7xxx 系铝合金时效处理的研究现状及应用进展

简要分析了7xxx系列高强铝合金的时效强化机理,归纳了7xxx系铝合金的时效处理工艺,讨论了典型牌号7xxx铝合金的时效处理工艺及其在工业生产,特别是航空航天领域的应用情况,评述了7xxx铝合金时效处理的国内外研究现状.针对目前存在的问题并结合实践应用的要求,提出了未来7xxx系铝合金时效处理工艺研究和开发的重点.     

7xxx系铝合金氢脆的研究现状及发展趋势

全面评述了7xxx系铝合金氢脆(HE)问题的国内外研究现状,讨论了氢脆机理以及氢脆的影响因素,并介绍了几种重要的测试方法.针对目前研究工作中尚未从理论上揭示氢脆本质这一突出问题,指出了今后7xxx系铝合金氢脆问题的研究方向,同时结合前期的研究工作,提出了具体的相关建议.     

5xxx系铝合金研究现状及发展趋势

5xxx系铝合金因具有高耐蚀性又被称为防锈铝，是海洋工程装备的重要材料之一。随着海洋工业的快速发展和海洋环境的复杂多变，人们对海洋工程装备用材料的性能提出了更高的要求，因此5xxx系铝合金材料既要保证轻质高强还要进一步提高耐蚀性。本文综述了5xxx系铝合金中主加合金元素的含量范围，讨论了微合金元素对5xxx系铝合金组织与性能影响研究现状，分析了5xxx系铝合金的制备和热处理工艺，阐明了5xxx系铝合金热变形工艺与热处理工艺的协同调控、组织细化和性能提升的发展趋势，最后对5xxx系铝合金的微合金化、热处理工艺、热变形行为及耐腐蚀性能等方面的研究进行了展望。     

Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu)合金抗应力腐蚀性能影响因素分析

从合金成分、热处理制度以及显微组织特征等方面对如何提高7xxx系铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能进行了系统的分析,重点阐述了影响合金抗应力腐蚀性能的本质因素——GBP、MPT、PFZ、晶界原子偏聚等。同时提出了合理可行的提高7xxx系铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能的解决途径,为新一代超高强铝合金的成分设计和工艺优化提供了重要的参考。     

石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金微观组织和性能的研究进展

铝合金具有密度低、强度高、耐酸性气体腐蚀等优点,其在石油钻探领域的应用优势逐渐引起了国内外学者的重视。铝合金石油钻杆在美国、俄罗斯等少数发达国家已被应用于钻探领域数十年,然而我国对铝合金石油钻杆的研究起步较晚,目前主要依靠进口,这极大地限制了我国钻采工业的发展,因此实现自主研发超强耐蚀铝合金钻杆具有很高的社会意义和经济效益。Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金属于7xxx系铝合金,因具有很高的抗拉强度、较好的耐腐蚀性和高温冲击韧性,已成为当下最具发展潜力的铝合金钻杆用材料,也是我国近几年对高性能铝合金钻具材料的主要研究方向。7xxx系铝合金的主要析出强化相是弥散分布的GP区和η'相。众所周知,合金的成分和组织决定其性能,因而通过改变热处理工艺和合金成分可以调控铝合金材料的性能。铝合金的热处理工艺流程主要包括均匀化、固溶和时效处理等。目前均匀化倾向于采用多级热处理制度,热处理后材料不仅会得到更为弥散细小的析出相,合金在后续热加工过程中的再结晶行为也会受到抑制。热变形后再经双级或多级固溶,合金中残余过剩相可有效溶解,其稳定性和综合性能得到提高。时效处理作为较关键的热处理步骤,也从传统单级处理向多级转变,一种新型的回归再时效(RRA)制度综合了单级和双级时效的优点,在保持铝合金较高强度的同时,又可获得较高的腐蚀抗力。因此,探索合适的热处理制度对提高钻杆用铝合金材料的综合性能有深刻的影响。另外,优化合金成分也是提高铝合金性能的重要方式。研究发现,将石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金的成分大致控制在Al-6～6.5Zn-2.0～2.8Mg-1.6～2.0Cu范围内,其可获得较优的综合性能。此外,引入新的微合金元素,如Mn、Zr、Cr及稀土元素等,可以显著细化铝合金晶粒,提高其再结晶温度,从而提高它的耐热性和耐腐蚀性,使其更好地满足石油钻杆在实际工况中的服役要求。7xxx系铝合金虽具有诸多性能优势,但其在富氯气氛环境中耐蚀性较差,易发生应力腐蚀开裂,在海洋钻探领域服役时存在一定的失效风险。另外,7xxx系铝合金耐冲蚀磨损能力差,在钻探过程中易产生磨损,从而缩短了其使用寿命。今后的工作重点应从成分设计、材料制备及热处理工艺等方面来提高铝合金钻杆的高温强度,同时系统深入探讨上述因素对材料力学性能、电化学性能、耐磨性能的影响,并就这些性能的优化机理展开基础研究。本文综述了国内外铝合金石油钻杆的研究现状、性能特点和生产工艺,重点归纳了钻杆用7xxx系铝合金的时效析出过程及其微合金化研究方面的进展,阐述了固溶和时效等热处理对7xxx系铝合金综合性能的影响,分析了铝合金石油钻杆耐腐蚀性能及磨损行为的表现。在此基础上,对我国石油钻杆用7xxx系铝合金目前存在的问题以及日后的发展方向进行了展望。     

热处理对7×××系铝合金组织及性能影响的研究进展

归纳了7×××系高强铝合金的热处理工艺,分别描述和分析了均匀化、固溶处理、淬火和时效前沿的热处理工艺对7×××系铝合金微观组织和性能的影响以及强化机理,并评述了针对一些具体牌号的7×××铝合金在不同热处理条件下组织相的转变以及性能(强度、延伸率、抗SCC等),分析了热处理强化机理方面研究的不足以及实际应用中存在的问题,提出了未来热处理工艺研究重点和方向.     

7xxx系铝合金应力腐蚀的控制

综述了7xxx系铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂机理(Stress corrosion cracking)与影响因素。应力腐蚀开裂机理主要有阳极溶解理论、氢致理论与"相变-Mg-H"理论。适当的固溶工艺与时效工艺可以提高铝合金的抗应力腐蚀性能;铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性随水蒸气中氧含量的增加而提高,含有Cl-、Br-和I-的水溶液会加快铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂的裂纹扩展速率。     

6000系汽车车用铝合金的研究应用进展

综述了6000系铝合金的性能特点以及国内外的研究应用现状,指出了6000系铝合金的发展方向和未来的研究重点,说明了该系铝合金在汽车上具有广泛的应用空间,为汽车用铝合金材料的研究者和汽车的设计者提供了新思路.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金的研究进展

评述了国内外超高强铝合金的研究及应用概况,介绍了Zn、Mg、Cu等主要元素与Zr、Sc、Li、Ag、Be及稀土等微量元素对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金组织与性能的影响,介绍了Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金制备技术、热处理工艺及其最新进展,讨论了超高强铝合金主要强化机制以及微观组织与性能之间的关系.针对超高强铝合金现存的问题,提出了今后研究开发的方向.     

从航空看轨道交通高强铝合金的发展趋势

本文简要介绍了高强铝合金在航空和轨道交通领域的应用,综述了航空高强铝合金微合金化发展历程以及微量合金元素对7系高强铝合金性能的影响。最后针对轨道交通铝合金的特点指出系统开展基于综合考虑可焊性和防腐性能的微量元素合金化是研发轨道交通高强铝合金的发展趋势。     

2014 based MMCs: Properties improvement by (TiCN)p and trace additions

Sintering of aluminum alloys is usually performed by the formation of a liquid phase. A liquid phase in 2xxx series alloys is formed from α+Al₂Cu eutectic. In this work, the influences of trace elements like Sn or Pb, and the addition of a ceramic reinforcement, such as TiCN, on 2014 alloys are studied. Mechanical properties as well as a microstructural study show improved results.     

汽车车身板用变形铝合金研究进展

基于汽车轻量化的大背景,铝合金因其优异的综合性能成为汽车用板材的优选材料.主要综述了汽车车身板用变形铝合金的研究进展,以汽车车身板材常用的2×××、5×××、6×××和7×××系变形铝合金的应用现状为基础,结合国内外研究者现阶段的研究成果,对各系变形铝合金应用在汽车车身板中的优劣势展开了分析.在此基础上,着重介绍了各系...     

Fracture Behavior of GMA Welded Joints of Dissimilar and Similar Aluminum Alloys of 6061-T6/5083-O

Aluminum alloys of grade 6xxx and 5xxx are used where strength and corrosion resistance both are important. This paper reports the GMA welding of dissimilar 6061 T6 and 5083 O aluminum alloys and comparison of mechanical properties and fracture behavior of dissimilar joints (6061 T6-5083 O) with similar joints of the two base materials (6061 T6-6061 T6 and 5083 O-5083 O). GMA welding is used mostly due to high deposition rate, deeper penetration and high welding speed. The fusion welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys faces many problems due to the different chemical compositions and thermal conductivities of aluminum alloys. The dissimilar joint exhibited an average tensile strength of 138 MPa and weld hardness of 74.2 VHN. The scanning electron micrograph of tensile fracture surface was obtained to investigate the mode of failure. The fractograph at top portion of the fractured surface of 6061 T6-6061 T6 joints exhibited smaller grain size and smaller spacing between grains. The fractograph at middle portion showed population of dimples, which is the indication of ductile type of fracture. The fractograph at bottom portion (root region) indicated relatively smaller cleavage facets in similar joint of 5083 O-5083 O.     

Tailoring nanostructured, graded, and particle-reinforced Al laminates by accumulative roll bonding

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is a very attractive process for processing large sheets to achieve ultrafine-grained microstructure and high strength. Commercial purity Al and many Al alloys from the 5xxx and the precipitation strengthened 6xxx alloy series have been successfully processed by the ARB process into an ultrafine-grained state and superior ductility have been achieved for some materials like technical purity Al. It has also been shown that the ARB process can be successfully used to produce multi-component materials with tailored properties by reinforcement or grading, respectively. This allows optimizing the properties based on two or more materials/alloys. For example, to achieve high corrosion resistance and good visual surface properties it is interesting to produce a composite of two different Al alloys, where for example a high strength alloy of the 5xxx series is used as the core material and a 6xxx series alloy as the clad material. It has been shown that such a composite achieves more or less the same strength as the core material although 50% of the composite consists of the significant softer clad alloy. Furthermore, it has been found, that the serrated yielding which typically appears in 5xxx series alloys and limits applications as outer skin materials completely disappears. Moreover, the ARB process allows many other attractive ways to design new composites and graded material structures with unique properties by the introduction of particles, fibres and sheets. Strengthening with nanoparticles for example is a very attractive way to improve the properties and accelerate the grain refining used in the severe plastic deformation process. With an addition of only 0.1 vol.-% Al2O3 nanoparticles a significantly accelerated grain refinement has been found which reduces the number of ARB passes necessary to achieve the maximum in strength. The paper provides a short review on recent developments in the field of ARB processing for producing multicomponent ultrafine-grained sheet materials with tailored properties.     

Effect of coherent and incoherent precipitates upon the stress and strain fields of 6xxx aluminium alloys: a numerical analysis

This paper investigates the stress and strain fields induced by the coherent/incoherent precipitates of type Mg_xSi_y in the 6xxx series aluminium alloys using numerical means. During welding of 6xxx series alloys, the heat-affected zone experiences high temperature heating and cooling cycles and hence results in the non-uniform stress and strain states both at macro- and micro-scales. In the present work, the macro-scale finite element (FE) simulations were carried out to calculate and compare the bulk material properties with those of experimental findings. Since the microstructure of 6xxx alloys comprises mostly of soft α-matrix and coherent/incoherent Mg_xSi_y precipitates, the properties of the individual constituents were used to perform micro-scale FE simulations. Temperature dependent theoretical yield strengths for the precipitates were also determined. The simulated micro-stress and strain fields showed strong dependency over the nature (coherent/incoherent), shape morphology (needle-like, random etc.) and distribution of precipitates. Additionally, unlike coherent precipitates, the plastic deformation of the matrix due to incoherent impurities was found to be highly non-uniform and localized. FE analysis was also performed to characterize the effect of grain size upon the stress state of material.     

An experimental study on the dynamic fracture of extruded AA6xxx and AA7xxx aluminium alloys

The dynamic fracture behaviour of extruded AA6xxx and AA7xxx aluminium alloys is investigated using an instrumented Charpy test machine and V-notch specimens. The specimens are made from extruded flat profiles with a rectangular cross-section of 10 mm thickness and 83 mm width. The material is in T6 temper, i.e. the peak hardness condition. The alloys have either recrystallized or fibrous grain structure. For each alloy six different Charpy impact tests are carried out in two series. In Series 1, the notch is parallel to the thickness direction of the profile (i.e. through the thickness), while the notch is perpendicular to the thickness direction in Series 2 (i.e. lying in the plane of the flat profile). In each series, the longitudinal direction of the specimen is parallel, 45° or 90° to the extrusion direction. Comprehensive fractographic investigations are carried out for the different tests and alloys. It is found that the dissipated energy is practically invariant to specimen orientation and notch direction for the recrystallized alloy. For the fibrous alloys the dissipated energy is lower when the longitudinal direction of the specimen is 90° to the extrusion direction, i.e. when the notch is parallel with the fibrous grain structure. Further, the energy dissipation is higher for Series 2 than for Series 1 due to substantial delamination and secondary cracking in Series 2. The precipitate-free zones (PFZs) formed adjacent to the grain boundary are weak areas, preferable for crack initiation and growth. This is seen in the fracture surface as facets with high density of small dimples and is more pronounced for specimens with the notch parallel to the fibre direction.     

Linking Porosity to Rolling Reduction and Fatigue Lifetime of Hot Rolled AA7xxx Alloys by 3D X‐Ray Computed Tomography

A set of hot rolled 7xxx aluminum alloys with different casting conditions and modification of processing conditions were analyzed on their fatigue life time as well as the internal microstructure using 3D computed X‐ray tomography with a lab scale scanner and optical microscopy. It is shown that large retained casting pores exist in samples with low reduction rate. The modification on the hot rolling process is now proved to be much more effective on removing large casting pores in the alloy. It is also found that with the improved casting conditions and the additional deformation imposed by increased rolling reduction, this advantage is getting retarded. The combination of porosity analysis with low cycle fatigue test at peak stress of 300 MPa indicates that reduction of the size of large pores in the sample down to 10 µm will lead to greatly improved fatigue life times.     

Characterization of Material Properties of 2xxx Series Al-Alloys by Non Destructive Testing Techniques

2xxx series Al-alloys are widely employed in structural applications due to their good mechanical properties. During heat treatment of these alloys, solution treated parts sometimes mixed with age hardened parts during handling. This result in difficulty in distinguishing between solution treated and aged parts of various grades. Moreover, it is also necessary to separate improper aged parts from properly treated parts. The traditional methods of characterization of different heat treated parts are hardness, tension testing and microscopy, however these are destructive in nature and sometimes not desired particularly for finished products. The main purpose of this paper is characterization of material properties of 2xxx series Al-alloys by eddy current and ultrasonic NDE techniques so that the inspection can be carried out effectively in the shortest possible time. Three wrought Al-alloys of 2xxx series (AA 2014, AA 2024 and AA 2219) were homogenized followed by solution heat treatment and age hardening treatments at specific temperatures for 1–16 h. The changes in hardness and microstructure during heat treatments were determined by traditional material characterization methods and then correlated with electrical conductivity, sound velocity and attenuation coefficient obtained through Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques. Results demonstrated an excellent correlation between hardness and sound velocity, whereas extend of aging can be easily predicted by electrical conductivity, and attenuation coefficient measurement. Investigation suggested a way towards the non-destructive detection and characterization of material properties when conventional testing methods are not applicable.     

激光选区熔化成形高强铝合金晶粒细化抑制裂纹研究现状EI北大核心CSCD

高强铝合金(2×××,7×××等)因具有比强度高、加工性好等优点而被航空航天、汽车等领域广泛应用。随着大推重比飞行器设计及汽车轻量化技术的发展,轻质结构材料的需求日益增加,同时零部件也面临着“薄壁化、中空化、复合化”的发展趋势,高强铝合金的传统加工方法越来越难以满足要求。近年来,激光选区熔化成形(selective laser melting,SLM)作为一种常见的金属增材制造技术(additive manufacturing,AM)在复杂零部件成形领域受到关注,有望成为进一步拓宽高强铝合金应用领域的新兴技术。然而,SLM成形高强铝合金因易产生周期性热裂纹和粗大柱状晶不良组织等问题而发展缓慢,晶粒细化是克服增材制造高强铝合金这一固有热裂问题的关键所在。本文综述了近年来SLM成形高强铝合金显微组织和力学性能调控等方面的研究进展,归纳了不同体系合金的力学性能,重点阐述了抑制SLM成形高强铝合金中热裂纹形成的主要策略,包括SLM工艺参数优化以及通过微合金化或添加纳米颗粒细化晶粒等方法。指出当前研究存在的主要问题是合金成分的改变对材料综合性能以及热处理制度的影响规律尚不清晰等,并展望了未来的发展趋势,如SLM成形新型高强铝合金成分设计与综合性能评价、利用后处理工艺等手段进一步提升合金综合性能以及专用晶粒细化剂的设计与细化机制探究等。