线接触条件下微动摩擦特性的研究

通过试验研究了线接触微动摩擦特性。研究表明：线接触微动摩擦因数变化与点接触形式相同；位移幅值在部分滑移区时，表面粗糙度对表面磨损有影响。磨痕分析表明，承载区域接触不均匀，存在虚接触区域，其大小与表面粗糙度有关，而接触区域没有不磨损的粘着区，不同于点接触形式。     

离子渗硫层在油润滑条件下的转动微动摩擦磨损性能

利用低温离子渗硫技术在LZ50钢表面制备渗硫层,在干摩擦和油润滑条件下开展不同角位移幅值的渗硫层转动微动磨损试验,并利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和轮廓仪对磨斑进行微观分析。试验结果表明:与干摩擦相比,油润滑条件下离子渗硫层呈现出不同的微动运行工况图,部分滑移区和滑移区的界限向左移动,滑移区的运行范围增大;在部分滑移区,渗硫层在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数几乎不变,且明显低于干摩擦,损伤十分轻微;在滑移区,渗硫层在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数仍低于干摩擦,呈现\"初始-爬升-稳定\"3个阶段,其磨损机制为磨粒磨损和剥层。     

钛合金在水介质中的微动磨损特性研究

在SRV实验机上对TC11钛合金在水中进行微动磨损研究，研究了载荷大小、振幅等对摩擦因数和磨损量的影响。结果表明，钛合金在水中微动的摩擦因数虽然随载荷或振幅的变化无规律可循，但随着振幅的减小却越来越稳定；其磨损量均随着载荷或振幅的增加而增加；小振幅时的磨损机制符合疲劳脱层理论，而大振幅时则主要是磨粒磨损机制。     

ZM5镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用高精度微动试验台研究了ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为,法向载荷变化范围为50～200N、位移幅位为5～40μm。通过摩擦力-位移-循环次数变化分析,结合显微观测,结果表明:ZM5镁合金的微动磨损行为与微动区城特性密切相关。它的微动损伤形貌主要是磨损,在初期阶段的磨损机制主要是粘着和氧化,中后期是粘着、氧化和磨粒磨损共同作用的结果。     

粗糙度各向异性对润滑接触面摩擦的影响*

齿轮、轴承、凸轮等重载接触副的性能受表面粗糙度的显著影响。高负载情况下的摩擦因数与润滑接触面粗糙度的各向异性相关。测量的表面粗糙度可以分解为一系列具有不同波长、幅值的正弦表面粗糙度,因此,考虑各向异性正弦表面粗糙度,构建粗糙表面点接触瞬态弹性流体动力润滑(TEHL)模型,提出基于多重网格算法的粗网格构造新方法,提高粗糙表面润滑问题求解的稳健性。研究表面粗糙度各向异性对高负载情况下摩擦因数的影响规律。结果表明,粗糙度的各向异性影响接触面压力、油膜厚度分布、粗糙度形变量,从而影响摩擦因数。提出一个组合函数来量化粗糙度各向异性对摩擦因数的影响,表明全膜润滑到混合润滑的过渡不仅与载荷、速度等工况参数相关,还与粗糙度各向异性相关。     

桨-毂轴承材料扭动微动磨损行为研究

采用面接触扭动微动形式,以动力定位系统可调距螺旋桨桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料(CuNiAl-42CrMo4)为对象,以不同的角位移幅值模拟海水波动影响下的微动磨损行为,并结合扫描电子显微镜和超景深三维显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析,探究桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料扭动微动磨损规律。结果表明,随着角位移幅值的增加,扭动微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区、滑移区,摩擦因数减小,同时磨损量增加,微动损伤中剥层机制所占的比例逐渐增加,且由于疲劳裂纹扩展的不利影响,实际运行过程中要尽量避开混合区。     

AZ91D镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了平面一球面接触的AZ91D镁合金摩擦副的微动磨损行为，分析了位移幅值、法向载荷和频率等参数对摩擦因数和磨损体积的影响，考察了不同实验条件下的磨斑形貌，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金的微动区域可分为部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区3个区域，粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损分别是3个区域的主要磨损机制；磨损体积随着位移幅值和法向载荷的增加而增大，但却随着频率的增大而减小。在微动部分滑移区和混合区，摩擦因数随着位移增大迅速增加；在微动滑移区，摩擦因数随法向载荷的增大而减小，而位移幅值和频率对摩擦因数的影响较小。     

周向安装位置对水润滑塑料合金轴承摩擦因数的影响

由于水润滑塑料合金轴承带有纵向润滑沟槽,因而其周向安装位置影响轴承的摩擦性能。为了研究润滑沟槽对其摩擦因数的影响,通过实验方法,研究了不同安装角度对摩擦因数的影响,从而确定了其合理的周向安装位置。     

薄膜油润滑中电粘度效应影响研究

利用组合滑块油润滑试验考察了双电层的电粘度效应对薄膜润滑性能的影响，采用施加外加电场和添加添加剂两种方法以改变润滑剂中离子浓度进行试验研究。结果表明：双电层引起的电粘度效应对摩擦因数有明显影响，摩擦因数随着外加电场的增强而变大，当外电场增大到一定程度时摩擦因数开始减小；在离子浓度较小时，摩擦因数随着离子浓度的增加而增大，当离子浓度增大到一定程度时摩擦因数开始减小。     

疲劳载荷和表面力学特性对微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置的影响

采用数值分析的方法研究了单构件螺栓铆接铝板在不同接触表面摩擦因数和疲劳载荷的情况下铝板上表面接触区内边缘 (孔边) 和外边缘的应力场特性,分析了摩擦因数和疲劳载荷对微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置的影响.结果表明,微动疲劳裂纹的理论分析结果与试验实测是吻合的.增加摩擦因数和疲劳载荷幅值时都会使裂纹的萌生由90°区域向45°区域移动.     

Frictional modes of barrel shaped piston rings under flooded lubrication

A friction force measurement system using the floating liner method was developed to study the frictional behavior of piston rings. The measurement system was designed to control the effect of the secondary piston motion and to control temperatures of the cylinder wall and oil. The friction force between the barrel shaped piston ring and the cylinder liner was measured under flooded oil supply conditions. The measured friction forces were classified into five frictional modes with regard to the combination of predominant lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication) and stroke regions (mid-stroke and dead centers). The modes were identified on a Stribeck diagram, where the friction coefficients were evaluated both at mid-stroke and at the dead centers.     

An investigation of fretting behaviour of several synthetic base oils

The chemical and physical properties are quite different for mineral oil and synthetic oil. Compared to the investigation of mineral oil, less work on fretting behaviour of synthetic oils was reported. In this paper, a study of typical synthetic base oils such as polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyalphaolefin (PAO) and silicone oil has been conducted. The contact consisted of a fixed flat specimen (GCr15 steel and 45 steel) opposite to a moving ball specimen (GCr15 steel) with a diameter of 12.3 mm. Other main parameters were as follows: the slip amplitude was ranged from 5 to 80 μm, the frequency was varied from 2 to 5 Hz; the normal load, temperature and relative humidity were respectively 100 N, 23 °C and 60%. Variations in the tangential force versus the displacement as a function of the fretting cycles were recorded. For comparison, fretting tests under dry condition have also been performed. The fretting scars were examined after tests. The evolution of coefficient of friction and wear volume were analyzed and compared at different fretting regimes for different synthetic base oils. The competitions between oil penetration into the interface and self-cleaning by fretting in different fretting regimes, the effect of physical properties such as surface tension, pressure–viscosity coefficient and compressibility on fretting behaviour have been particularly discussed.     

Fretting wear behavior of AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys

The fretting wear behavior of the AZ91D and AM60B magnesium alloys are investigated using a reciprocating fretting wear machine under dry conditions with different numbers of cycles, different normal loads, slip amplitudes and frequencies. The worn surfaces and wear debris were examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy in order to understand the predominant wear mechanisms of two magnesium alloys. The results indicate that the AZ91D alloy displays a lower friction coefficient and lower wear quantity than the AM60B alloy. The AZ91D shows a higher capability than AM60B in resisting crack nucleation and propagation. Both AZ91D and AM60B show similar friction and wear characteristics. The wear quantity increases with increasing normal load, but decreases with increasing frequency. The friction coefficient also decreases as the normal load is increased. Fretting frequency had little effect on the friction coefficient. In a long term, the fatigue wear and abrasive wear were the predominant wear mechanisms for AM60B and delamination wear, adhesive wear and abrasive wear for AZ91D.     

Measurement, analysis and prediction of fretting wear damage in a representative aeroengine spline coupling

A methodology to predict fretting wear in complex couplings is described and validated against results obtained from a reduced scale aeroengine-type spline coupling subjected to complex cyclic load cases. The methodology uses three-dimensional finite element analysis, together with coefficient of friction data obtained from stroke controlled round-against-flat fretting tests, to determine spline tooth contact pressure and slip distributions; the latter as a function of number of loading cycles. A modified Archard equation is used to calculate wear depths from the contact pressure and slip distributions using wear coefficients obtained from the round-against-flat fretting tests. The slip distributions, and, concomitantly, the wear distributions, are found to depend strongly on the coefficient of friction, which, in turn, depends on the state of lubrication and number of loading cycles. For constant coefficient of friction, the slip distributions stabilise quickly with increasing numbers of loading cycles. The methodology predicts greater wear under lightly lubricated conditions than without added lubrication for the essentially load-controlled tests on the reduced scale aeroengine-type coupling. The wear depth trends are predicted correctly, both axially along the spline teeth and around the tooth flank, and the predicted wear depths bracket the measured values, dependent on the lubrication conditions considered; the latter attributable to the sensitivity of spline wear to the evolving coefficient of friction during testing. The methodology provides a basis for further development.     

Fretting corrosion of tin-plated contacts

The susceptibility of tin-plated contacts to fretting corrosion is a major limitation for its use in electrical connectors. The present paper evaluates the influence of a variety of factors, such as, fretting amplitude (track length), frequency, temperature, humidity, normal load and current load on the fretting corrosion behaviour of tin-plated contacts. This paper also addresses the development of fretting corrosion maps and lubrication as a preventive strategy to increase the life-time of tin-plated contacts. The fretting corrosion tests were carried out using a fretting apparatus in which a hemispherical rider and flat contacts (tin-plated copper alloy) were mated in sphere plane geometry and subjected to fretting under gross-slip conditions. The variation in contact resistance as a function of fretting cycles and the time to reach a threshold value (100 mΩ) of contact resistance enables a better understanding of the influence of various factors on the fretting corrosion behaviour of tin-plated contacts. Based on the change in surface profile and nature of changes in the contact zone assessed by laser scanning microscope (LSM) and surface analytical techniques, the mechanism of fretting corrosion of tin-plated contacts and fretting corrosion maps are proposed. Lubrication increases the life-time of tin-plated contacts by several folds and proved to be a useful preventive strategy.     

八纵向沟水润滑橡胶轴承润滑性能研究

水润滑橡胶轴承是水下最适宜的轴承之一,笔对潜水泵上常用的八纵向沟水润滑橡胶轴承,在水润滑条件下的润滑机理进行了实验研究,根据实验结果剖析了影响摩擦系数的主要因素及其影响规律,并据此提出了一组实用设计参数。     

石墨—金属摩擦副的静摩擦系数

对三种石墨材料与金属Ｃｕ１７Ｎｉ２配对摩擦副的静摩擦系数进行了测试。,测定了不同温度,载荷,润滑方式下的静摩擦系数。试验发现：温度对静摩擦系数的影响较小;油润滑条件下的静摩擦系数最小。     

Fretting wear behavior of TiB2-based materials against bearing steel under water and oil lubrication

Lubricated fretting tests in water and paraffin oil were performed with a monolithic TiB₂, a TiB₂-based cermet with 16 vol.% Ni₃(Al, Ti) binder, a sialon–TiB₂ (60/40) composite and a ZrO₂–TiB₂ (70/30) composite against ball bearing grade steel. Based on the measured friction and wear data, the ranking of the investigated fretting couples was evaluated. Furthermore, the morphological investigations of the worn surfaces and transfer layers are carried out and the wear mechanisms for the investigated friction couples are elucidated. While fretting in water, experiments revealed that tribochemical reactions, coupled with mild abrasion, played a major role in the wear behavior of the studied material combinations. ZrO₂–TiB₂ (70/30)/steel wear couple has been found to have the highest fretting wear resistance among the different tribocouples under water lubrication. Under oil lubrication, extensive cracking of the paraffin oil at the fretting contacts, caused by tribodegradation, leads to the deposition of a carbon-rich lubricating layer, which significantly reduced friction and wear of all the investigated tribosystems.     

Amplitude-controlled transitions in fretting: the comparative behaviour of six materials

Fretting tests have been carried out on six materials: EN3, EN56 and EN58 steels, copper, titanium and aluminium bronze. Each was tested at 1000 N normal load, for a total fretting distance of 2 km at peak-to-peak amplitudes of 6.5 and 65 μm. With the exception of the last material, the appearance of the fretted specimens differed at the two amplitudes and the difference in appearance was directly related to the amount of wear experienced. At the lower amplitude wear was always slight with very small, flat, smooth oxide beds, a few microscopic pits and very little material loss. At the higher amplitude wear tended to be far more severe with large amounts of pitting, surface roughening and the formation of more extensive, and generally looser, oxide debris. The results suggest that amplitude-based transitions in fretting behaviour appear to be real and widespread. Thus the phenomena associated with fretting are closely allied to the mechanics of the fretting process and are not purely material properties.     

长径比对水润滑塑料合金轴承摩擦系数的影响

长径比(L/d)是水润滑塑料合金轴承设计中一个重要的参数,通过实验表明在实际设计中可以调整应用装置中轴承的长径比以减小摩擦系数。最终得出最佳长径比值2≤L/d<4。