossed with the external magnetic field (v × B ^EXT ). These forces transmit reactions to the rigid contacting object, which can induce rotational motion. Modeling and simulation of this effect can be useful in ballistic shielding applications, because the rotation of an incoming, ogival, projectile allows it to be more easily impeded. A modular formulation for the deformation of impacted fabric structures, represented by a network model, is developed in this paper, characterized by (1) stretching of interconnected yarn networks, described by simple constitutive relations, including yarn damage, (2) interaction with impacting objects, incorporating contact with friction and (3) electromagnetic sensitivity and actuation, demonstrating how the Lorentz force can be harnessed to break symmetric deformation patterns in order to induce spin onto an incoming object, whether that object is electromagnetically sensitive or not.     

Sensor Network Localization,Euclidean Distance Matrix completions,and graph realization

We study Semidefinite Programming, SDP, relaxations for Sensor Network Localization, SNL, with anchors and with noisy distance information. The main point of the paper is to view SNL as a (nearest) Euclidean Distance Matrix, EDM, completion problem that does not distinguish between the anchors and the sensors. We show that there are advantages for using the well studied EDM model. In fact, the set of anchors simply corresponds to a given fixed clique for the graph of the EDM problem.     

Volume variation of Gruneisen parameters offcc transition metals

The volume variation of the Gruneisen parameters of tenfcc transition metals, up to 40% compression, has been studied on the basis of a model approach proposed by Antonovet al. The results are reasonably good for six metals except for Rh, Ag, Au and Ni when compared with available experimental and other theoretical values. The model requires an appropriate modification for Rh, Ag, Au and Ni.     

Multi-Gaussian Ultrasonic Beam Modeling for Multiple Curved Interfaces—an ABCD Matrix Approach

ABSTRACT

A multi-Gaussian beam model uses a superposition of Gaussian beams to simulate the waves radiated from an ultrasonic transducer. We show that propagation and reflection/transmission laws for Gaussian beams in fluids and elastic solids can be written in the form of A , B , C , D matrices that are analogous to the A, B, C, D scalars used in Gaussian optics. This representation leads to simple expressions for a Gaussian beam even after that beam has been transmitted or reflected at multiple curved interfaces and produces a highly modular multi-Gaussian beam model that is also computationally very efficient. Some examples of the use of this model for both planar and curved interfaces are given.     

A Comparison Between Charge-Transfer and Sliding-Bond Models for Superconduction in YBCO Cuprate

Recently a model for electron-pairing in unconventional superconductors has been proposed. It maintains that in cuprates delocalized electron-bonds are formed between contiguous layers of copper oxide. This model, which we name the sliding-bond model, reutilizes the BCS scheme, but with a kind of electron pairs quite different from Cooper's pairs [Brovetto et al., Eur. Phys. J. B 17, 85 (2000); Brovetto et al., submitted. In this paper, considering the case of YBCO cuprate, some features of the model spoken of are compared with those of the charge-transfer model [Cava et al., Physica C 165, 419 (1990); Jorgensen, Phys. Today 44, 34 (1991)]. It is shown that, according to both models, the decrease in the YBCO critical temperature when oxygen is removed is originated by the decrease in the charge of copper ions lying on the superconducting planes.     

Modelling the flow behaviour of steel under non-isothermal conditions

Abstract

A mathematical model is proposed for evaluating flow behaviour under hot deformation conditions. The effects of dynamic recovery and recrystallisation as well as temperature and strain rate variations are considered in the model by means of Bergstrom's approach and the additivity rule for strain. To verify the model, hot compression tests for three grades of steel together with upsetting experiments are carried out. Comparison between experimental and theoretical results confirms the reliability of the model.     

Rings, chains and planes: Variation ofT g with composition in chalcogenide glasses

We propose a microscopic, phenomenological model for the decrease in the viscosity observed at glass transition. Our model is primarily applicable to chalcogenide glasses. According to this model, the decrease in the viscosity at glass transition is mainly due to the breaking of the Van der Waals bonds in the chalcogenides. Using this model, we derive a relationship between the glass transition temperature,T _g ,and the molar volume V _m.The validity of this relation is checked using experimental data available in the literature for two binary systems (Ge-Se and As-S) and a pseudo-binary system (As ₄₀ Se _x Te _60-x .     

On the tangent modulus tensor in hyperelasticity

Summary The tangent modulus tensor, denoted asD, plays a central role in nonlinear finite element simulation of elastomeric components such as seals. It is derived from the strain energy functionw for isotropic elastomers. Using Kronecker product notation, a compact expression forD has been derived in Nicholson [1] and Nicholson and Lin [2] for invariant-based strain energy functions such as the Mooney-Rivlin model. In the current investigation, a corresponding expression is derived for stretch ratio-based strain energy functions such as the Ogden model. Compressible, incompressible and near-incompressible elastomers are addressed. The derived expressions are considerably more elaborate than their counterparts for invariant based models. As illustration,D is evaluated and presented for the torsion of a natural rubber shaft described by a three term Ogden model, using coefficients reported by Treloar.     

Physical basis for model with various inelastic mechanisms for nickel base superalloy

Abstract

Two mechanical behaviour models for N – 18 alloy are proposed. The material is a powder metallurgy nickel base superalloy hardened by 60% volume of the ordered γ′ phase. The behaviour of alloy N – 18 is modelled by classical constitutive equations involving plasticity and creep. The experimental data used include stress relaxation and creep tests. An updated version of the first model is proposed and compared to the experimental data set. A new model is also presented with equations based on physical concepts. Material parameter identification is performed for each model, and experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations.     

Non-uniformities in Dichromated Gelatin Reflection Gratings

Abstract

A theoretical model for non-uniform volume gratings is described in which the refractive index modulation and grating vector are allowed to vary with depth. The predictions of the model are compared with the measured angular response of reflection gratings recorded in dichromated gelatin and the variations of the grating parameters with depth are deduced. Gratings produced by different processing techniques are analysed and the effects of processing on grating non-uniformities are discussed.     

Making cold molecules by time-dependent feshbach resonances

Abstract

Pairs of trapped atoms can be associated to make a diatomic molecule using a time-dependent magnetic field to ramp the energy of a scattering resonance state from above to below the scattering threshold. A relatively simple model, parametrized in terms of the background scattering length and resonance width and magnetic moment, can be used to predict conversion probabilities from atoms to molecules. The model and its Landau-Zener interpretation are described and illustrated by specific calculations for ²³Na, ⁸⁷Rb and ¹³³Cs resonances. The model can be readily adapted to Bose-Einstein condensates. Comparison with full many-body calculations for the condensate case shows that the model is very useful for making simple estimates of molecule conversion efficiencies.     

Inhomogeneous deformation of crystalline skeleton of syndiotactic polypropylene under uniaxial stretching

Structure changes of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) under uniaxial stretching are studied with the combination of micro-tensile tester and in situ wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurement. Lamellae stacked “vertically” and “parallel” to the stretching direction (defined as “V” and “P” part) are separated on the basis of two-dimensional WAXD patterns. For all samples with different lamellar thickness, two critical points named as b ₁ and b ₂ were found in the stress–strain curves, while b ₁ and b ₂ points are the onsets of the rotation for the lamellae of “V” part and “P” part, respectively. The corresponding true stress and true strain for b ₂ point are bigger than that of b ₁ , demonstrating that for samples with initial isotropic lamellar orientation, inhomogeneous deformation of crystalline skeleton induced by uniaxial stretching is universal. And after b ₁ point, “stress-induced melting” always occurs simultaneously with lamellar slips. Furthermore, the relationship between lamellar thickness and the true stress for b ₁ and b ₂ point was also studied, illustrating a linear correlation between ln σ and 1/l (σ is the corresponding true stress, l is the lamellar thickness), consistent with Young’s model. However, the critical true strains for these two points did not change with the varying thickness.     

Gelation theory for solutions of polymers with loci of strong interaction

This paper presents a statistical mechanical analysis of gelation in certain solutions ofA/B copolymers. Repeat unitsA, the major units, must constitute about 90 mole% or more of the copolymer, and are compatible with the solvent. Repeat unitsB, the minor units, must be totally incompatible with the solvent and represent loci of strong interaction between the macromolecular chains. If these interactions are sufficiently strong they can lead to gelation of the mixture. The following simplifications of the model afford results that can be expressed in simple, closed form: (1) TheB units are uniformly distributed along the chain backbone. (2) Polymer concentration must be greater then that for chain overlap. (3)B–B interactions lead to dimerization ofB units only. Examples include: (1) Any aqueous polymer solution where theA repeat units are hydrophilic and theB repeat units are hydrophobic;B–B interactions are thus by hydrophobic bonding. (2) Neutralized acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers where theB are acrylamide repeat units which associate by hydrogen bonds. (3) Ionomer solutions whereB–B bonding is by dipole-dipole interaction. The results show that there is a critical copolymer concentration for gel formation, C _c . It turns out that C _c decreases withB content for low dimerization energies and increases withB content for higher dimerization energies. At intermediate dimerization energies, C _c is insensitive to theB content. The two extreme regimes of behavior are similar to contradictory predictions of previously published theories. Received: 18 September 2000 / Reviewed and accepted: 20 September 2000     

Ultrasonic Beam Models for Angle Beam Surface Wave Transducers

ABSTRACT

Explicit three-dimensional (3D) point source and multi-Gaussian beam models are obtained for the Rayleigh waves generated by a surface wave angle beam transducer using an angular plane wave spectrum approach. Simulations show that the multi-Gaussian surface wave beam model agrees well with the point source model while being computationally more efficient. The theoretical predictions obtained with the models are also compared to the experimental measurement results where good agreement with the models is found for both on-axis and off-axis field comparisons.     

In vitro models to estimate drug penetration through the compromised stratum corneum barrier

Objectives: The phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay (PVPA) is a recently established in vitro stratum corneum model to estimate the permeability of intact and healthy skin. The aim here was to further evolve this model to mimic the stratum corneum in a compromised skin barrier by reducing the barrier functions in a controlled manner. Methods: To mimic compromised skin barriers, PVPA barriers were prepared with explicitly defined reduced barrier function and compared with literature data from both human and animal skin with compromised barrier properties. Caffeine, diclofenac sodium, chloramphenicol and the hydrophilic marker calcein were tested to compare the PVPA models with established models. Results and discussions: The established PVPA models mimicking the stratum corneum in healthy skin showed good correlation with biological barriers by ranking drugs similar to those ranked by the pig ear skin model and were comparable to literature data on permeation through healthy human skin. The PVPA models provided reproducible and consistent results with a distinction between the barriers mimicking compromised and healthy skin. The trends in increasing drug permeation with an increasing degree of compromised barriers for the model drugs were similar to the literature data from other in vivo and in vitro models. Conclusions: The PVPA models have the potential to provide permeation predictions when investigating drugs or cosmeceuticals intended for various compromised skin conditions and can thus possibly reduce the time and cost of testing as well as the use of animal testing in the early development of drug candidates, drugs and cosmeceuticals.