氧化程度对氧化石墨烯吸附亚甲基蓝性能的影响

基于改进Hummers法,调控氧化剂KMnO_4用量制备了不同含氧官能团含量的氧化石墨烯(GOs)。采用XRD、XPS、AFM和FTIR分析了KMnO_4用量对GOs的结构特征、含氧官能团类型及含量的影响,研究了氧化程度对GOs吸附亚甲基蓝(MB)性能的影响。结果表明:KMnO_4用量对GOs-n(n=2,3,4)的含氧官能团类型和含量有显著影响;MB最大饱和吸附量依次为728.44、965.63和807.29 mg·g~(-1),与Langmuir模型单分子层饱和吸附量的标准差为3.6%、3.7%和4.2%,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,R~20.99。以GOs结构层上去质子化的羟基(—C—O~-)和羧基(—COO~-)为主要活性位点与MB发生化学控速的单分子层放热吸附,吸附热在20~27 kJ·mol~(-1)之间;低氧化程度的GOs以离子交换吸附为主导,吸附性能与GOs结构中—C—O(H)和—COO(H)的总量呈正相关。随氧化程度加深,GOs结构中环氧基(C—O—C)和羰基(C═O)以氢键作用吸附MB对吸附量的影响凸显。     

还原温度对氧化石墨烯的湿度-甲醛交叉敏感性能的影响

以氧化石墨烯溶胶为前体,通过旋涂工艺制备薄膜型气敏元件,在低温80～180℃下进行热处理,获得系列不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯气敏元件,采用XRD、AFM、FT-IR、XPS对样品的层结构、薄膜厚度及含氧官能团变化属性进行表征,将气敏薄膜元件在相对湿度为11.3%～93.6%的范围内进行预湿处理,并测定元件对甲醛气氛的敏感性能。结果表明：随热还原处理温度的升高,氧化石墨烯的结构逐渐向类石墨结构转变,含氧官能团逐渐脱失,缺陷增多,薄膜的方块电阻呈数量级地减小,从41 MΩ减小至928 Ω;经不同湿度预处理的气敏元件置于甲醛气氛中产生了水分子与甲醛分子的竞争吸附,从而导致电阻的明显变化;在10^?4甲醛气氛下,未还原或热还原温度较低的气敏元件适用于低、高湿环境下甲醛气氛的气敏测试,最大灵敏度为69.1%,而还原温度适中的元件则适用于中湿环境的甲醛测试,最大灵敏度为80.3%。     

氧化程度对氧化石墨烯吸附亚甲基蓝性能的影响

基于改进Hummers法,调控氧化剂KMnO₄用量制备了不同含氧官能团含量的氧化石墨烯（GOs）。采用XRD、XPS、AFM和FTIR分析了KMnO₄用量对GOs的结构特征、含氧官能团类型及含量的影响,研究了氧化程度对GOs吸附亚甲基蓝（MB）性能的影响。结果表明：KMnO₄用量对GOs-n（n=2,3,4（的含氧官能团类型和含量有显著影响;MB最大饱和吸附量依次为728.44、965.63和807.29 mg·g^-1,与Langmuir模型单分子层饱和吸附量的标准差为3.6%、3.7%和4.2%,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型,R²> 0.99。以GOs结构层上去质子化的羟基（-C-O^-）和羧基（-COO^-）为主要活性位点与MB发生化学控速的单分子层放热吸附,吸附热在20~27 kJ·mol^-1之间;低氧化程度的GOs以离子交换吸附为主导,吸附性能与GOs结构中-C-O（H（和-COO（H（的总量呈正相关。随氧化程度加深,GOs结构中环氧基（C-O-C）和羰基（C═O）以氢键作用吸附MB对吸附量的影响凸显。     

还原温度对氧化石墨烯的湿度-甲醛交叉敏感性能的影响

以氧化石墨烯溶胶为前体,通过旋涂工艺制备薄膜型气敏元件,在低温80～180℃下进行热处理,获得系列不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯气敏元件,采用XRD、AFM、FT-IR、XPS对样品的层结构、薄膜厚度及含氧官能团变化属性进行表征,将气敏薄膜元件在相对湿度为11.3%～93.6%的范围内进行预湿处理,并测定元件对甲醛气氛的敏感性能。结果表明:随热还原处理温度的升高,氧化石墨烯的结构逐渐向类石墨结构转变,含氧官能团逐渐脱失,缺陷增多,薄膜的方块电阻呈数量级地减小,从41 MΩ减小至928Ω;经不同湿度预处理的气敏元件置于甲醛气氛中产生了水分子与甲醛分子的竞争吸附,从而导致电阻的明显变化;在10-4甲醛气氛下,未还原或热还原温度较低的气敏元件适用于低、高湿环境下甲醛气氛的气敏测试,最大灵敏度为69.1%,而还原温度适中的元件则适用于中湿环境的甲醛测试,最大灵敏度为80.3%。     

基于氧化石墨烯/氧化锌复合材料的乙醇气体传感器

为探讨氧化石墨烯复合材料的气敏性,以氧化石墨烯(GOs)、乙酸锌(C4H6O4Zn)、尿素(CO(NH_2)_2)为主要原料,采用水热法制备GOs/ZnO复合材料并研究其对乙醇气体的敏感性。以乙酸锌、尿素及GOs为原料,在无水乙醇体系中合成ZnO含量不同的GOs/ZnO复合材料,并对其进行XRD、SEM及FTIR表征及气敏性能的测试,研究讨论了温度、ZnO含量、乙醇浓度等各因素对复合材料敏感性的影响。结果表明,在工作温度为60℃时,氧化石墨烯/ZnO(ZnO含量为15%)具有乙醇最佳的气敏响应,显示了良好的气体敏感性,且GOs/ZnC复合材料有良好的长期使用性,可以用于检测乙醇的气体浓度。     

空化洗油溶胀对新疆准东煤分子结构的影响

以空化洗油为溶胀剂,对新疆准东煤田西沟煤样进行自然溶胀和微波溶胀处理.借助peakfit软件,对三种煤样的FTIR谱图进行分峰处理,定性和半定量分析比较了原煤样的分子结构特点,以及自然溶胀和微波溶胀对其分子结构中各官能团的作用.FTIR分峰结果为:1)三种煤样的红外谱均可大致分为四段,即3 600cm-1~3 100cm-1处羟基官能团、3 000cm-1~2 800cm-1处脂肪氢、1 800cm-1~1 000cm-1处含氧官能团和900cm-1~700cm-1处苯环取代结构;2)煤样分子结构中存在的5种羟基官能团,其脱落的难易程度为:羟基环氢键羟基π氢键自缔合羟基氢键羟基N氢键羟基醚氢键;3)与原煤样相比,自然溶胀煤样面内不对称—CH2增加88.76%,—CH减少65.42%,含氧官能团和芳环结构变化不大,苯环四取代和五取代结构减少50%左右,三取代和二取代结构分别增加150%和57%,说明与苯环相连的侧链断裂;4)与自然溶胀煤样相比,经进一步微波溶胀,煤样的—CH3和—CH分别增加2.7倍和3.6倍,含氧官能团含量增加,苯环取代结构变化不大,芳环结构减少,这表明微波辐射能够增强溶胀剂对芳环结构的溶解.     

rGO-SnO2纳米复合物的制备及其室温下NH3气敏性能

以五水四氯化锡(Sn Cl_4·5H_2O)和氧化石墨烯(GOs)为原料,稀氨水为pH控制剂,采用沉淀-焙烧法制备了室温下对NH_3具有高灵敏度和高选择性的r GO-SnO_2纳米复合材料。利用XRD、FTIR、XPS、SEM、TEM和BET对纯SnO_2与r GO(1.0%,即r GO占SnO_2的质量分数,下同)-SnO_2纳米复合物进行了表征。与纯SnO_2相比,r GO(1.0%)-SnO_2纳米复合物中SnO_2晶体尺寸较小,为6～20 nm,比表面积更大,为33 m2/g;r GO(1.0%)-SnO_2纳米复合材料对体积分数为0.01%的NH_3灵敏度达到了49.6%,是相同NH3体积分数下纯SnO_2灵敏度的2.1倍,响应和恢复时间分别为21和204s,比纯SnO_2缩短了24和10s,具有良好的重复性、选择性与稳定性;r GO(1.0%)-SnO_2纳米复合材料优良的气敏性能是由r GO与SnO_2产生的p-n异质结以及溶解的NH3电离出的导电离子共同作用的结果。     

氧化钌复合氧化铟多孔立方体对三乙胺的敏感性能研究

采用水热法制备出立方体形貌的氧化铟纳米材料,然后通过在立方体氧化铟表面复合氧化钌,来改善氧化铟纳米材料的气敏性能。复合氧化钌后的RuO_2@In_2O_3纳米颗粒仍具备In_2O_3立方体规整的形貌,且分布仍保持原状,尺寸大小也没有发生变化;将所得样品制成气敏元件,气敏测试结果显示样品对三乙胺气体展现出较高的气敏响应,气敏元件最佳工作温度较原样相比有所降低(260°C),对三乙胺表现出良好的气敏响应特性,气敏元件的灵敏度高、稳定性好、响应-恢复时间短、选择性好。     

基于Py-GC/MS的污泥含碳、氧官能团热解演化过程研究

基于裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS),分析了污泥中主要含碳和含氧官能团在不同温度条件下的热解演变规律和热化学转化路径。结果表明,污泥中主要含碳和含氧官能团为碳碳双键(C C)、羧基(COOH)、羟基(—OH)、醛基(—CHO)和苯环(π-π*)。温度对官能团裂解演变的影响较大,低温热解阶段(350℃),温度升高导致产物中—COOH含量降幅最大,约降低33%;中温热解阶段(350~550℃),产物中C=C、—OH、—CHO和π-π*生成量显著增加,而—COOH呈下降趋势,但其所占质量比仍最高;在高温热解阶段(550℃),由于脂肪烃分子化学活性增强,主要发生以脱水、脱羧、脱羰和羟醛缩合等为主的芳香化缩聚反应,同时由于污泥中的蛋白质、纤维素等大分子热解使得π-π*成为产物中主要官能团。根据各个官能团热解演变规律,提出了污泥含碳、含氧官能团热解演变反应路径。     

铼掺杂WO3材料的VOCs气敏特性

通过掺杂法制得一系列不同Re2O7掺杂量的WO3粉体,测试了元件的气敏性能。研究发现：适量掺杂Re2O7,不仅可以显著降低WO3的电阻值,而且有利于提高WO3纳米材料对VOCs气体的灵敏度,其中掺杂量为6%（质量分数）的烧结型气敏元件在300℃下对VOCs有较高的灵敏度和选择性,是一种气敏性能很好的VOCs气敏元件。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。