Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of pigments extracted from molasses alcohol wastewater

The pigments from molasses alcohol wastewater were extracted by the macroporous resin adsorption method. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of these pigments were also investigated. The adsorptive characteristics of five macroporous resins including HPD-600, HPD-500, D301-R, NKA-II and D296-R were studied and the results showed that the macroporous resin HPD-600 was most appropriate for extracting the pigments from molasses alcohol wastewater. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of pigments extracted from alcohol wastewater were evaluated using nitrate, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model systems. The pigment extract exhibited a concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity in all the systems. Meanwhile, scavenging activity of pigment extract in the DPPH system was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in other systems and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀ value) was about 0.07 mg/ml. The scavenging effect of pigment extract on superoxide anion radical was very weak with IC₅₀ value greater than 10 mg/ml.     

Defensin protein from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam 'Tainong 57') storage roots exhibits antioxidant activities in vitro and ex vivo

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activities of sweet potato defensin (SPD1) in vitro and ex vivo. Antioxidant status [2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay], scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical method, reducing power method, Fe(2+)-chelating ability, FTC (ferric thiocyanate) method, and protection of calf thymus DNA against hydroxyl radical-induced damage were studied in vitro. The ex vivo experiments revealed that SPD1 could decrease the production of intracellular peroxide in HepG2 cells. Four peptides, namely GFR, GPCSR, CFCTKPC and MCESASSK for testing antioxidative activity, were synthesized according to tryptic hydrolysis simulation. In the TEAC assay CFCTKPC performed the best (13.5±0.3μmol TE/g dw), even better than reduced glutathione (7.3±0.2μmol TE/g dw). In the DPPH radical assay (%), [IC(50) (μM) (the concentration required for scavenging 50% activity)] CFCTKPC again had the highest antioxidant activity (IC(50) is 11.3±3.2μM) even better than reduced glutathione (IC(50) is 74.3±2.4μM). In the lipid peroxidation assay, once again CFCTKPC performed the best, with an IC(50) value of 0.5±0.0μM better than reduced glutathione (1.2±0.1μM). These findings mean that cysteine residue is most important in antioxidant activities. It was suggested that SPD1 might contribute its antioxidant activities against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals.     

Identification of polyphenols in tobacco leaf and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Crude polyphenols were extracted from tobacco leaf by 80% ethanol solution with ultrasonic treatment and then purified by a macroporous resin. The polyphenols from tobacco leaf (PTL) were subjected to analyses by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The dominant polyphenols in tobacco leaf were identified as chlorogenic acid and rutin. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of PTL were investigated, including scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (5.02 μg/ml IC₅₀ value), hydroxyl radicals (49.6 μg/ml IC50 value) and superoxide anion radicals (44.0 μg/ml IC₅₀ value), inhibition activity of lipid peroxidation (132 μg/ml IC₅₀ value) and reducing power. The proliferation inhibition activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were also measured for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of PTL. The diameters of inhibition zones were 20.23 ± 0.42, 17.66 ± 0.86 and 12.89 ± 0.29 mm, respectively. The results showed that PTL had great potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.     

Antioxidant and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities of galacturonyl hydroxamic acid

The self-prepared pectin hydroxamic acid has been reported to have antioxidant activities [Yang, S. S., Cheng, K. D., Lin, Y. S., Liu, Y. W., & Hou, W. C. (2004). Pectin hydroxamic acids exhibit antioxidant activities in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 4270–4273]. In this study, the galacturonic acid (GalA), the monomer unit of the pectin polymer, was esterified with acidic methanol (1 N HCl) at 4 °C with gentle stirring for 5 days to get galacturonic acid methyl ester which was further reacted with alkaline hydroxylamine to get galacturonyl hydroxamic acid (GalA–NHOH). The GalA–NHOH was used to test the antioxidant and antiradical activities in the comparison with GalA. The scavenging activities of GalA–NHOH against DPPH radicals (half-inhibition concentration, IC₅₀, was 82 μM), hydroxyl radicals detected by electron spin resonance (IC₅₀ was 0.227 nM in the comparison with Trolox of 0.433 μM), superoxide radicals (IC₅₀ was 830 μM) were determined. The protection activities of GalA–NHOH against hydroxyl radicals-mediated calf thymus DNA damages, linoleic acid peroxidation and peroxynitrite-mediated dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidations were also investigated. It was found that the GalA–NHOH exhibited dose-dependently antioxidant activity and few or none was found in GalA. The GalA–NHOH was used to evaluate the suppressed activity of nitric oxide (NO) productions of RAW264.7 cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) as inducers. It was found that GalA–NHOH (0.02–0.1 mg/ml) could dose-dependently suppress the NO productions (expressed as nitrite concentrations) in RAW264.7 cells without significant cytotoxicity.     

Purification and characterisation of an antioxidative peptide from enzymatic hydrolysates of duck processing by-products

Duck processing by-products were hydrolysed using eight proteases to produce an antioxidative peptide. Of the various hydrolysates produced, the pepsin extract exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The derived peptide was purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify any potent radical scavenging activity. The sequence of the antioxidative peptide obtained was identified as Asp-Val-Cys-Gly-Arg-Asp-Val-Asn-Gly-Tyr, with a molecular weight of 1096 Da. The IC₅₀ value of purified peptide for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was 75 μg/ml as the measurement by an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. In addition, the purified peptide exhibited a protective effect on H₂O₂-induced DNA damage. These results indicate that the purified peptide possesses a potent antioxidative activity and protective effect of DNA against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage.     

Antioxidant properties of Cortex Fraxini and its simple coumarins

We present the antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and ingredients of Cortex Fraxini (CF) and compare the antioxidant capacities of coumarin ingredients of CF and known antioxidants, including catechin, quercetin, ascorbic acid, trolox and BHT. The IC₅₀ values for CF in the DPPH and TEAC methods were 406 and 39.3 μg/ml, respectively. Among all fractions the chloroform fraction is the most active fraction in scavenging DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals, and there is a significant relationship between the antioxidant activities and the contents of the antioxidant phenolic ingredients. The contents of esculetin and fraxetin in the chloroform fraction were 8.44% and 11.1%, respectively. Esculetin and fraxetin also had good radical-scavenging capacities, and esculetin was the best, among all test compounds, against the DPPH radical. Moreover, esculetin and fraxetin had selective scavenging activity upon hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and this potency was better than known antioxidants and equal to quercetin in scavenging hydrogen peroxide. These results show that CF, partitioned with chloroform, gave a phenolic coumarin-enriched fraction, and that this fraction had the best free radical-scavenging activity and inhibition of Fe²⁺/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation, mainly due to its reducing power.     

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata Ser.) in Taiwan

Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata Ser. (Cucurbitaceae), also known as “Shan Ku Gua”, is a wild variety of bitter melon (BM) in Taiwan. The size of its fruits is only about one-fifth of the commonly seen BM. It is commonly consumed as vegetable and also used as a popular folk medicine. In this study, the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of BM aqueous (BM-H₂O) and ethanol (BM-EtOH) extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), metal chelation, cytochrome c and xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI) assays, as well as FeCl₂-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) assay in rat liver homogenates in vitro. Total flavonoid and phenol contents of BM extracts were also analyzed. Results showed that both BM-H₂O (IC₅₀=129.94 μg/ml) and BM-EtOH (IC₅₀=156.78 μg/ml) possess potent DPPH radical scavenging activity, which was better than vitamin E (IC₅₀=172.21 μg/ml). These extracts also showed better iron chelating activity than vitamin E. However, they were weaker than vitamin E in free radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. With the exception of XOI activity [IC₅₀=7.90 μg/ml (BM-H₂O) vs. 7.69 μg/ml (BM-EtOH)], BM-H₂O showed a lower IC₅₀ value in free radical scavenging [IC₅₀=6.15 μg/ml (BM-H₂O) vs. 7.08 μg/ml (BM-EtOH)] and anti-lipid peroxidation [IC₅₀=53.72 μg/ml (BM-H₂O) vs. 88.51 μg/ml (BM-EtOH) for liver; 82.53 μg/ml (BM-H₂O) vs. 91.83 μg/ml (BM-EtOH) for brain] activities than BM-EtOH. Both BM extracts showed a weak anti-lipid peroxidation activity in plasma. BM-H₂O (62.0 mg/g) possessed a significant higher concentration of total flavonoids than BM-EtOH (44.0 mg/g), but was lower in the total phenol content (BM-H₂O: 51.6 mg/g vs. BM-EtOH: 68.8 mg/g). In conclusion, BM extracts possess potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. These antioxidant activities could have contributed, at least partly, to the therapeutic benefits of the certain traditional claims of wild BM.     

Inhibitory potential of trilobatin from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd against α-glucosidase and α-amylase linked to type 2 diabetes

The chemical structure of the sweet compound from Lithocarpuspolystachyus Rehd was identified as trilobatin on the basis of HPLC, EIS-MS and NMR analyses. The inhibitory activities of trilobatin against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were evaluated, and the inhibition mechanism was analysed with Lineweaver–Burk plots. Also the antioxidant activity evaluation of trilobatin was conducted by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Comparing with acarbose, trilobatin showed a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase. The Lineweaver–Burk plots analysis elucidated that trilobatin inhibited the enzyme non-competitively. DPPH scavenging activity of trilobatin (IC₅₀ = 0.57 mg/ml) was higher than rutin (IC₅₀ = 0.72 mg/ml), which indicated that trilobatin had a moderate antioxidant potential. These results suggest that trilobatin is a potential effective α-glucosidase inhibitor for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect, and provide strong rationale for further animal and clinical studies.     

Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata

Dorystoechas hastata (D. hastata) is a monotypic plant endemic to Antalya province of Turkey. D. hastata leaves are used to make a tea locally called “çalba tea”. Diethyl ether (E), ethanol (A), and water (W) were used for the sequential preparation of extracts from dried D. hastata leaves. A hot water extract (S) was also prepared by directly boiling the powdered plant in water. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were tested by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods. E extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with FTC method, whereas S extract exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value (6.17 ± 0.53 μg/ml) for DPPH radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu method and S extract was found to contain the highest amount (554.17 ± 20.83 mg GAE/g extract) of phenolics. Extract A contained highest flavonoid content and there was a inverse linear correlation (R² = 0.926) between IC₅₀ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity and flavonoid contents of all extracts. Reducing power of extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. S extract was found to possess higher reducing power than equivalent amount of ascorbic acid at 20 and 25 μg/ml concentrations. Linear correlation between reducing power and concentration of E, A, and W extracts (R² > 0.95) was observed. A, W, and S extracts contained relatively high levels of proline. The results presented suggest that D. hastata may provide a natural source of antioxidants and proline.     

Antioxidant activity of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit extracts

The objective of this study was to characterise the antioxidant properties of both water and ethanol extracts from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE). The IC₅₀ values for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)diammonium salt], hydroxyl and superoxide radical-scavenging activities were 0.14, 0.21, 1.08 and 1.43 mg/ml for the water-based extract, and 0.36, 0.39, 1.56 and 1.99 mg/ml for the ethanol-based extract, respectively. The extracts also showed strong reducing power, nitrite-scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, superoxide dismutase-like (SOD-like) activity and catalase activity. However, the water extract had a higher antioxidant activity than the ethanol extract. In addition, the antioxidant activities were highly correlated with the observed phenolic and flavonoid contents. Therefore, our study strongly suggests that extracts derived from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides could be an excellent source of antioxidants as dietary supplements.     

Antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extract of Buddleia officinalis and its major active component

Buddleia officinalis Maxim, commonly used as rice dye for festivals, was extracted with ethanol using microwave-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction. The antioxidant activities of microwave-assisted extract of B. officialis (MEB) and Soxhlet extract of B. officianils (SEB) at the optimum extraction conditions were evaluated and compared with synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) employing DPPH free radical assay, ABTS assay, total antioxidant activity and reducing power. MEB and SEB had stronger antioxidant activities than BHT in all assays except reducing power, and the effects decreased as follows: MEB > SEB > BHT. The total phenolic contents of MEB and SEB reached 113.56 mg/g and 100.94 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively, expressed as pyrocatechol equivalents, while the total flavonoids contents were 75.33 mg/g and 62.56 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively, expressed as catechin equivalents (P < 0.05). Higher phenolic and flavonoids compounds may be major contributors to their higher antioxidant activities. Following activity-oriented separation, luteolin was isolated as an active principle, which exhibited excellent free radical scavenging activities with DPPH IC₅₀ 3.09 μg/ml and ABTS IC₅₀ 2.20 μg/ml.     

Iron-chelating ability and antioxidant properties of phycocyanin isolated from a protean extract of Spirulinaplatensis

The invitro scavenger activities of different reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and peroxyl radical), the effects on lipid peroxidation and the iron-chelating ability of a Spirulinaplatensis protean extract and the biliprotein, phycocyanin, isolated from this microalga were studied. S. platensis protean extract inhibited the generation of hydroxyl radical (IC₅₀ = 537 μg/ml for the system with EDTA and 1500 μg/ml without EDTA), the production of peroxyl radical (IC₅₀ = 230 μg/ml), and the lipid peroxidation process (IC₅₀ = 2320 μg/ml for the enzymatic system and 2180 μg/ml for the non-enzymatic system). Besides, phycocyanin inhibited hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and the lipid peroxidation process. The iron ions decreased the maximum fluorescence emission spectra of S. platensis protean extract and phycocyanin and it was an indicator of the metal-chelating activity. The antioxidant properties of S. platensis and phycocyanin may arise from both radical-scavenging and metal chelation. Our results suggest that S. platensis could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent some diseases where free radicals are involved.     

Valorisation of phenolic composition,antioxidant and cell growth activities of tomato waste

Tomato waste, a by-product in juice processing, obtained from different tomato genotypes, was subjected to evaluation as potential source of phenolic antioxidants and anticancer agents. Some individual phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, were identified and quantified by HPLC. The antioxidant activity of tomato waste extracts was tested by measuring their ability to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals by ESR spectroscopy. The highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 0.03 mg/ml) was obtained in the case of Novosadski niski waste extract. The Rutgers waste extract showed the best performance in scavenging superoxide anion radicals (IC₅₀ = 0.45 mg/ml). Cell growth effects were determined in HeLa, MCF7 and MRC-5 cell lines by SRB test. In all cell lines antiproliferative effects were observed at higher investigated concentrations (?6.3 mg/ml). The strongest activity against cancer cells was observed by Saint Pierre extract in HeLa cell line (IC₅₀ = 13.7 mg/ml).     

Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui

The methanol extract from mature fruits of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae) showed antioxidant activities and cardioprotective effects on acute ischemia/reperfusion performed in rat heart in vivo. This extract protected animals from heart damage by the incidence of reperfusion dysrythmias, and the no-recovery of sinus rhythm. On the other hand, the MeOH extract of the fruit was able to prevent these harmful events in the animal’s heart by diminishing lipid oxidation and reducing the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidation index. In addition, MeOH extract of A. chilensis was evaluated for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, crocin radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), an estimation of lipid peroxidation in liposomes through the inhibition of formation of TBARS. MeOH extract was found to have IC₅₀ of 1.62 ppm against DPPH and 2.51 ppm against TBARS, compared with the juice, whose IC₅₀ was 12.1 ppm and 9.58 ppm against DPPH and TBARS formation, respectively. Antioxidant activities of MeOH extract were strongly correlated with total polyphenol content. Consistent with this finding, MeOH had the greatest ORAC and FRAP values as percentage of activity. These results show that these fruits could be useful as antioxidant, cardioprotective and nutraceutical sources.     

Effects of nicotinic acid derivatives on tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities

The tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of four nicotinic acid derivatives, namely, nicotinamide, methyl nicotinate, nicotinic acid hydroxamate (NAH), N-methyl nicotinic acid hydroxamate (NAH-M), and kojic acid, were studied. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found to follow the trend: NAH > kojic acid > NAH-M > methyl nicotinate > nicotinamide. The concentrations of half-inhibition (IC₅₀) of NAH against monophenolase and diphenolase activity were 2 and 1 μM, respectively; the inhibition mode was a mixed-type in the former and an uncompetitive type in the latter. In the antioxidant activity assays, NAH and NAH-M, but not nicotinamide or methyl nicotinate, showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity, and their corresponding IC₅₀ values were 65.81 and 125 μM, respectively. NAH and NAH-M also showed hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and anti-low-density-lipoprotein peroxidation. These results indicate that NAH and NAH-M have the potential to be useful in cosmetics or food processing, and therefore, they should be investigated further.     

Extraction optimisation,purification and major antioxidant component of red pigments extracted from Camellia japonica

The optimised extraction conditions of red pigments (RP) from Camellia japonica obtained with an orthogonal design L₉(3⁴) were solid/liquid ratio, temperature, pH and extraction time as 1/10, 60 °C, 1.5 and 4 h, respectively. The RP were then purified by the macroporous resin method, which showed the resin LX-68 was appropriate for purifying the pigments from C. japonica. The antioxidant activities of these pigments were also investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical in vitro model systems. The DPPH scavenging activity of pigment extract was comparable to that of standard butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The IC₅₀ values of the RP and BHA were 4.55 and 4.17 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. The pigments showed higher hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than that of mannitol at the same concentration. Following activity-oriented separation, (−)-epicatechin was isolated as an active principle, which exhibited excellent DPPH free radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ 5.08 μg ml⁻¹.     

Antioxidant properties of fungal chitosan from shiitake stipes

Fungal chitosan B or C was prepared by alkaline N-deacetylation of crude chitin B or C for 60, 90 and 120 min, which was obtained from air-dried shiitake stipes and its antioxidant properties studied. Chitosan showed antioxidant activities of 61.6-82.4% at 1 mg/ml and showed reducing powers of 0.42-0.57 at 10 mg/ml. At 10 mg/ml, scavenging abilities of chitosan B60 and C60 on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 28.4-31.3% whereas those of chitosan B90, B120, C90 and C120 were 44.5-53.5%. With regard to the scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals at 0.1 mg/ml, chitosan B60 and C60 were 61.9% and 63.6%, chitosan B90 and C90 were 68.3% and 69.9% and chitosan B120 and C120 were 77.7% and 77.2%, respectively. At 1.0 mg/ml, chelating abilities of chitosan B60 and C60 on ferrous ions were 88.7-90.3% whereas those of the rest chitosan were 97.8-103%. EC₅₀ values of antioxidant activity were below 1 mg/ml whereas those of reducing powers and scavenging abilities on DPPH radicals were 7.69-16.3 mg/ml. EC₅₀ values of scavenging abilities on hydroxyl radicals were below 0.1 mg/ml whereas those of chelating abilities on ferrous ions were 0.58-0.69 mg/ml.     

Bioactivities of crude caffeine: Antioxidant activity, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, and enhanced glucose uptake

Thousands of tons of crude caffeine are produced annually in the decaffeination of coffee. Crude caffeine is further purified to obtain pure caffeine, and the non-caffeine residue is typically discarded as waste. In the present study, we discovered that crude caffeine possessed unexpected bioactive properties. Crude caffeine had potent hydrophilic antioxidant activity (145 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g) and lipophilic antioxidant activity (66 μmol TE/g). It also inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 with a higher potency (IC₅₀, 20 μg/ml) than 2-acetoxybenzoic acid (aspirin, IC₅₀, 190 μg/ml). Crude caffeine increased glucose uptake 1.45-fold in cultured human skeletal muscle cells and 2.20-fold in adipocytes. In contrast, pure caffeine, which accounts for approximately 90% of the crude caffeine mass, was found to possess negligible antioxidant activity and did not inhibit cyclooxygenase-2, nor stimulate glucose uptake. We believe crude caffeine has potential health benefits and may serve as a novel functional ingredient in the food industry.     

Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee

The antioxidant activities of ethanolic crude extract (ECE) and its four different solvent sub-fractions (namely, petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butyl alcohol fraction (BAF) and the rest fraction (RF)) from Tuber indicum were investigated using several in vitro antioxidant assays. ECE and four sub-fractions possessed different antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities in different assays. BAF showed the most potent radical-scavenging activity on DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals and reducing power, with EC₅₀ values of 1.38, 0.96, 16.0 mg/ml, respectively. EAF exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activities with EC₅₀ values of 3.31 and 0.70 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) were also determined. BAF had the highest TP and TF contents, and the next was EAF. These results showed that the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids were in accordance with higher effectiveness in scavenging radicals and chelating ferrous ions.