乙酸-水-乙酸正丁酯三相体系的热力学分析与共沸精馏过程模拟

乙酸-水-乙酸正丁酯体系的分离是汽-液-液三相共沸精馏过程,相分裂的判断和精馏塔算法的改进是进行该精馏过程模拟的两个主要问题.本文根据现有的基础数据给出了该体系的逸度和活度因子计算模型,然后讨论了Gibbs自由能的变化规律和热力学稳定性条件,给出了该体系相分裂判据,并得到了完整的相分裂区;最后,根据多相精馏的特点对现有的精馏塔算法进行了改进,对该三元非均相共沸精馏过程进行了数值模拟,所得沿塔温度和各组分浓度分布曲线与工业实测数据吻合.     

Recent extension and development of design integrated system—DIS

The paper presents the basic philosophy of a modular programming system, DIS. The history of its development suggests that DIS has some features which characterize the so-called third generation of CAD systems. The overall scope of DIS is outlined and recently completed DIS modules (enhanced balancing, balancing-simulation, physical data management, optimisation, equipment rating, uncertainty analysis, heat exchanger network synthesis) are described in some detail. The most prominent features of DIS (i.e. the integration secured through a programming block which provides restructuring of data; and modules with the possibility of functioning as stand alone systems) appear to suit quite well the needs of present industrial environment.     

Evaluation model for safety capacity of chemical industrial park based on acceptable regional risk

The paper defines the Safety Capacity of Chemical Industrial Park (SCCIP) from the perspective of acceptable regional risk. For the purpose of exploring the evaluation model for the SCCIP, a method bas...     

基于可接受区域风险的化工园区安全容量评估模型研究(英文)

The paper defines the Safety Capacity of Chemical Industrial Park (SCCIP) from the perspective of acceptable regional risk. For the purpose of exploring the evaluation model for the SCCIP, a method based on quantitative risk assessment was adopted for evaluating transport risk and to confirm reasonable safety transport capacity of chemical industrial park, and then by combining with the safety storage capacity, a SCCIP evaluation model was put forward. The SCCIP was decided by the smaller one between the largest safety storage capacity and the maximum safety transport capacity, or else, the regional risk of the park will exceed the acceptable level. The developed method was applied to a chemical industrial park in Guangdong province to obtain the maximum safety transport capacity and the SCCIP. The results can be realized in the regional risk control of the park effectively.     

Optimal layout of additional facilities for minimization of domino effects based on worst-case scenarios

Accidents involving domino effects are more serious than other type of accidents. Although there have been studies on such accidents, it is still difficult to examine the actual factors and causes since the domino effect is influenced nonlinearly by factors involving flame, overpressure, and flying objects. We considered the case of adding new facilities to an existing system in a given site. The layout of new facilities suggests positions that minimize the domino effects, based on nonlinear optimization taking domino factors into account. We quantitatively calculated the domino risk of each facility through the concept of combined domino factors (flame, overpressure, and missile). Also, we identified variations of domino damage extent of the target system through comparison of the impacts of domino effect when additional facilities were installed. Simulated annealing was adopted for searching optimal positions. As a case study, we applied the proposed method to the case of adding DME storage tanks in the existing LPG charging facilities. The presented framework of the quantitative assessment of domino risk and safety standard for the layout of additional facilities would be useful for proper layout design for improved accident prevention.     

基于风险分析的性能化安全设计方法研究

通过借鉴广泛应用于消防领域的性能化设计思想和方法,针对企业建构筑防火间距不足的问题,本文提出了基于风险分析的性能化安全设计的思想、方法和设计流程等内容,后以某石油储备库为例应用该理论进行性能化安全设计。设计过程包括：确定设计范围为不满足规范要求罐组区内的设备、储存物质和相关人员等;辨识出主要危险因素为火灾、爆炸;根据主要危险因素的结构重要度的分析结果确定了性能化设计的功能指标;根据功能指标增加了高自动化措施、水幕喷淋设施等额外的性能化安全设计措施;最后使用定量方法计算性能化安全设计之后的系统风险值,评估得到性能化安全设计后的系统风险值小于规范防火间距要求下系统的风险值,性能化安全设计满足预期目标。     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解工业污水的因素权重评价

对于光催化氧化降解处理工业污水的工艺条件或因素的权重评价是达到优良处理效果的关键性技术之一。将模糊数学中的模糊综合评判法与信息工程学中的熵权结合而建立地熵权模糊综合评判法来对光催化氧化降解过程的影响因素权重进行评价,结果表明,该种方法的评价结果和参考文献中的评价结果基本吻合。因此,熵权模糊综合评判法在光催化降解因素分析中具有一定的可靠性和可参考价值。     

大型化工企业环境风险管控新思路

环境风险管理已成为可能发生事故风险的化工企业环境影响评价中重要而不可缺少的组成部分。随着全球工业化进程的加速,新的环境风险发生几率逐渐提高,所以环境风险管理是作为与环境污染程度有密切关系的大型化工企业可持续发展的保障。本文结合化工企业的特点,阐述了大型化工企业环境风险管控的新思路。     

重质油稳定性的耗散粒子动力学模拟

重质油的稳定性关乎其开采、储运及加工过程安全。准确的重质油稳定性判定方法对重质油生产及加工过程具有重要指导意义,然而重质油稳定性的经验判定法存在一定的局限性。从理论层面建立重质油稳定性的判定方法将提高重质油稳定性的预测准确度,本文基于耗散粒子动力学方法（DPD）模拟了不同重质油体系分子的微观聚集态。模拟结果表明,重质油体系的沥青质聚集率与胶体不稳定指数（C.I.I.）及稳定性判定图的判定结果吻合,验证了模拟体系的准确性。在此基础上,基于DPD模拟结果对C.I.I.及稳定性判定图的局限性进行了讨论,提出了改进的稳定性判定图用于重油稳定的快速判定。提出的重质油稳定性判定方法有望用于实际工业过程。     

重质油稳定性的耗散粒子动力学模拟

重质油的稳定性关乎其开采、储运及加工过程安全。准确的重质油稳定性判定方法对重质油生产及加工过程具有重要指导意义,然而重质油稳定性的经验判定法存在一定的局限性。从理论层面建立重质油稳定性的判定方法将提高重质油稳定性的预测准确度,本文基于耗散粒子动力学方法（DPD）模拟了不同重质油体系分子的微观聚集态。模拟结果表明,重质油体系的沥青质聚集率与胶体不稳定指数（C.I.I.）及稳定性判定图的判定结果吻合,验证了模拟体系的准确性。在此基础上,基于DPD模拟结果对C.I.I.及稳定性判定图的局限性进行了讨论,提出了改进的稳定性判定图用于重油稳定的快速判定。提出的重质油稳定性判定方法有望用于实际工业过程。     

Operating Performance Assessment for Transition State of Industrial Processes

Traditional operating performance assessment approaches mainly focus on the steady state. However, the assessment indicators designed for the steady state cannot be directly applied to the transition state. Moreover, identifying the process state for a multivariable system is difficult and time-consuming. An operating performance assessment method for the transition state is developed. In the proposed framework, a transition state detection method is first proposed to detect the transition state from the data automatically and accurately. Then, a systematic set of several special indicators is developed based on the characteristic of the transition state. The effectiveness of the developed method is demonstrated with a case study of an industrial hydrocracking process.     

Development of index system for inherently safer process design using an integrated approach

With a growing population, an increasing number of petrochemical facilities are built with larger capacity and more complexity, which pose a great risk to assets, community and environment. The value of inherently safer design is recognized with time by all stakeholders, and an effective tool is needed to evaluate and compare inherent safety of alternative technologies. This study developed a safety index to evaluate existing technologies for their safety levels and guide inherently safer design. The Integrated Risk-based Safety Index (IRSI) was developed based on a comprehensive review of petrochemical processes, incident cases from Sinopec and US Chemical Safety Board, and existing safety index systems. The IRSI included all major hazards, including fire, explosion, toxic release, dust explosion, physical explosion, and runaway. Also, the integrated life cycle approach considered chemical hazards, equipment failure rates and safety measures in this risk-based index. Advanced modeling techniques, PHAST simulation and Neural Network, were used in the development of three novel sub-indices in the projects, fire, explosion and toxic release. The index system could be easily incorporated into a user friendly tool for the ease of application. A case study of hydrogen dioxide was conducted using the IRSI, which showed its capability for evaluating the safety level of process facilities.     

A prototype expert system for hazard and operability studies

This paper describes the development of a prototype expert system for use in HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) studies. The work is motivated by the fact that HAZOP studies are inherently logical exercises utilizing a process engineering knowledge base. The availability of an effective tool to aid engineers in design and operation would be of significant value.The knowledge domain required for HAZOP studies is wide. Hence the system must be built in modular form in order to be efficient. It must also be built in such a way that it is easy to incorporate additional knowledge into the system.The prototype developed in this work has been based on a PC version of Prolog. A basic inference engine, available in Prolog, has been enhanced and tailored into a user-friendly, interactive environment. Details of the knowledge organization and representation are discussed and an example session given. Further work is required to improve the system for serious industrial use through the addition of further knowledge modules, improved input—output facilities and optimization of the program.     

A comprehensive formal approach to the evaluation of bids for desalination plants using verbal judgment

Evaluation of competitive bids for large engineering projects such as desalination plant construction requires careful consideration of several factors other than pure economic merits; namely, technical characteristics of bids, the socio-political situation, safety merits, environmental aspects, public acceptance and other non-financial aspects. A method is developed here based on verbal judgment and fuzzy set theory to allow for comprehensive and systematic formal evaluation of bids. The method is applied to a case study and can be directly used by the technical team to make the final conclusion. The method is implemented in the form of a computer code (MAFDA) which is suitable for interactive computer facilities.     

化学过程工业变更管理

化学事故历史调查表明变更管理(MOC)不当是导致重大事故的重要原因之一。为此,世界各国的化工行业的安全管理体系都已将MOC列为一个关键。针对化工行业的特点,提出了一个改进的化学过程工业的MOC详细流程。分析了由于变更管理不善而导致的化工行业的一些典型事故案例。并在对现有计算机辅助MOC系统分析的基础上提出了MOC集成系统。预测了MOC系统在我国的应用前景。     

基于层次分析和灰色关联分析法的城市天然气门站安全评价

城市天然气门站安全状况好坏,直接决定了整个城市天然气系统能否正常、平稳运行,为此提出运用层次分析和灰色关联分析法对城市天然气门站进行安全状况分析。通过对天然气门站危险因素的分析,建立了门站安全评价指标体系,运用层次分析法得出评价指标权重,运用灰色关联分析得出参评数据序列与标准数据序列之间的关联度,关联度最大值所对应的标准安全等级,即为天然气门站安全等级,并针对评价结果,给出相应的日常安全工作重点。用该方法对常州天然气门站进行安全评价,得到门站安全等级为Ⅱ级,这与门站实际运行状况相符,说明用该方法对城市天然气门站进行安全评价是有效的、可靠的。能够为城市天然气门站安全管理提供依据。     

基于危险和可操作性和模拟计算的氯乙烯精馏定量风险分析

为提高工业过程风险分析的准确性,通过危险和可操作性（HAZOP）定量分析方法建立了基于HAZOP定量分析模型。本文将传统的HAZOP分析和化工模拟软件Aspen Plus相结合,建立工艺流程模型。通过灵敏度分析功能模拟过程参数产生偏差大小对系统影响的程度,从而对偏差进行量化,确定过程参数的安全操作范围。将此方法应用于某化工厂氯乙烯精馏的风险分析中,结果表明,该方法可以准确反映进料参数偏差对氯乙烯精馏系统的影响：当进料温度相对偏差高于25%时,低沸塔再沸器热负荷超出安全阈值;进料量相对偏差高于20%时,两塔冷凝器热负荷超出安全阈值;进料组成绝对偏差高于1.5%时,高沸塔冷凝器热负荷超出安全阈值,塔顶产品质量下降。通过进料参数偏差量化,实现氯乙烯精馏定量风险分析,为企业提出更为有效的安全措施。     

安全仪表系统的功能安全国内外发展综述

从功能安全标准、理论研究、评估和认证及功能安全产品四个方面对安全仪表系统的功能安全的国内外发展现状进行论述。国外工业发达国家已经广泛采用了功能安全标准,并深入开展功能安全理论研究、功能安全评估和认证以及研发功能安全产品,而我国刚刚引入功能安全标准,初步开展了功能安全理论研究,目前尚无功能安全评估和认证机构及功能安全产品,事故发生概率的确定和安全仪表系统性能评估方法需要进一步研究。     

新型工业循环冷却水自动加药系统

针对工业循环冷却水的处理问题,开发了基于CAN总线的工业循环冷却水处理系统.在上位计算机与前端测控模块之间的通信中,使用现场总线CAN网络技术.由于实现了系统冗余,系统具有安全可靠、功能完善、操作简便、性能价格比高等优点,大大提高了工业循环冷却水处理的自动化水平并取得了较好的经济效益.     

化学矿山重大危险源安全管控一体化系统设计

通过对化学矿山安全管理现状的分析,提出了以标准化管理为基础、以集成监测为技术手段的重大危险源安全管控一体化系统。设计了包含数据层、服务层、展示层三层结构的系统的总体框架,给出了以安全标准化管理和重大危险源监测两大部分20个模块为核心的系统功能,详细介绍了多源地图及异构系统数据采集的实现过程。该系统满足化学矿山重大危险源安全管理要求,为化学矿山重大危险源集成监测提供了一种可行方法。