无溶剂法合成高纯度蔗糖脂肪酸酯

采用无溶剂法合成了蔗糖脂肪酸酯。以氢化油为原料,经与甲醇反应制得脂肪酸甲脂,然后在新型催化剂存在下与蔗糖于130～140℃、-0.1 MPa条件下进行酯交换反应,当脂肪酸甲酯加入量为100 g(脂肪酸甲酯和蔗糖的摩尔比为1.0/1.27)、催化剂加入量为2.6g、皂盐加入量为12 g时,合成的SE经有机溶剂处理总蔗糖酯质量分数可达91.6%,单酯的质量分数可达65%,产品收率达到48%左右,各项质量指标均符合GB 8272—87要求。将试验结果应用于生产,取得了良好的效果。     

蔗糖-6-苯甲酸酯的制备

以蔗糖为原料,苯甲酸甲酯为酯化试剂,使用碳酸铯为催化剂合成蔗糖-6-苯甲酸酯。探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和物料配比对反应的影响。最优的反应条件:催化剂质量分数为2%(以蔗糖质量计,下同),n(蔗糖):n(苯甲酸甲酯)=1:4,反应温度为45℃,反应真空度为0.05 MPa,反应时间为5 h,蔗糖-6-苯甲酸酯的收率可达81.0%。     

丙烯酰胺氧化-还原引发体系反相乳液聚合

以过硫酸钾和亚硫酸钠为引发剂,Span-80和OP-10为乳化剂,进行了丙烯酰胺的反相乳液聚合研究;对合成产物进行了FT-IR、线粒径分布测试和表征;探讨了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂用量、乳化剂用量以及油相与水相体积比对转化率的影响。研究结果表明,反应温度30℃,反应时间4 h,油水体积比4∶1,引发剂[n(过硫酸钾)∶n(亚硫酸钠)=1∶1]用量为单体质量的0.5%(质量分数),乳化剂[m(OP-10)∶m(Span-80)=1∶1]用量为单体质量的8.0%(质量分数),在此工艺条件下,单体转化率达98.8%,乳胶体积平均粒径112μm。     

酯旨交换法合成椰子油甲酯

以椰子油为原料利用酯交换法制备了脂肪酸甲酯.分析测定了椰子油的平均(相对)分子质量,考察了反应条件对反应的影响.结果表明,优化的反应条件为:NaOH用量为1%(质量分数),醉油比为6:1(物质的量比),反应温度70 ℃,反应时间120 min,此条件下脂肪酸甲酯转化率达96%以上,椰子油平均相对分子质量为664.25.     

油脂与蔗糖转酯合成生物基表面活性剂的研究

以蔗糖和茶籽油为原料,用微乳化法一步转酯合成了含蔗糖脂肪酸酯及甘油单酯的生物基表面活性剂。考察了糖油摩尔比、乳化剂用量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对产物收率的影响。结果表明:蔗糖与茶籽油摩尔比4∶1,碳酸钾用量为原料总质量的4%,乳化剂用量为原料总质量的15%,反应温度130℃时反应5 h,产物的收率最高。HPLC-MS~2分析表明,该产品主要由蔗糖脂肪酸酯及甘油单酯组成。产品的乳化能力、起泡能力和泡沫稳定性均优于商品蔗糖酯SE-15。     

双丙酮丙烯酰胺的合成

以丙酮和丙烯腈为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,合成双丙酮丙烯酰胺(DAAM),确定较优条件为反应时间5h,反应温度55℃,n(丙酮)∶n(丙烯腈)∶n(浓硫酸)=2.4∶1∶2.4,阻聚剂的用量为丙酮质量的0.5%。对分离精制过程中的碱液洗涤过程进行了优化,确定较佳条件为碱液质量分数20%,碱液用量30mL,碱洗时间60min。在上述条件下反应得到的产品的收率约为65%,产品质量分数达99.3%,熔点54~56℃。采用FT-IR与1 HNMR对产物结构进行了表征。     

碘无溶剂催化合成葡萄糖五乙酸酯

以葡萄糖和乙酸酐为原料,碘为催化剂,无溶剂条件下合成了葡萄糖五乙酸酯,考察了糖酐原料配比、反应时间、反应温度及催化剂用量等因素对产品收率的影响。较优反应条件为:0.1 mol葡萄糖,n(葡萄糖):n(乙酸酐)=1.0:6.0,反应温度25℃,反应时间1.0 h,催化剂用量0.2 g,酯收率可达96.3%。     

N-丙烯酰吗啉的合成研究

以吗啉和丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为主要原料,经双键保护、催化胺解、催化裂解等过程制得N-丙烯酰吗啉。考察了反应温度、时间、配比等参数对反应结果的影响,并确定了该步反应的最佳工艺条件。实验表明,对于加成反应过程,催化剂用量为10%(质量分数,下同),反应时间为12h,反应温度为55℃,甲醇与MA的量比为2.5∶1,MA的转化率为95.1%,产品收率(以MA计)为93.9%;催化胺解过程中,催化剂用量为2%,反应时间为4h,反应温度为120℃,吗啉与甲氧基丙酸甲酯的量比为1.15∶1,甲氧基丙酸甲酯的转化率大于96%,产品收率(以吗啉计)大于92%;催化裂解过程采用苯作为脱甲醇溶剂,用量为70%~90%左右,反应时间为3h,丙烯酰吗啉的收率(以吗啉计)大于78%,产品总收率(以吗啉计)大于71%,产品纯度大于99.0%。     

TiGeW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2微乳化法合成蔗糖酯

以硬脂酸甲酯与蔗糖为原料,在催化剂TiGeW12O40/TiO2和乳化剂的作用下进行酯交换反应合成蔗糖酯,详细考察了乳化剂和催化剂用量、反应温度、原料配比等因素对合成蔗糖酯的影响。结果表明,较佳合成工艺条件为:硬脂酸甲酯∶蔗糖(摩尔比)=2∶1,乳化剂选用十二烷基硫酸钠,用量为投放总量的6%,催化剂占总质量的1.5%,反应温度120～130℃,反应时间3h,得到一酯,二酯的混合蔗糖酯。     

废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的高温醇解研究

通过高温高压醇解法对废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在催化剂金属醋酸盐作用下,进行乙二醇醇解得到对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(BHET),研究了废PET高温醇解的影响因素及工艺条件。结果表明:在高温醇解反应中,乙二醇与废PET的质量比和反应压力为主要影响因素,反应温度和解聚时间为次要影响因素;BHET收率随反应时间的延长、温度与压力的升高、乙二醇与废PET的质量比加大、催化剂的用量增大而增加,而二甘醇含量(除质量比因素)及醇解产物的熔点则随其相应降低;最佳醇解反应条件为压力0.4 MPa、乙二醇与废PET质量比0.5∶1.0、反应温度250℃、反应时间4 h,BHET收率达82%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。