基于光时域反射法的分布式光纤应力传感器

研究了光纤时域反射仪的基本原理和光纤的微弯损耗机理，在此基础上开发了一种用光时域反射仪(OTDR)进行探测的分布式光纤应力传感器。对光纤微弯调制机构和传感器系统进行了设计与实验，分析了系统的灵敏度和空间分辨率的影响因素，实现了空间分辨率3m，测量范围1km的测量精度。现场实验表明：对山体滑坡等事故的发生能实现及时准确的灾害预报。     

光纤传感技术的研究现状与展望

介绍了光纤传感器的基本原理，总结了光纤传感器对传统的仪器仪表工业的促进作用，指出了光纤传感器研究中存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Non-optical tip–sample distance control method for scanning near-field optical microscopy using a piezoresistive micro cantilever

A piezoresistive micro cantilever is applied to monitor the displacement of an optical fibre probe and to control tip–sample distance. The piezoresistive cantilever was originally made for a self-sensitive atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe and has dimensions of 400 µm length, 50 µm width and 5 µm thickness with a resistive strain sensor at the bottom of the cantilever. We attach the piezoresistive cantilever tip to the upper side of a vibrating bent optical fibre probe and monitor the resistance change amplitude of the strain sensor caused by the optical fibre displacement. By using this resistance change to control the tip–sample distance, the two-cantilever system successfully provides topographic and near-field optical images of standard samples in a scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)/AFM system. A resonant characteristic of the two-cantilever system is also simulated using a mechanical model, and the results of simulation correspond to the experimental results of resonance characteristics.     

Fabrication of high-quality SNOM probes by pre-treating the fibres before chemical etching

A new method to fabricate high‐quality fibre probes for scanning near‐field optical microscopes by pre‐treating the fibre before chemical etching was proposed and implemented. In the pre‐treating process, the diameter of the fibre is reduced to a range of 7 –20 μm by etching one end of the fibre in the HF solution and a taper angle is formed simultaneously. Then the tapered part of the fibre is coated with a thick layer of plastic film and etched in the HF solution again. High‐quality probes are obtained with an apex diameter as low as ∼20 nm and a large cone angle.     

分布式光纤传感器多点温度测量的研究

基于光时域反射技术(OTDR)的原理,建立了拉曼散射分布式光纤多点温度测量系统,提出了一种新型的解调方法,即循环解调方法,用最近已知OTDR温度曲线解调下一个待测点OTDR温度曲线。通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性,该系统能够抑制温漂噪声的积累,防止瑞利背向散射光窜扰反斯托克斯背向散射光,其空间分辨力小于3m,温度分辨力约为±3℃,时间分辨力不大于3min。     

基于光纤传感技术的钢筋混凝土贮煤筒仓应力监测装置

从理论和实验两个方面对使用光纤制成应变传感器监测贮煤筒仓结构应变的方法进行了研究。采用背向散射法对光纤中的背向瑞利散射进行测量，采用缠绕式光纤传感器模式，并在光纤上不同位置进行缠绕，可形成准分布传感器阵列。利用此种方法对采用传统监测方法难以实现的筒仓内部结构应变监测，具有结构简单、成本低廉、与结构兼容性好及可实现准分布测量的优点。     

干涉法激光-光纤表面粗糙度传感器设计

根据光波的干涉原理,在分析了现有光纤表面粗糙度传感器某些缺陷的基础上,设计了新型干涉型激光－光纤表面粗糙度传感器,为新型非接触式表面粗糙度测量提供了新方法。     

DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR FOR LONG-DISTANCE OIL PIPELINE HEALTH

A fully distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) for monitoring long-distance oil pipeline health is proposed based on optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). A smart and sensitive optical fiber cable is installed along the pipeline acting as a sensor. The experiments show that the cable swells when exposed to oil and induced additional bending losses inside the fiber, and the optical attenuation of the fiber coated by a thin skin with periodical hardness is sensitive to deformation and vibration caused by oil leakage, tampering, or mechanical impact. The region where the additional attenuation occurred is detected and located by DOFS based on OTDR, the types of pipeline accidents are identified according to the characteristics of transmitted optical power received by an optical power meter. Another prototype of DOFS based on a forward traveling frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) is also proposed to monitor pipeline. The advantages and disadvantages of DOFSs based on OTDR and FMCW are discussed. The experiments show that DOFSs are capable of detecting and locating distant oil pipeline leakages and damages in real time with an estimated precision of ten meters over tens of kilometers.     

Polarization properties of bent-type optical fibre probe for magneto-optical imaging

Quantitative evaluation of magneto-optical parameters is necessary in order to apply scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) technology to the study of magnetism on the mesoscopic scale. For this purpose, quantitative knowledge of polarization transmission properties through an optical fibre probe is required. We therefore determined the Stokes parameters of the bent-type optical fibre probe that is used as a cantilever for atomic force microscope operation in our SNOM system. As a result, it is found that the degree of polarization is maintained in the light emitted from the probe, although the probe acts as if it were a wave plate. This anisotropic polarization state of the light emitted from the probe was compensated for by using a Berek compensator placed in front of the fibre coupler.     

Measurements of fibre direction in reinforced polymer composites

High-quality data on the three-dimensional (3-D) spatial distributions of glass and carbon fibres in fibre-reinforced polymer composites are important for both process control and the modelling of the mechanical and thermal properties of these composites. The advent of economical, high-speed, image analyser systems has enabled numerous research groups to measure directional distributions of fibre samples. Specimens are microtomed and polished and, using optical reflection microscopy, thousands of elliptical fibre images may be analysed within a short period of time. From the eccentricity of the fibre images, estimation of the angles (θ, φ) of each fibre relative to the vertical axis and within the measurement plane is deduced. However, this measurement is subject to considerable error. The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM), operating in fluorescence mode or reflection mode, is capable of improving the angular resolution (δθ, δφ) for all fibre directions. The ability of the CSLM to optically section glass and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites down to depths of 20 or 30 μm allows the user to determine accurate fibre directions from the apparent movement of fibre profiles. The CSLM has the potential for standardizing measurements of 3-D fibre directions in polymer composites and providing the quality directional data which are required for the theoretical modelling of composite processing and composite strength.     

多核微结构光纤传感器

提出了一种新型n通道马赫-泽德干涉传感器(MZI),它依赖于多核微结构光纤(MCMOF)连接标准单模光纤的两个部分。对MC-MOF的模态特性进行实验分析,验证其敏感度与温度和拉伸应变之间的关系。结果表明这种干涉仪对温度不敏感,对拉伸量较敏感,可以克服拉伸应变与温度之间的交叉敏感问题。     

Real-time computer controlled backscatter measurement of optical fibres

The software implementation of a real-time computer-controlled backscatter measurement system for a high standard conformance testing procedure for optical fibres is discussed. Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) techniques are employed to test fibre reels along or at the end of a production line. A high speed computer is integrated with such a device to automate a chain of practical test procedures. Significant enhancements have been achieved with the use of fast computer integration, notably up to an eight-fold reduction in test time with no loss of measurement accuracy, when compared to a current commercial system.     

基于背向拉曼散射的分布式光纤温度传感器的研制

经优化设计确定系统关键参数,研制了分布式光纤温度传感器。该系统以微机为核心,以普通通信光纤和包层涂锌光纤相结合作传感光纤,在国内首次实现上限为260℃测温,空间分辨率15.6m,温度分辨率7℃,测量距离1.5km,测量时间160s。     

Microstructural characterization in diffusion-bonded SiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites

The microstructural evolution during the diffusion bonding consolidation of a Ti–6Al–4V/SiC fibre composite was investigated by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of processing parameters, particularly temperature, on the microstructures of the matrix and the fibre and their bonding were considered. Processing at too high a temperature can result in growth of SiC crystals in the fibre in addition to rapid interfacial reaction, while interfacial bonding cannot be established if the temperature is too low. Various defects can be caused by inadequate fabrication practices. These include micro-pores, matrix-cracking, cracking, bending and impingement of fibres, and heterogeneous fibre distribution. Methods for avoiding these are discussed. A defect-free and uniformly distributed fibre composite can only be achieved by optimizing the processing parameters (such as temperature, pressure, time and cooling rate) and adequately combining fibre spacing and matrix thickness with accurate fibre alignment.     

玻璃钢化工离心泵过流部件模压成型的生产工艺方法及应用

在研究、设计与试制成功玻璃钢化工离心泵的实践基础上,对选用镁酚醛玻璃钢材质制造化工离心泵过流部件的泵体和叶轮等零件,总结出了可行的工艺过程和工艺参数。     

Near-field spectroscopy of single quantum dots at room temperature

The observation of photoluminescence spectra of self-assembled single InGaAs quantum dots at room temperature was performed under weak excitation conditions using a near-field scanning optical microscope. Operation in illumination-collection mode with a highly sensitive double-tapered optical fibre probe enabled detection of weak photoluminescence signals at room temperature with high efficiency and high spatial resolution. Each single quantum dot was imaged with a spatial resolution of about 250 nm, which corresponded to a quarter of the wavelength of the photoluminescence from quantum dots. The photoluminescence yields of individual quantum dots were widely distributed and were found to decrease with photoluminescence energy. This result serves as a clue to be pursued for better understanding of the thermal excitation of the carrier from confined states in quantum dots.     

Non-optical bimorph-based tapping-mode force sensing method for scanning near-field optical microscopy

A non‐optical bimorph‐based tapping‐mode force sensing method for tip–sample distance control in scanning near‐field optical microscopy is developed. Tapping‐mode force sensing is accomplished by use of a suitable piezoelectric bimorph cantilever, attaching an optical fibre tip to the extremity of the cantilever free end and fixing the guiding portion of the fibre to a stationary part near the tip to decouple it from the cantilever. This method is mainly characterized by the use of a bimorph, which carries out simultaneous excitation and detection of mechanical vibration at its resonance frequency owing to piezoelectric and anti‐piezoelectric effects, resulting in simplicity, compactness, ease of implementation and lack of parasitic optical background. In conjugation with a commercially available SPM controller, tapping‐mode images of various samples, such as gratings, human breast adenocarcinoma cells, red blood cells and a close‐packed layer of 220‐nm polystyrene spheres, have been obtained. Furthermore, topographic and near‐field optical images of a layer of polystyrene spheres have also been taken simultaneously. The results suggest that the tapping‐mode set‐up described here is reliable and sensitive, and shows promise for biological applications.     

光强正交调制型位移传感器的数学模型与误差分析

针对传统光学位移测量方法对环境要求高和制造精度难以提高等问题,提出了一种以交变光场为测量媒介的新型线性位移检测方法。基于提出的方法,设计了一种光强正交调制型位移传感器。该方法采用基于光强正交变化的两路电驻波合成电行波信号,通过对行波信号时间先后的测量实现空间位移的测量。为了深入理解传感器的传感机理,推导了传感器的测量模型,分析了与传感机理相关的关键因素对测量误差的影响。根据测量原理和测量模型的理论分析,研制出传感器原理样机,通过实验测试了各种关键因素对测量误差的影响,并进一步优化设计了传感器结构与参数。实验显示,优化后的传感器在108mm测量范围内的测量精度达到±0.5μm,是一种新的无需精细刻划的位移检测方案。     

环形腔全光纤F-P干涉仪的声发射检测实验研究

提出了一种新型结构的用于声发射检测的全光纤F-P干涉仪。选用2×2光纤耦合器,将耦合器的一个入射端与一个出射端焊接相连,以耦合器代替传统的反射腔面,构成光纤环形传输腔,腔体贴附或埋入待测固体中检测声发射信号。通过理论推导和计算机仿真,确定了此结构光纤传感器的检测特性。实验以大理石板作为待测介质,对利用信号发生器驱动PZT（压电陶瓷）作为已知超声源在大理石板中产生的连续型声发射信号,及冲击波作用下大理石板中产生的突发型声发射信号进行了检测,并利用Fourier变换,得到了声发射信号的特征频率。实验结果表明,此种结构传感器能够检测材料结构中促使光纤轴向伸缩长度的量级为10-8m的声发射信号并识别其特征频率,该结构光纤传感器无需光程的匹配,适用于大尺度构件的监测,为材料结构健康检测与监控提供了一种新的方法。     

Photoelectronic displacement sensor with nanometre resolution

The design of an ultraprecision displacement sensor with sub-nanometre resolution is proposed for the use of ultraprecision technologies. The sensor is based on the highly sensitive detection of power change at a specific point in light reflected from an object surface when the surface is subject to a small displacement. The sensor consists of a single light source, the reflective object and reference surfaces, optical fibre bundles for tranmission of the illuminating and the reflected light, and the photodiode set-up. In operation, the object and the reference surfaces are illuminated by light transmitted through the optical fibre bundle from the single light source. The reflected light from both surfaces is then transmitted through the optical fibre bundle to two individual but equivalent photodiodes. By using a differential amplifier, the diodes give a highly sensitive displacement signal which is included in the total signal of the reflected light. The sensor proposed has some distinctive features in its performance, such as non-contact measurement, a high resolution of 0.5 nm, a wide working range of about 30 μm within 5% linearity, and the sufficient stability of 1 nm in 20 s for specific research purposes.