Effect of processing on the retention of carotenoids in yellow‐fleshed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots

The retention of carotenoids was studied in roots from yellow‐fleshed, high carotene cassava clones in four different processing methods. The results indicated that the extent of retention varied with the method of processing. The highest retention was observed in oven drying (total carotenoids 54.70–84.01% and β‐carotene 63.90–94.53%) followed by boiling (total carotenoids 47.87–83.79% and β‐carotene 51.31–81.04%) and frying (total carotenoids 48.76–79.77% and β‐carotene 44.11–83.87%). The lowest retention of total carotenoids (32.86–56.40%) and β‐carotene (21.47–56.68%) was recorded in the sun drying method. The variation in the total carotenoids and β‐carotene content depends on variety, processing method and initial carotene content of the fresh root.     

Changes in total carotenoid content at different stages of traditional processing of yellow‐fleshed cassava genotypes

The changes in content of total carotenoid at each stage of processing cassava storage roots were investigated with three improved yellow‐fleshed cassava varieties (TMS 94/0006, TMS 01/1235 and TMS 01/1371) grown in 2005/2006 in a randomised complete block design with two replications at Ibadan, Nigeria. When the cassava roots were grated to a mash, results obtained indicate that there was a significant reduction in total carotenoid content for all the genotypes. The reduction was highest for TMS 01/1235 (1.20 μg g^?1), intermediate for TMS 01/1371 (0.78 μg g^?1) and least for TMS 94/0006 (0.35 μg g^?1). In most cases, we observed higher total carotenoid concentration, especially when the intermediate step involved pressing to remove excess water, and during roasting compared with the initial concentration in the raw cassava storage roots. In conclusion, grating, drying and cooking to a paste resulted in reduction of total carotenoid content, while roasting and pressing resulted in higher carotenoid concentration. A change in total carotenoid content during processing depends on variety, processing method, especially unit operation and the initial total carotenoid content of the variety.     

Correlation of cooking time with water absorption and changes in relative density during boiling of cassava roots

Consumers prefer cassava roots that cook quickly during boiling. Current methods to evaluate cooking time (CT) are slow and labour-intensive. This article describes improved protocols for assessing CT in roots. We evaluated CT in 36 genotypes monthly at 8–11 months after planting. CT showed differences for plant age at harvest and among genotypes. During boiling, roots absorbed water (WAB) and thus reduced their relative density (DEN). We classified three groups of genotypes with increasing CT (≤25 min, 25–40 min and >40 min), associated with decreasing WAB, respectively, 15.3 ± 3.1, 10.7 ± 1.7 and 4.9 ± 3.8% of initial root weight. A similar trend was observed for changes in DEN (46.3 ± 9.8, 54.5 ± 11.1 and 75.9 ± 6.9% of initial DEN, respectively). The highest correlations between WAB and DEN with CT (r² > 0.6) were found at 30-min boiling. These alternative protocols facilitate screening large numbers of cassava genotypes for CT.     

Reduction or delay of post‐harvest physiological deterioration in cassava roots with higher carotenoid content

Post‐harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is one of the most important constraints in cassava production and commercialization. It has been hypothesized that the antioxidant properties of carotenoids in yellow cassava roots may help reduce or delay PPD. The industrial sector prefers cassava with a high dry matter content. The latter has also been reported to have a positive correlation with PPD. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between both the dry matter and total carotenoid contents and PPD in the roots of 101 cassava clones. PPD was positively but weakly associated with dry matter content (R² = 0.100, P < 0.01), and inversely associated with the total carotenoid content in roots (R² = 0.515, P < 0.01). In addition, total carotenoid content and color intensity were strongly and positively associated (R² = 0.769, P < 0.01), suggesting that the roots of cassava clones with a relatively high total carotenoid content can be selected through a simple visual inspection of the color intensity in the parenchyma. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationship among the carotenoid content, dry matter content and sensory attributes of sweet potato

The sensory characteristics of biofortified sweet potato in Africa were explored over a wide range of carotenoid (0.4-72.5 μg/g fresh weight) and dry matter contents (26.8-39.4%). The logarithm of the total carotenoid content was correlated with the dry matter content (declining by 1.2% with each doubling of the carotenoid content) and a wide range of sensory characteristics that involve visual, odour, taste and textural characteristics. Multiple linear regression models were developed. The logarithmic relationship of colour to the carotenoid concentration means that those varieties with a relatively low carotenoid content may appear to be of similar intensity to those with a much higher and hence nutritionally beneficial carotenoid content.     

复合保水剂对冻藏大黄花鱼持水性及质构特性的影响

主要研究海藻糖、山梨糖醇和柠檬酸钠对冻藏大黄花鱼持水性和质构特性的影响。在单因素实验的基础上用响应面组合分析法得出海藻糖、山梨糖醇、柠檬酸钠的最佳配比,组合成最优复合保水剂,并对经最优复合保水剂处理的大黄花鱼肉进行质构特性分析。最终得出了复合保水剂优化配方为:3.25%海藻糖、2.08%山梨糖醇、0.25%柠檬酸钠,使用此复合保水剂大黄花鱼肉持水性达到了89.92%;同时,经过优化的复合保水剂处理过的大黄花鱼解冻后,大黄花鱼肉硬度较空白对照组的下降率减少了21.9%,咀嚼性、凝聚性和恢复性等较空白对照组下降缓慢,大黄花鱼的质构得到了很好的保护。     

黄酒中主要上头物质及控制技术的研究

为了对黄酒中高级醇的高含量及在黄酒发酵过程中产生的高含量高级醇的因素及控制技术研究,对黄酒与其它酿造酒中高级醇含量进行了比较,认为高级醇既是黄酒的呈香、呈味物质,也是饮用黄酒后的上头物质。阐述了高级醇在黄酒生产中合成途径有埃尔利希形成机制和特定的氨基酸形成特定的高级醇,并介绍了黄酒生产中如何控制高级醇生成量的措施。     

Cyanogen content of cassava roots and flour in Indonesia

A survey has been made of the total cyanogen content of cassava roots and products from the cassava growing provinces of Lampung and East, Central and West Java, in Indonesia. Twenty five samples of cassava products were analysed for cyanogens by the acid hydrolysis method and also by the simple picrate kit method. The mean percentage difference between the results was 17%. Thirty samples of cassava starch and other specialised products had a mean cyanogen content of only 5 ppm, whereas 29 samples of cassava flour, chip and gaplek gave a much higher mean cyanogen content of 54 ppm (SD 51). The WHO safe value for cassava flour is 10 ppm and the Indonesian level is 40 ppm. There are four outliers of cyanogen content 140–200 ppm, which would be dangerous to human health. The cyanogen content of starch/chips/gaplek needs to be reduced by using cultivars of lower cyanogen content and by using improved processing methods. Twenty seven samples of cassava roots gave a mean cyanogen content of 19 ppm (SD 14). ©     

Stability of native starch quality parameters,starch extraction and root dry matter of cassava genotypes in different environments

Cassava is an important food and cash crop in Malawi. It is also becoming increasingly important for industrial use. The aim of this study was to investigate the native starch quality of different Malawi cassava genotypes. Trials were conducted at Chitedze and Makoka in Malawi in the 2000/01 season. Apart from root dry matter and starch extraction, starch quality parameters considered included protein, moisture and ash contents, pH and whiteness. Various stability measures were used to deal with the problem of genotype × environment interaction. The results showed that all the cassava genotypes produced starch with no protein and with colour as white as required by the industry. Moisture and ash contents and pH fell within the industry‐recommended ranges. This suggests that native cassava starch is suitable for use in various industries. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was strongly correlated with other measured stability parameters and is therefore recommended for stability analysis of starch quality parameters. Genotype had a larger influence than environment on root dry matter. This agrees with the hypothesis that one or a few major genes control root dry matter in cassava. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of variety and planting density on starch accumulation in cassava roots

Root starch content was consistently higher in the variety Black Twig than in the variety C5 and was always higher at 1 × 1 m than at 3 × 3 m plant spacing in both varieties throughout the sampling period; 36 to 68 weeks of age. C5 produced greater fresh root yields than Black Twig at both planting densities. Starch yields per hectare were greater from C5 in the ninth month after planting, but after this they were similar for both varieties. No marked peak or consistent decline in root starch content associated with increasing age was observed. It is suggested that variations in root starch content could be influenced by climatic factors, particularly rainfall, and soil moisture. Long-term research in this area is required.     

新疆香料烟生长发育过程中干物质积累规律和养分吸收分配规律研究

研究结果表明,香料烟在移栽后30 d之前干物质积累较慢,30 d之后积累较快;干物质积累高峰持续的时间、最终干物质积累量及在各器官中的分配受栽培措施影响较大。香料烟对主要养分的积累量表现为Ca > K > N > Mg > P,钾素在茎中的分配量最高,在叶中的分配量次之;其它营养元素在叶中分配量最多      

Picrate paper kits for determination of total cyanogens in cassava roots and all forms of cyanogens in cassava products

The simple semiquantitative picrate method for the determination of total cyanogens in cassava flour has been modified by increasing the concentration of the picrate solution used to make up the picrate papers, such that a linear Beer's Law relation between absorbance and cyanogen content is obtained over the range 0–800 mg HCN equivalents kg⁻¹ cassava. The method has been adapted to determine the total cyanogen content of cassava roots and the results compared using the picrate method and the acid hydrolysis method for six different roots from five cultivars. The agreement between the results is satisfactory. The simple method for determination of total cyanogens in cassava roots in the field is available in kit form. The methodology has been modified to allow determination of the three different forms of cyanogens present in cassava flour, viz HCN/CN⁻, acetone cyanohydrin and linamarin. HCN/CN⁻ is determined by the picrate method in which cassava flour is reacted with 0.1 M sulphuric acid for 3 h at room temperature. HCN/CN⁻ plus acetone cyanohydrin is also determined by the picrate method after treating cassava flour with 4.2 M guanidine hydrochloride at pH 8 for 3 h at room temperature. A comparison has been made of the amounts of the three cyanogens present in six cassava flour samples using the semiquantitative picrate and the acid hydrolysis methods. The agreement between the two methods is satisfactory, which shows that the new methodology works well. The picrate method for determination of the three cyanogens in cassava flour is also available as a kit. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

土壤盐分对烤烟各器官干物质重及矿质元素吸收分配的影响

  目的  探究土壤盐分对烤烟干物质积累和矿质元素含量的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验,以中烟100为试验材料,以前期调查当地烟田20个样点耕层平均盐分浓度和离子组成为基准,用CaCl₂、Ca（HCO₃）₂、MgSO₄、K₂SO₄、Na₂SO₄模拟实际土壤盐分组成,分别以含3倍、6倍、9倍、12倍基准的土壤盐分状况研究对烤烟干物质重和不同器官矿质元素含量、Ca/Na、K/Na及Ca、K选择性运输能力的影响。  结果  ① 在同一生育期,随盐浓度的升高,烤烟各器官干物质重先增后降,在3倍基准浓度处理下干物质重最大,烤烟叶片中的K含量也有增加;随盐浓度的升高,K、Ca、Cu、Fe、Mn元素在部分时期的吸收受到限制。②烤烟各器官K/Na和Ca/Na随盐分浓度的升高而降低,在高盐浓度条件下,烤烟K/Na表现为根>叶>茎。③高盐浓度会在一定程度上促进茎到叶的S_K,Na和S_Ca,Na,抑制根到茎的S_K,Na和S_Ca,Na。  结论  烤烟对低浓度盐分有一定的耐受能力,但高盐浓度下,矿质营养吸收和分配平衡被破坏,影响烤烟生长发育。      

A comparison of two sampling methods for the estimation of dry matter and mineral content of swede roots

The composition of swede roots is normally estimated from samples of cores, from which the outer tissue is cut off to minimise soil contamination. Cylindrical cores contain a disproportionally large amount of xylem tissue which has a relatively low dry matter (DM), N, Ca, Na and Mg content and a high K content. Segments are the only subsamples of swede roots which have the correct proportions of xylem, phloem and skin. Several hundred samples of cores and segments were analysed to determine whether correction factors could be applied to data obtained from the less laborious method of taking cores. The mean correction factors for the cultivar Doon Major were 1.08 for DM content and 1.11, 1.01, 0.75, 1.30, 1.48 and 1.55 for N, P, K, Ca, Na and Mg, respectively. However, these factors varied, depending on site, season, fertiliser treatment and root size. Therefore, constant correction factors can not be generally applied and cores must be regarded as unsatisfactory for estimating the composition and nutrient uptake of swedes. The errors involved in determining P content from core samples appeared to be relatively insignificant.     

The influence of dietary fibre sources on growth,feed efficiency and digestibilities of dry matter and protein in rats

Hulls from Tower canola (TCH), Regent canola (RCH) and soya beans (SBH) were included at 10 or 20% in soya bean meal based diets for rats, to compare the effects of these fibre sources on growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dry matter and protein digestibilities. A soya bean meal based control diet and another diet containing a purified fibre source (Alphafloc) at a 10% level, were included for a further comparison. Each of the diets was fed to six rats in a 4-week feeding trial. The diets gave similar weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency values. The control diet had the highest mean coefficient of dry matter digestibility (80.8%) and the 20% SBH and Alphafloc diets had the lowest (72.4 and 72.2%). The canola hull and 10% SBH and Alphafloc diets had intermediate values (73.2–75.0%). There was a highly significant negative correlation between the dietary fibre content and the dry matter digestibility of the diets. The control and Alphafloc diets showed the highest and similar apparent (81.4 and 79.9%) and true (86.8 and 85.3%) digestibility values for dietary protein. The 20% canola and soya bean hull diets showed the lowest apparent (71.4–73.7%) and true (76.9–79.4%) digestibility coefficients. The 10% canola and soya bean hull diets had intermediate apparent and true protein digestibility values (73.2-75.3 and 78.4–80.6%, respectively). The chemical analysis of the fibre sources showed that Alphafloc had the highest cellulose content (88%) and the lowest lignin content (0.6%), while canola hulls had the lowest cellulose content (25.4–28.4%) and the highest lignin content (26.6–28.9%). Soya bean hulls had intermediate cellulose (50%) and low lignin (1.3%) contents. The results suggest that cellulose did not have a detrimental effect on the dietary protein digestibility but lignin and/or some other undetermined factors in the hulls had an adverse effect on protein digestibility.     

Spatial distribution of light-induced lipid oxidation in semi-hard yellow cheese as detected by confocal microscopy

The migration of oxidative damage in semi-hard yellow cheese resulting from surface exposure to 436 nm monochromatic light with an intensity of 2.5 × 10¹⁷ quanta min⁻¹ cm⁻² for 0, 5, 10, and 15 min was followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using labelling with the lipophilic fluorescence ratio probe C₁₁-Bodipy (581/591). From 5 × 5 × 5 mm cubes of cheese exposed to light on one plane 35 μm was sliced off and fluorescence of oxidised and non-oxidised probe recorded simultaneously on the surface of the slice reaching 250 μm inwards from the exposed surface. From the emission of the fluorescence ratio probe light-induced lipid oxidation could be followed with time of exposure to light. The penetration of light inwards in the cheese with time expressed as quanta cm⁻², as calculated from light transmittance at 436 nm determined spectrophotometrically for cheese slices of up to 300 μm thickness, together with light intensity as determined by actinometry, could alone account for the inwards migration of oxidation. Diffusion of radicals seems of less importance for spatial dispersion of light-induced oxidation in semi-hard cheese.     

Microstructure and textural and viscoelastic properties of model processed cheese with different dry matter and fat in dry matter content

The aim of this work was to examine the effect of a different dry matter (DM) contents (35 and 45% wt/wt) and fat in DM contents (40 and 50% wt/wt) on the textural and viscoelastic properties and microstructure of model processed cheeses made from real ingredients regularly used in the dairy industry. A constant DM content and constant fat in DM content were kept throughout the whole study. Apart from the basic chemical parameters, textural and viscoelastic properties of the model samples were measured and scanning electron microscopy was carried out. With increasing DM content, the rigidity of the products increased and the size of the fat globules in the model samples of the processed cheeses decreased. With increasing fat in DM content, the rigidity of the processed cheeses decreased and the size of the fat globules increased.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion difference on acid-base status and dry matter intake in dry pregnant cows

The objective was to determine if the reduction in dry matter (DM) intake of acidogenic diets is mediated by inclusion of acidogenic products, content of salts containing Cl, or changes in acid-base status. The hypothesis was that a decrease in intake is mediated by metabolic acidosis. Ten primigravid Holstein cows at 148 ± 8 d of gestation were used in a duplicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of diets and acid-base status of cows were manipulated by incorporating an acidogenic product or by adding salts containing Cl, Na, and K to the diets. Treatments were a base diet (T1; 1.42% K, 0.04% Na, 0.26% Cl; DCAD = 196 mEq/kg); the base diet with added 1% NaCl and 1% KCl (T2; 1.83% K, 0.42% Na, 1.23% Cl; DCAD = 194 mEq/kg); the base diet with added 7.5% acidogenic product, 1.5% NaHCO₃, and 1% K₂CO₃ (T3; 1.71% K, 0.54% Na, 0.89% Cl; DCAD = 192 mEq/kg); the base diet with added 7.5% acidogenic product (T4; 1.29% K, 0.13% Na, 0.91% Cl; DCAD = ?114 mEq/kg); and the base diet with 7.5% acidogenic product, 1% NaCl, and 1% KCl (T5; 1.78% K, 0.53% Na, 2.03% Cl; DCAD = ?113 mEq/kg). Periods lasted 14 d with the last 7 d used for data collection. Feeding behavior was evaluated for 12 h in the last 2 d of each period. Reducing the DCAD by feeding an acidogenic product reduced blood pH (T1 = 7.450 vs. T2 = 7.436 vs. T3 = 7.435 vs. T4 = 7.420 vs. T5 = 7.416) and induced a compensated metabolic acidosis with a reduction in bicarbonate, base excess, and partial pressure of CO₂ in blood, and reduced pH and strong ion difference in urine. Reducing the DCAD reduced DM intake 0.6 kg/d (T1 = 10.3 vs. T4 = 9.7 kg/d), which was caused by the change in acid-base status (T2 + T3 = 10.2 vs. T4 + T5 = 9.6 kg/d) because counteracting the acidifying action of the acidogenic product by adding salts with strong cations to the diet prevented the decline in intake. The decline in intake caused by metabolic acidosis also was observed when adjusted for body weight (T2 + T3 = 1.75 vs. T4 + T5 = 1.66% BW). Altering the acid-base status with acidogenic diets reduced eating (T2 + T3 = 6.7 vs. T4 + T5 = 5.9 bouts/12 h) and chewing (T2 + T3 = 14.6 vs. T4 + T5 = 13.5 bouts/12 h) bouts, and extended meal duration (T2 + T3 = 19.8 vs. T4 + T5 = 22.0 min/meal) and intermeal interval (T2 + T3 = 92.0 vs. T4 + T5 = 107.7 min). Results indicate that reducing the DCAD induced a compensated metabolic acidosis and reduced DM intake, but correcting the metabolic acidosis prevented the decline in DM intake in dry cows. The decrease in DM intake in diets with negative DCAD was mediated by metabolic acidosis and not by addition of acidogenic product or salts containing Cl.     

Influence of natural organic matter on As transport and retention

Natural organic matter (NOM) can affect the behavior of arsenic within surface and subsurface environments. We used batch and column experiments to determine the effect of peat humic acids (PHA), groundwater fulvic acids (GFA), and a soil organic matter (SOM) extract on As sorption/transport in ferrihydrite-coated sand columns. A reactive transport model was used to quantitatively interpret the transport of As in flow-through column (breakthrough) experiments. We found that As(III) breakthrough was faster than As(V) by up to 18% (with OM) and 14% (without OM). The most rapid breakthrough occurred in systems containing SOM and GFA. Dialysis and ultrafiltration of samples from breakthrough experiments showed that in OM-containing systems, As was transported mostly as free (noncomplexed) dissolved As but also as ternary As-Fe-OM colloids and dissolved complexes. In OM-free systems, As was transported in colloidal form or as a free ion. During desorption, more As(III) desorbed (23-37%) than As(V) (10-16%), and SOM resulted in the highest and OM-free systems the lowest amount of desorption. Overall, our experiments reveal that (i) NOM can enhance transport/mobilization of As, (ii) different fractions of NOM are capable of As mobilization, and (iii) freshly extracted SOM (from a forest soil) had greater impact on As transport than purified GFA/PHA.     

硫对烤烟干物质积累的影响

通过液培试验,研究了硫对烤烟干物质积累量和积累速率的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内(0.32~64 mg/L)供硫可以促进烤烟干物质积累量及积累速率的提高,0.32 mg/L处理烤烟的干物质积累量及最大积累速率略低于64 mg/L处理,但明显高于128 mg/L~1024 mg/L处理。在64 mg/L~256 mg/L处理之间随硫浓度升高,烤烟干物质积累量及最大积累速率明显降低。64 mg/L处理烤烟的根、茎、叶及全株进入旺长期的时间明显早于128 mg/L~1024 mg/L处理,且其茎、叶及全株旺长期持续的时间要明显长于128 mg/L~1024 mg/L处理,促进烤烟干物质积累量和积累速率的硫浓度上限阈值为64 mg/L处理。