钌钯双金属催化剂固载顺序控制及催化性能

以Al_2O_3、PdCl_2和RuCl_3为原料,采用水溶液浸渍法,通过控制固载顺序、制备流程以及焙烧温度等条件,制得系列负载型Ru Pd双金属催化剂,并用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)制取1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)的选择性加氢过程。其中,Ru和Pd的总负载量为0.3%(以催化剂总质量为基准,下同),且m(Ru)∶m(Pd)=1∶1。结果发现,采用先Ru后Pd(Ru-Pd)式固载顺序和浸渍-干燥-浸渍-干燥-焙烧(IDIDC)型制备流程,并在450℃下焙烧后,所得负载型Ru-Pd双金属催化剂的反应性能最佳,在6 MPa、180℃下,DMT转化率为89.6%,DMCD选择性为96.0%,DMCD产率为85.9%。这可能与Ru-Pd中大粒径粒子的形成受到抑制、粒径尺寸和分布更小、比表面积和总孔容更高、表面Pd原子摩尔分数较高以及Ru/Pd物质的量比较低有关。     

RuPd/C催化对苯二甲酸二甲酯加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯

采用纳米级Ru-Pd/C催化剂,在温和条件下将其应用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)的反应。考察了溶剂、反应温度、压力、催化剂用量对DMT加氢的影响。结果表明,在5 000mL高压反应釜中,最佳工艺条件为:温度140℃、压力4.0 MPa、溶剂异丙醇2 000 mL、DMT 1 300 g、催化剂65g,在该条件下,DMT转化率为99.8%,DMCD选择性为96.3%。保持反应条件不变,催化剂循环使用22次后,DMT转化率为99.0%,DMCD选择性为95.1%。     

负载型Ru催化剂的制备及其催化加氢性能

通过Ru固载与水滑石修饰的Al2O3(HTc-Al2O3)合成同步化,制得Ru-HTc-Al2O3,对其进行了XRD、ICP-AES、SEM、HRTEM、BET、NH3-TPD和XPS表征,并将其用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)催化加氢制取1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)。以溶液浸渍法制得Ru/HTc-Al2O3和Ru/Al2O3进行对照。结果表明,相较于Ru/Al2O3和Ru/HTc-Al2O3,Ru-HTc-Al2O3具有更大的比表面积(105.4 m2/g);其大粒径Ru粒子的形成和Ru的损失受到明显抑制,Ru粒子尺寸分布集聚区间向小尺寸方向偏移,并可提供更多的表面酸性位,尤其是中等强度的酸性位。通过考察催化剂质量与原料DMT初始物质的量比(CRR)、压力和温度的影响以及循环使用反应性能发现,催化反应活性顺序为:Ru-HTc-Al2O3 Ru/HTc-Al2O3 Ru/Al2O3;在CRR为100 g/mol、反应温度为180℃、反应压力为8 MPa时,Ru-HTc-Al2O3的催化性能达到最佳:DMT转化率为98.2%,DMCD选择性为96.9%。     

Ru-Pd双金属负载型催化剂催化3-甲基吡啶加氢反应研究

制备了Ru-Pd(4∶1)/C(负载量为5%)双金属负载催化剂,系统考察了反应温度、氢压等条件对3-甲基吡啶加氢反应活性的影响。结果表明,双金属Ru-Pd(4∶1)/C催化剂对3-甲基吡啶有较高的加氢活性,在(Ru+Pd)∶底物=1∶200(摩尔比),反应温度150℃,氢压4 MPa,还原反应3 h,3-甲基吡啶1 mL,乙醇4 mL的条件下,3-甲基吡啶转化率达100%,3-甲基哌啶的选择性达99%。     

改性骨架镍催化对苯二甲酸二甲酯加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯

采用骤冷法制备改性骨架镍(QS-Ni),并将其应用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)催化加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD),考察了溶剂、反应温度、压力、DMT初始浓度及催化剂用量对DMT加氢反应的影响。实验结果表明,采用异丙醇为溶剂,DMT初始浓度为1.0 mol/L,m(DMT)∶m(催化剂)=4∶1,在95℃和6 MPa条件下反应140 min,DMT转化率为100%,目标产物DMCD选择性达92.3%。催化剂QS-Ni循环使用16釜后,DMT转化率在99.3%以上,DMCD选择性为92.0%。     

Ru/CN催化对苯二甲酸二甲酯加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯

通过超声辅助NaBH4还原法制备了3％Ru/CN(3％为Ru的负载量,以CN的质量计,下同),其中,CN为介孔结构的氮掺杂碳材料,该催化剂用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD).采用Raman、SEM、TEM、N2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS对载体和催化剂的组成、表面性能进行了表征.考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、H2压力、反应时间对催化剂加氢性能的影响.结果表明,氮元素成功掺入碳骨架中且氮掺杂碳材料为介孔结构.在DMT 1.00 g,催化剂0.05 g、反应温度140℃、反应压力5.0 MPa、反应时间1.0 h的最优反应条件下,DMT转化率为100％,DMCD选择性为99.3％.以1000℃下炭化制备的CN-1000为载体,得到的3％Ru/CN-1000催化剂循环使用4次后,催化性能未见明显下降,DMT转化率可达98.8％,DMCD选择性为99.7％.     

负载型Ru催化剂的制备及加氢性能

通过Ru固载同水滑石修饰的Al2O3（HTc-Al2O3）合成的同步化，制得Ru-HTc-Al2O3，对其进行XRD、ICP-AES、SEM、HRTEM、BET、NH3-TPD和XPS表征，并将其用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯催化加氢制取1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯。以溶液浸渍法制得Ru/HTc-Al2O3和Ru/Al2O3对照。结果表明：相较于Ru/Al2O3和Ru/HTc-Al2O3，Ru-HTc-Al2O3具有更大的比表面积（105.4 m2/g）；其大粒径Ru粒子的形成和Ru的损失受到明显抑制、Ru粒子尺寸分布集聚区间向小尺寸方向偏移，并可提供更多的表面酸性位，尤其是中性强度的酸性位。通过考察催化剂质量与原料DMT初始摩尔量的比例（CRR）、压力和温度的影响以及循环使用反应性能，发现催化反应活性顺序为：Ru-HTc-Al2O3 > Ru/HTc-Al2O3 > Ru/Al2O3；在CRR为100 g/mol，反应温度为180 ℃，反应压力为8 MPa时，Ru-HTc-Al2O3的催化性能达到最佳：DMT转化率为98.2%，DMCD选择性为96.9%。     

Ru/CN催化对苯二甲酸二甲酯加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯

通过超声辅助NaBH4还原法制备了3%Ru/CN催化剂（Ru的质量分数）,该催化剂用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMT）加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯（DMCD）。采用Raman、SEM、TEM、N2吸脱附、XRD、XPS等对载体和催化剂的组成、表面性质进行表征,结果表明,氮元素成功掺入碳骨架中且氮掺杂碳材料为介孔结构。研究了催化剂的用量、反应温度、H2 压力、反应时间等对催化剂加氢性能的影响。结果表明,当反应物用量为1.00 g,催化剂（含载体）用量为0.05 g,反应温度140 ℃,反应压力5.0 MPa,反应时间1 h时,DMT转化率为100%,DMCD选择性为99.3%。3%Ru/CN-1000催化剂循环使用5次后,催化剂催化性能未见明显下降,DMT转化率为98.8%,DMCD选择性为99.7%。     

Pd-Cu/γ-Al_2O_3双金属催化剂脱除水中硝酸盐

采用分步浸渍法和共浸渍法制备系列Pd负载质量分数为1%的Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3双金属催化剂,以氢气为还原剂研究其对水中硝酸盐催化脱除的性能。结果表明,催化剂中Cu与Pd物质的量比以及Cu、Pd的浸渍顺序对催化剂性能有重要影响,硝酸根转化率随着Cu与Pd物质的量比的增大而增大;硝酸根转化活性以Cu与Pd物质的量比为5∶1、先浸渍Pd再浸渍Cu所得催化剂较优;从氨氮选择性方面看,以先浸渍Cu后浸渍Pd制备的催化剂选择性较低,在Cu与Pd物质的量比为1∶1、先浸渍Cu再浸渍Pd所得催化剂较优。     

1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)合成多相催化剂研究进展

传统的聚酯合成原料多为含苯环的化合物,以其制造的工程塑料不仅难降解,对环境危害大,而且对人类的身体健康也存在严重威胁。随着各国对环境保护要求力度的加大,传统的聚酯材料已难以满足社会发展的要求,寻找合适可替代型原料已成为当下研究的热点。由1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯（DMCD）合成的聚酯不仅具有优异的性能,而且由于不含苯环,不会对环境造成污染,被广泛用于食品包装、儿童玩具制造等。1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯（DMCD）的工业生产通常由对苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMT）催化加氢制得,其中选择合适的催化剂是反应的关键,目前催化剂的研究方向主要集中在Pd、Ru、Rh和Ni基催化剂。介绍了合成1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯（DMCD）过程中多相催化剂的研究进展,系统地总结了催化剂的使用条件及其使用效果,为未来催化剂的研制点明方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.