搅拌摩擦焊在新能源汽车电池下壳体焊接工艺中的应用

介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的原理及优点、电池下壳体的结构、搅拌摩擦焊系统及生产工艺流程,针对搅拌摩擦焊技术在新能源汽车电池下壳体焊接工艺中的应用,利用机器人搅拌摩擦焊对焊接工艺参数及母材连接方式进行了试验研究,得到优化后的主轴转速S、焊接速度F、下压力P及工件连接方式,提高了焊缝融合度和接头稳定性,且焊接接头的抗拉强度均能达到母材标准抗拉强度的70％以上,表明该工艺方法在焊接速度、节能环保和产品质量等方面具有一定的优势.     

轨道车辆铝合金地板搅拌摩擦焊残余状态分析

搅拌摩擦焊作为一种先进的固相焊接技术,以其针对铝合金材料焊接效率高、焊后缺陷小、环境污染小等优点被逐渐地广泛应用。但是目前缺乏搅拌摩擦焊焊接中力学过程的研究,也鲜有力学过程对于焊缝残余状态影响的资料,不利于搅拌摩擦焊的推广应用。因此,本文以某型地铁车辆铝合金地板的焊接为研究对象,对搅拌摩擦焊工作原理及焊缝残余状态规律进行了分析,总结了摩擦焊接过程中的力学规律与导致焊缝残余应力不对称分布的原因。     

2524-T3铆接接头与搅拌摩擦焊接接头疲劳性能对比研究

通过2524-T3铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能对比试验,得到了母材、FSW对接接头、铆钉连接接头的疲劳S-N曲线。试验表明,搅拌摩擦焊的疲劳裂纹大多数起源于焊缝底部;2524-T3材料薄板的疲劳性能略好于厚板的疲劳性能;搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能要明显好于铆接接头疲劳性能。拟合得到了各种不同厚度,不同应力比下的S-N曲线公式,为搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于飞机结构积累了相关数据。     

硫酸阳极化机箱搅拌摩擦焊结构设计及工艺研究

为了提高机箱焊缝的致密性,减少硫酸阳极化后机箱焊缝露白、槽液残留等问题,文中从铝合金机箱的结构特点入手,详细介绍了机箱搅拌摩擦焊结构和焊接夹具的设计要点、焊接和热处理的工艺参数等。通过样件的试生产和试验验证,模拟样件焊接接头的抗拉强度超过母材的80%,焊缝可实现180°无裂纹、无断裂的正向弯曲。同时,箱体结构也通过了产品的试验验证。该硫酸阳极化机箱搅拌摩擦焊的焊接结构设计及工艺,对此类产品的制造具有一定的指导意义。     

静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊温度场仿真分析与参数优化

为了解决非刚性支撑条件下传统搅拌头易陷入被焊接板材而导致焊接失败的问题,设计研发了静轴肩焊接结构。通过建立有限元仿真计算模型,并使用热红外成像仪对焊接表面温度进行实时监测,分析不同工艺参数下静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊焊接过程中的温度场变化情况。使用设计研发的静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊进行现场试验并对完成焊接表面无缺陷的焊缝与母材进行拉伸试验对比,检测其焊缝机械强度,并对断口进行微观组织分析。结果表明：在使用静轴肩搅拌头焊接过程中,产热量主要来源于搅拌针轴肩的摩擦生热和搅拌针端部的摩擦生热,搅拌针的侧面摩擦生热和静轴肩的摩擦生热占比较小;对产热量影响较大的是主轴压力和主轴转速,C轴转速对产热量影响不大;在主轴压力为2940～3430 N,主轴转速为1000 r/min,C轴转速为0.05 r/min的工艺参数下,完成焊接的焊缝表面光滑无飞边,内部无沟槽隧道缺陷,焊缝抗拉性能达到母材的71.5%左右;焊缝断口存在分层现象,靠近焊接表面的上层呈脆性断裂特性,下层呈延性断裂特性,与母材相比,焊缝试样的延伸率和抗拉强度均有所降低。     

镁锂合金搅拌摩擦焊及电子束焊研究

对一种新型α+β双相镁锂合金的搅拌摩擦焊及电子束焊进行了实验研究,为该合金在精密制造领域的应用提供参考。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度测试探明接头显微组织和力学性能的演变规律和特点。结果表明,在合理的工艺参数下,镁锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区α+β双相都得到了明显的细化,演变为等轴晶,且α相体积分数相对减少。在焊接速度为15 mm/s,聚焦电流为500 ~ 540 mA,焊接电流为8~10 mA时,5 mm厚镁锂合金电子束焊焊缝完全焊透,焊缝区域由细小的等轴晶组织组成,α相分布更加弥散,呈网状分布在β晶界上。两种工艺下焊缝区显微硬度(HV)较母材均提升了13左右。综上,采用搅拌摩擦焊及电子束焊均可实现外观成型、组织以及性能优良的镁锂合金连接。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺与机理的研究

搅拌摩擦焊（Friction Stir Welding，简称FSW）是一种利用高速旋转的搅拌头与工件磨擦产生的热量使被焊材料局部塑化的新型固相连接工艺。它可以对多种熔化焊接性差的有色金属等材料进行可靠的连接，而且连接工艺简单，有较好的工艺适应性。本文在总结搅拌摩擦焊研究成果的基础上，论述了搅拌摩擦焊的基本原理和特点，阐述了近年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数、接头微观组织、焊接成形机理等方面的研究现状，并展望FSW的应用前景。     

2198-T3S铝锂合金组合工艺搅拌摩擦焊接头组织性能分析

为探究搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）焊接铝锂合金板材的最佳工艺参数,采用圆柱形螺纹搅拌头,焊前对板材背面开槽,在保持焊接速度不变的情况下对2198-T3S铝锂合金板材进行不同转速下的焊接组合工艺实验,焊后对接头进行了微观组织分析与力学性能测试。研究结果表明：采用组合工艺后焊缝的根部未出现弱连接缺陷;随着转速的提高,焊缝内部的缺陷消失,焊核区的晶粒呈粗大化趋势,第二相回溶,使焊缝的力学性能呈现“先升后降”的趋势。在最优组合参数下接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为359 MPa（母材的81.5%）和248 MPa（母材的77.5%）。同时,转速的提高使焊缝的断裂方式发生了改变,由脆性-韧性混合断裂向韧性断裂转变。     

超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的热力行为及微观组织特征

为了利用超声振动降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中金属材料的屈服应力和流动应力,研发超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊试验装置,开展6061-T6铝合金的焊接工艺试验。采用实时采集焊机电参数并将其转化成力矩和力的方法,测试超声振动作用下搅拌摩擦焊的焊接载荷,利用热电偶测试施加超声时的焊接热循环,通过体视显微镜和金相显微镜分别观测焊缝截面尺寸和接头微观组织,并与相同参数下常规搅拌摩擦焊的情况进行比对。研究结果表明,超声振动能够显著降低焊接轴向压力和搅拌头转矩,增大焊缝横截面尺寸,细化和均匀焊核区和热力影响区的晶粒组织。热循环的测量结果显示,超声振动的施加略微降低了测量点的焊接热循环峰值温度。分析认为,超声振动与搅拌头附近的塑性变形材料相互作用,降低了金属材料的屈服应力和流变应力,进而改变了原有的温度场,从而产生了优异的工艺效果。     

2A14铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包原因分析

针对2A14铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包现象,借助元素EDAX能谱分析和机箱制造工艺过程追溯,通过材料分析、焊接前处理方法研究、焊接工艺方法及热处理方法研究对机箱热处理后搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包的现象进行了原因排查,并通过试板焊接试验复现了焊缝鼓包现象,对2A14铝合金机箱的焊前处理工艺进行了改进和完善。     

某雷达冷板双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接工艺试验

文中介绍了某雷达MB8镁合金冷板的双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接试验。双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接技术对夹具设计以及应用环境的要求较常规搅拌摩擦焊接低。本试验中搅拌头转速设计为1000～1600 r／min,焊接速度设计为100～160 mm／min。通过测量冷板焊接接头处的拉伸强度和硬度,分析了焊接工艺参数对接头力学性能影响的机制。试验结果表明,MB8镁合金冷板双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接接头处没有出现未焊透、气孔和夹杂等镁合金熔焊常见的缺陷,接头处的拉伸强度为199～211 MPa,平均拉伸强度达到母材强度的91％,接头处布氏硬度为30～39 HBS ,相比母材略有下降。试验结果说明双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接技术非常适合用于冷板以及其他结构件的焊接。     

A study on mechanical characteristics of the friction stir welded A6005-T5 extrusion

In this paper, A6005-T5 extruded aluminum alloy sheets which are used for floor, roof or wall panels of railroad vehicles were welded by the friction stir welding (FSW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) techniques. The mechanical characteristics including the tensile strength, micro-hardness and fatigue strength of the FSW joint were compared to those of the base metal and GMAW joints. In order to determine the relationship between the welding variables of FSW and the mechanical characteristics of the joint, the response function was derived using the least square method and the sensitivity analysis was performed. The rotational speed, welding speed and tilting angle of the welding tool were chosen as design variables. On the basis of the Plackett-Burman design table, eight different FSW experiments were done, and then the effects of design variables on the mechanical characteristics of the FSW joint were analyzed. The result showed that the welding speed has a most significant effect on the tensile and fatigue strength. In the case of the micro-hardness, the effect of the tilting angle was the biggest.     

钢搅拌摩擦焊接及加工研究进展

自搅拌摩擦焊发明至今,国内外开展了大量的有关搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)技术的研究与开发工作,并且已在轻合金结构制造领域得到大量实际应用。此外,基于搅拌摩擦焊原理发展而来的另一项技术--搅拌摩擦加工也得到广泛关注,并且在金属材料组织改性及复合材料制备方面显示了独特的优势。然而,由于受到高温搅拌头材料的限制,对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接及加工的研究相比铝合金要少了很多。本研究对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接及加工的研究进展进行简要概述,总结同质钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接、异质钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接、钢铁材料搅拌摩擦加工以及高温焊接工具材料等几方面的研究成果,指出其中存在的重要科学及技术问题,并对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接以及搅拌摩擦加工的发展趋势及值得关注的问题进行展望。     

固溶处理对7B04-O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

对航空用3 mm厚的带有包铝层的7B04-O铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding,FSW),研究固溶处理对搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当转速为800 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min、焊接工具轴肩直径为12 mm时,可得到表面美观、致密无缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊接接头。焊核区发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶。经固溶处理后,焊核的上部及底部晶粒都发生了异常长大,而中部区域晶粒仍然为细小的等轴晶组织。焊态接头的拉伸试样断裂在母材位置,抗拉强度达到199 MPa,与退火态母材抗拉强度相当,断后伸长率达到12%。在新淬火状态下,接头的抗拉强度为310 MPa,为相同热处理母材的91.4%,断后伸长率为11.2%,试样断裂在焊核区,呈不完全的韧性断裂。     

Mechanical properties of friction stir welding and metal inert gas welding of Al-Zn aluminum alloy joints

In this work, an Al-Zn aluminum alloy was welded using friction stir welding (FSW) and metal inert gas (MIG) welding methods. The comparison between microstructure and mechanical properties of the two different joints was mainly discussed. Results showed that defect-free joints can be obtained using both the two welding methods. Due to much less heat input, grains of the stir zone (SZ) of the FSW joint are finer than those of the MIG joint, resulting into higher hardness. Tensile strength of the MIG and FSW joints respectively reaches 68.6 and 73.2% of the BM. The FSW joints own much better fatigue properties than the MIG joints and reach its infinite life at using 90 MPa. The FSW joint owns two cracks during the fatigue test.     

Stability of the friction stir welding process in presence of workpiece mating variations

This paper explores common process variations encountered in friction stir welding (FSW) and the limits to which acceptable joint strength is maintained while welding with a robotic FSW system. Part fit-up and mating variations are common in manufacturing, yet the limits to which a friction stir welding process can weld without major process adjustment are unclear. The effects on joint strength and mechanical properties of several of the most common mating variations (i.e., faying surface gap, misalignment, mismatch, etc.) are experimentally determined as individual effects as well as among common welding parameters. Experimental results on 5-mm-thick aluminum alloy 5083-H111 show that ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation begin to decrease from nominal weld conditions when either the tool offset distance from weld centerline or gap in abutted plates exceeds 25% of the average pin diameter (6?mm). In addition, vertical plate mismatch and lack of penetration can be tolerated up to 2.5% and 10%, respectively, before adverse effects on mechanical properties are observed. The work also indicates that of all the mating variations tested in this study, tool misalignment, followed by travel angle, has the most significant effect on the measured joint strength. Process stability testing has shown that the FSW process is able to endure part fit-up and mating variations within a defined tolerance, giving the practitioner an awareness of how well stock workpiece tolerances must be controlled before joint strength is adversely effected.     

搅拌摩擦焊返工工艺研究

本文阐述了搅拌摩擦焊工程应用化过程中隧道型缺陷产生的原因,通过实验分析6×××系列中空挤压型材在缺陷情况下进行修补的焊接工艺方法,对金相结构和力学性能对比分析,提出优化的焊接工艺参数,填补了产品工程化应用过程中有缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊产品返修技术空白。     

2524-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的疲劳性能

对2524-T3铝合金母材及三种尺寸搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对接接头的疲劳性能进行了研究,获得了各试样的S-N曲线并进行了分析。结果表明:在疲劳寿命为1×105周时,小厚度、短焊缝FSW对接接头的疲劳强度约为母材的80.8%,大厚度FSW对接接头的疲劳强度约为小厚度、短焊缝FSW对接接头的80.3%,大焊缝FSW对接接头的疲劳强度约为小厚度、短焊缝FSW对接接头的79.9%。     

Effective predictions of ultimate tensile strength,peak temperature and grain size of friction stir welded AA2024 alloy joints

A series of welds were made by friction stir welding (FSW) under different welding and rotation speeds. A 2D ultimate tensile strength (UTS) map was developed based on various experimental data to predict the UTS of friction stir welded AA2024 alloy joints. The accuracy of the UTS map was evaluated by comparing the estimated UTS with the corresponding experimental results from the FSW of the same material available in the open literature. Analytical models were developed to estimate the peak temperature and grain size in the nugget zone. The predicted optimal peak temperature and welding and rotation speeds for AA2024 were within the windows of 400–465 °C, 175–350 mm/min and 800–1,200 rpm, respectively, under which the joint tensile strength could be higher than 458 MPa (about 94.6 % of the base metal) and the estimated average grain sizes in the nugget zone were about 2–3.9 μm.     

Friction stir weld-bonding defect inspection using phased array ultrasonic testing

Weight reduction is an important driver of the aerospace industry, which encourages the development of lightweight joining techniques to substitute rivet joints. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state process that enables the production of lighter joints with a small performance reduction compared to the base material properties. Increasing the FSW lap joint performance is an important concern. Friction stir weld bonding is a hybrid joining technology that combines FSW and adhesive bonding in order to increase the mechanical properties of FSW lap joints. FSW and hybrid lap joints were produced, using 2-mm-thick AA6082-T6 plates and a 0.2-mm-thick adhesive layer. Defect detection using the non-destructive test, phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), has been made. Microscopic observations were performed in order to validate the phased array ultrasonic testing results. Lap shear strength tests were carried out to quantify the joint’s quality. PAUT inspection successfully detected non-welded specimens but was not able to distinguish specimens with major hook defects from specimens correctly weld bonded with small hook defects.