N,N'-双棕榈酰基对苯二胺二乙基磺酸钠的合成及性能

以对苯二胺、棕榈酰氯、2-氯乙基磺酸钠为主要原料,经取代和酰化等反应合成了一种磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂——N,N'-双棕榈酰基对苯二胺二乙基磺酸钠(DS16-P-16),用FTIR、~1HNMR对中间体和目标产物进行了结构表征,并测定了其水溶性、表界面活性、泡沫性能和乳化性能。结果表明:在25℃时,DS16-P-16的临界胶束浓度(CMC为5.01×10~(-4) mol/L)是传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的6.26%,pC20(水的表面张力降低20 mN/m时所需溶液浓度的负对数)为3.61,表现出更好的降低水表面张力的效率;随着温度和溶液浓度的增大,DS16-P-16溶液与吉林油田原油的界面张力逐渐降低,且均低于1×10~(-2) mN/m,在45℃下,质量分数为0.5%的该溶液可将油水界面张力降低至1.46×10~(-2) mN/m;在质量分数为0.1%时,DS16-P-16溶液的初始起泡高度为28 cm,稳泡率可达93%,乳状液稳定时间为437 s。相同条件下,质量分数为0.1%的十二烷基硫酸钠的初始起泡高度为15 cm,稳泡率为60%,乳化时间为128 s。     

酰胺基羧酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成与性能

以对苯二胺、棕榈酰氯、氯乙酸钠等为主要原料,经取代和酰化反应合成了具有新型结构的酰胺基Gemini羧酸盐型表面活性剂DC16-P-16。通过FT-IR和~1HNMR对中间体和目标产物进行结构表征,并对其表/界面活性、增黏性、泡沫性能以及乳化性能进行测定。结果表明,DC16-P-16具有比传统表面活性剂低1～2个数量级的临界胶束浓度(3. 16×10~(-4)mol/L),表面张力为31. 36 m N/m; 0. 5%DC16-P-16可将油/水界面张力降低至超低界面水平(8. 52×10~(-3)m N/m); 65℃下,0. 5%DC16-P-16在低剪切速率时黏度为3. 95 m Pa·s,有较好增黏性;泡沫性能和乳化性能测试结果表明,0. 1%DC16-P-16溶液起泡高度为31. 2 cm,稳泡性接近于100%; DC16-P-16乳化系统中,油水分离时间达到735 s,在相同条件下与十六烷基羧酸钠相比具有很好的泡沫性能和乳化性能。     

脱氢枞酰胺乙基磺酸盐表面活性剂合成与性能研究

以脱氢枞酸为主要原料合成了脱氢枞酰胺乙基磺酸钠表面活性剂,用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征。在25℃下测定了其表面张力,得到cmc=1.0×10-4mol/L,cγmc=31.99 mN/m。在25℃下用改进Ross-Miles法测定其泡沫性能,ρ(活性剂)=0.6 g/L时,起泡高度达到150 mm以上,稳泡性t1/2=16 min。在45℃条件下测定活性剂与大庆采油四厂脱水脱气原油的界面张力,w(活性剂)=0.2%时,体系的界面张力达到9.3×10-3mN/m;考察了NaCl对界面性能的影响,(ρNaCl)=0.3 g/L时,界面张力降低至2.0×10-3mN/m。     

一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

对一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂协同作用进行了研究,考察了该表面活性剂与无机盐、阴离子碳氢表面活性剂、阴离子氟碳表面活性剂和非离子氟碳表面活性剂的复配性能,并对结果进行了讨论。研究表明:该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂自身表面张力为24.0 mN/m;电解质氯化钠对该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂影响显著,可使表面张力下降到22.4 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)可使表面张力降至21.4 mN/m;阴离子氟碳表面活性剂全氟丁基磺酸钾和四乙基全氟辛基磺酸铵分别使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m和20.2 mN/m;而非离子氟碳表面活性剂N-乙基-N-聚氧乙烯(9)醚-全氟辛基磺酰胺能使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m。     

N,N′-乙撑双[N(乙磺酸钠)-十二酰胺]的合成与性能评价

以乙二胺、2-氯乙基磺酸钠、月桂酸等为原料合成了N,N′-乙撑双[N(乙磺酸钠)-十二酰胺](简记为DTM-12)。以IR和1HNMR对其结构进行了初步表征。该目标产物水溶液的CMC(0.5 mmol/L)分别是十二烷基硫酸钠和十二烷基磺酸钠的1/16和1/20,γCMC(29.7 mN/m)低8~9 mN/m。DTM-12分别与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和辛基酚聚乙氧基醚9-10EO(Triton X-100)组成的复配体系在摩尔比为3∶7时,CMC达到0.106和0.049 mmol/L,γCMC达到25.4和31.7 mN/m,优于十二烷基磺酸钠组成的复配体系。DTM-12还具有良好的起泡性和稳泡性。     

双十二酰胺基磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以十二酸,二乙烯三胺为原料,氢氧化钾为催化剂,经酰胺化反应合成了中间体N,N-双-(十二酰基乙基)胺,再在甲苯/丙酮混合溶剂回流的条件下,与过量的丙烷磺内酯反应,经中和后制得双十二酰胺基磺酸钠阴离子表面活性剂。用红外光谱、质谱以及核磁共振氢谱对中间体及目标产物的结构进行了表征。使用电导率法测定双十二酰胺基磺酸钠的Krafft点为37.3℃,因此,在45℃下使用悬滴法测其表面张力。根据γ-lgc曲线得到其临界胶束浓度CMC为6.40×10-4mol/L,最低表面张力γCMC为37.33 mN/m。在45℃下使用旋转液滴法测定了不同浓度的双十二酰胺基磺酸钠水溶液与壬烷的界面张力。NaCl的质量分数在0~5%,双十二酰胺基磺酸钠的浓度为1×10-4mol/L,当NaCl的质量分数为5%时,壬烷与水的界面张力最低达3.39×10-3mN/m,且不会发生盐析现象。     

SB-16/SDS复配微乳液驱油体系性能研究

为提高低渗透油藏采收率,研究了十六烷基磺基甜菜碱(SB-16)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)按不同质量比复配所得表面活性剂体系的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和相应的表面张力(γ_(cmc)),得到该复配体系的最佳复配质量比为7∶3,此时cmc=0.025 g/L,γ_(cmc)=26.7 m N/m,进而以该复配体系为表面活性剂,研究不同质量分数、不同链长的醇类为助表面活性剂时对体系界面张力与乳化率的影响,最终确定质量分数为4%的复配体系+2%的异丁醇为最佳配方,在该条件下可以使油/水界面张力降至超低界面张力数量级(10~(-3)mN/m)。实验结果表明,在低渗透岩心中,复配微乳液驱油体系较水驱可以提高采收率10个百分点,效果较好。     

棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠的合成与性能

棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠(SNS80)以棕榈仁油为原料经过乙氧基化、磺化工艺制备而成,FT IR表征,对SNS80常温下的物理化学性能及应用性能进行了测试,如表面张力、临界胶束浓度、水溶液黏度、泡沫、去污力、乳化力,并与月桂醇聚醚硫酸钠(AES)进行了对比。结果表明,SNS80表面张力为34.96mN/m;临界胶束质量浓度为467.3mg/L;SNS80水溶液的黏度随活性物浓度的增加,表现出先升高后降低的趋势,SNS80质量分数为50%水溶液黏度达到最高值1 600mPa·s;SNS80在硬水中起始起泡高度为10mm;SNS80对碳黑油污布、蛋白污布的去污力与AES相当,对皮脂污布的去污力与AES相比较弱;对大豆油及液体石蜡的乳化力与AES相当。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂Surfactin的乳化性

采用白金板法对Surfactin的表面活性进行研究,并用浊度法和离心法对其乳化性进行研究。结果表明:Surfactin的临界胶束浓度为9.03×10-5mol/L,可将水的表面张力由73.98 mN/m降至最低27.48 mN/m。在浓度为1×10-3~1.2×10-2mol/L的NaC l溶液中,Surfactin溶液的表面张力随盐浓度升高逐渐降低并最终稳定在34 mN/m;Surfactin在121℃处理20 min后,其表面张力仍能保持在37.10 mN/m;在pH=2~12范围内,其表面活性稳定并良好;表明Surfactin具有较强的NaC l浓度、温度、pH的耐受性。浊度法测得Surfactin亲水亲油平衡(hydrophile lipophilic balance,HLB)值为14,对所需HLB值为12~16的油相乳化性能良好。     

三次采油用高效表面活性剂性能评价

制备了一种耐温抗盐高性能表面活性剂NHJ,并经试验评价了NHJ表面活性剂界面张力性能、耐温抗盐性能、表面张力性能、与地层水适应性能及洗油性能。评价结果表明,w(NHJ)0.3%溶液可使原油界面张力降低到10^-2 mN/m数量级,抗温性能达80℃,抗矿化度达8×10⁴ mg/L,抗Ca²⁺达4 000 mg/L,w(NHJ)0.3%溶液表面张力为21.24 mN/m,与地层水具有良好适应性,洗油率达到45%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。