建成环境对街道活力的非线性效应——基于XGBoost模型的多源大数据分析

深入认知建成环境对街道活力的影响效应,是街道环境优化与城市更新的基础。但多数研究忽略了二者之间的非线性关系,难以有效指导设计实践。基于多源大数据测度街道活力与建成环境,使用机器学习算法来分析其非线性效应,并针对不同类型街道进行探索。结果表明：1)提升开发强度是促进街道活力的最有效措施;2)建成环境要素对街道活力的影响表现出非线性特征,将其控制在合理范围内,街道活力才会有效提升;3)街道环境要素的综合设置应考虑其交互效应,一个要素的影响会随着另一个要素的变化被放大或缩小;4)老城区、商务片区、工业与区域交通设施周边区域及景观性街道的活力形成机制存在显著差异。相关规律可为街道的精细化设计提供人本尺度的理论参考。     

Influence of urban planning regulations on the microclimate in a hot dry climate: The example of Damascus, Syria

Urban planning regulations influence not only the urban form; they also have a great impact on the microclimate in urban areas. This paper deals with the relationship between the urban planning regulations and microclimate in the hot dry city of Damascus. The main purpose is to highlight the shortcomings of the existing urban planning regulations. The microclimatic parameters necessary for the thermal comfort assessment of pedestrians were determined through simulations with the software ENVI-met. It is shown that the street design—as regards aspect ratio, orientation and the presence of trees—has a great influence on ground surface temperatures and thermal comfort. Moreover, the type of buildings—whether detached or attached (street canyons)—has an impact. For deep canyons there is an interactive relationship between aspect ratio, orientation and vegetation. However, for streets with detached buildings, there is only a weak influence of street orientation and aspect ratio but a strong influence of vegetation on surface temperatures and outdoor thermal comfort. The study shows the importance of modifying the planning regulations in Damascus for new areas by allowing smaller setbacks, narrower streets, higher buildings, etc.     

A modeling study for evaluating passive cooling scenarios in urban streets with trees. Case study: Athens,Greece

The present work investigates the causes of the variability in air temperature patterns among urban streets with trees in Athens, as obtained from in situ measurements, in a suburb area and in the city center. Urban variables studied are: the extent of tree canopy coverage, traffic load, surfaces albedo modification, street deepening aspect and the street’s ventilation. The thermal effect of each variable is estimated by simulations using the Green CTTC analytical microclimate model. The model was first validated with measurements data and consequently used to study the effect of the various urban variables in attenuating the high values of air temperature within the studied streets considering two feasible scenarios for each of the examined streets. Model results revealed that the total attenuation effect in reducing the air temperatures inside the streets may reach as much as 5 K at noontime with a daily average cooling of 3 K. Further, the study demonstrates the potential use of microclimate modeling in assessing the merits of proposed passive cooling strategies in urban streets.     

天津原租界街区夏季室外热舒适研究

人口的增长和城市区域的逐渐扩大,导致城市夏季室外热环境逐渐变差。天津原九国租界多为天津的重要旅游景点,每年客流量大,其夏季热环境问题不容忽视。主要目的是探讨天津5个不同典型的原租界街区的热环境差异及其设计因子与夏季室外热舒适之间的关系。通过实地测量的方式,搜集5个原租界街区的热环境相关参数,并计算生理等效温度（PET）以对街区热舒适环境进行评价。通过分析发现,相比于气象站,植被覆盖率大的原英国租界街区的平均PET增值最小,仅1.20 ℃;植物覆盖率小的原奥匈帝国租界街区的平均PET增值最大,为8.50 ℃。此外,本研究从街区设计的规划指标、空间形态和细节设计三方面,量化分析设计因子与PET的关系。结果表明,绿化率、街道百分比、天空视域因子（SVF）和街巷高宽比会对PET产生不同程度的影响,同时街道朝向、植物种类及其形状、建筑遮阳构建和喷泉等因素也会影响原租界街区的夏季室外热环境。     

面向城市高密度街区舒适风环境的设计策略研究——以北京三条商业街的实地数据分析为例

城市建筑布局与城市外部风资源的相互作用决定了城市建成环境内部风环境的特征,对城市热岛效应、建筑能耗、建筑室内外的热舒适、空气质量以及居民健康都具有一定的影响作用。本研究试图避免复杂且高成本的计算机模拟,而基于常年大量现场测试的物理环境指标,采用数据统计分析的方法,通过相对简单的城市建成环境的形态参数和外部城市风环境获取步行街区行人高度下的微环境风速,而同时又保证风环境关键信息的可接受精度和准确性。研究数据的获取主要基于北京王府井步行街、前门大街、大栅栏商业街三处街区环境,并同步采集了城市外部的风向与风速数据。提出并建立的城市行人尺度下的风环境模型能够更加有效地应用于高密度城市区域规划与设计实践的初步设计阶段。     

销品茂与城市商业步行街

销品茂与城市商业步行街作为商业步行街的室内外两种形态,都是从传统城镇商业街的原型发展而来。文章首先简要地讨论了销品茂和城市商业步行街发展的历史,介绍了从上世纪70年代至90年代大规模混合使用开发中步行环境和城市公共空间设计的改善,城镇中心和都市村的开发概念,同时阐述了营建一个成功城市商业步行街的要点,城市步行商业街商业内容的改变和混合娱乐内容的重要性。对于在国内近几年来城市商业步行街实践中常见的一些问题和内容,如步行街的形态,人车分时通行,商业策划步行街的设计和形象等也进行了探讨。     

基于手机健身数据的城市街道健康服务功能研究

城市街道是城市空间的基本单元,承载着多元的城市生活。本研究基于手机APP共享的健身数据,以街道线性体育活动为研究对象,从健康视角认知街道空间属性和特征。运用VGI-GIS的方法,在信息矢量化和可视化的基础上,从时间和空间2个维度,对城市街道的健康服务功能进行描述。基于运动热点空间的分布格局,研究在空间集聚、建成环境和人群收入3个层面上进行分析。结果表明,街道的空间连续性对健身活动有促进作用,大型公园和高校对健身活动有巨大的吸引力,公交站点对健身活动有多方面的影响,不同收入阶层健身活动差异明显。多元化的热点空间模式为提升街道的健康性提供了因地制宜的可能性。以健康为导向的城市设计探索采用临时封闭街道,在商业和办公区域周边增设户外体育设施等措施,提升街道的健康服务功能。     

小议城市生活性街道设计

简要阐述了城市生活性街道的概念,从传统街区、居住小区、商业步行街区、滨水街道和水巷空间五个方面分析了生活性街道在城市空间中的具体表现形式,阐明了生活性街道和城市空间的相互依存、互相促进的紧密关系。     

Quiet environment: Acoustics of vertical green wall systems of the Islamic urban form

The development of sustainability has made the application of green concepts to cityscapes and urban design mandatory and has popularized the installation of vegetation on external street walls. Introducing greenery on external building elements is beneficial to the environment, reducing the heat impact experienced in “urban heat islands” and enhancing an area's visual effect. The popularity of such green systems has necessitated the assessment of their acoustic characteristics and their impact on long-distance noise propagation. These effects become important in hot climates, where the topology of the dense urban texture gives building walls larger areas than exposed streets, thereby amplifying the effects of the former's acoustic characteristics on noise levels. Considering the resultant sound level at a particular location between buildings as the contribution of several remote sources, a simplified computer model based on energy exchange is developed in this study. Owing to the complexity of the urban landscape, buildings are assumed to be an array of rectangular blocks. The computer model is used to investigate the effects of the installation of street vertical vegetation on long-distance noise propagation, as well as those of the geometric parameters of the dense Islamic urban texture on the resultant noise levels.     

生活性街道环境感知特征对居民心理 健康的影响：哈尔滨市老城区的实证 研究

生活性街道是承载城市居民日常活动的场所,其感 知特征对其心理健康有重要影响,亟待深入研究。基于心理健 康双因素模型理论,以哈尔滨市57条街道为例,采用带有协 变量的多元回归结合结构方程的方法建构生活性街道感知特征 对居民心理健康的影响机制模型。结果显示,积极心理和心理 困扰受街道环境特征影响的路径相互独立;影响心理健康的街 道物质环境由建筑外部特征、街道环境质量、街道界面特色、 街道设施、街道绿化和街道空间尺度5类构成,其对积极心理 和心理困扰的影响存在差异;街道社会环境在物质环境对心理 健康的影响机制中具有显著中介作用。揭示了生活性街道环境 特征影响心理健康的机制,能够为城市街道环境品质提升和精 细化更新提供一定的理论依据。     

走向松弛的限定--浅议新开发城区的街道城市设计

该文讨论了城市街道复合的功能及其半独立存在和半被动构成两种特殊性质,并以开发状态为依据,将城市街道分为已开发城区街道和新开发城区街道两种类型,归纳分析了业已得到广泛应用的面向已开发城区街道的城市设计的典型模式,并指出此种典型模式在应用于新开发城区街道时,所遇到的设计过程困境和实施过程困境,然后,提出针对新开发城区街道的城市设计,应以强化规划设计弹性为导向进行规划思想和技术方法的双重革新,文章最后以余姚市南雷南路城市设计为例,介绍了以规划设计弹性为导向的新开发城区街道城市设计.     

A Comparative Study on the Street Space Form in the Old City of Beijing: A Case Study of Shijia Hutong,the White Stupa Temple Area,and Dashilanr

Urban renewal is one of the important contents of urban development in China. With the gradual progress of urbanization, the renewal of the old city has become the focus of urbanization. This paper analyzed the street space form in the old city, and explored the characteristics of the street space form with a view to exploring streets whose space forms are suitable for the current social development. Based on the field investigation of Shijia Hutong, the White Stupa Temple area, and Dashilanr, the similarities and differences of streets in these areas with different space forms in the old city of Beijing were compared and analyzed, and social and cultural factors expressed in urban space form and the impact of human activities on the street space form were explored in terms of the scale, function, building type, and connection with the outside world. It is hoped that this paper will provide a reference for future renovation of the Old City.     

Aesthetics of urban commercial streets from the perspective of cognitive memory and user behavior in urban environments

Streets are one of the major elements that make-up the urban environment. Urban commercial and mixed-use street types occur as public spaces in every town and city all around the world. With the paucity of such spaces, streets have taken up to solve the problem. Hence, this study assesses the key physical, visual, and aesthetical characteristics and examines the influence of aesthetical attributes over the activity pattern, user behavioral responses, and the color palette observed. Moreover, this research has been carried out in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Four significant commercial streets were identified and featured in the main study. The research method comprehends a structured questionnaire and multiple interviews to amass data, photo elicitation, and video corroboration to identify the key visual characteristics to study and scrutinize the aesthetical responses to various attributes that make good-looking urban commercial and mixed-use street types. The results of the study indicate that the diversity and perceived pleasantness of the environment, which includes elements such as facades, colors, aspect ratios, maintenance, and vegetation, has a very close association with walking preferences. The outcome of the study would also help architects, urban designers and planners, and policy makers to create positive spaces to foster urban commercial street types as place-making and aesthetically pleasing streets.     

基于多源数据的城市街道绿化品质测度与规划设计提升策略——以福州主城区为例

以福州市主城区为例,基于腾讯街景数据与卫星遥感影像,结合传统遥感解译与机器学习算法,测度并比较其街道绿视率与植被覆盖率空间差异,并进一步分析街道绿视率的影响因素,最终提出集约化提升街道绿化品质的规划设计策略.研究发现:1)福州市主城区的绿视率形成"二环内较高,二环外递减"的"核心–边缘"结构,植被覆盖率普遍存在"街道低...     

Impact of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort and air quality from field measurements in Curitiba,Brazil

Urban climate can have severe impacts on people who use outdoor spaces within a city. In its essence, urban climate is directly linked to the configuration of street axes, building heights and their attributes. Thus, the role of urban planners can be crucial for guaranteeing outdoor thermal comfort and air quality in open spaces. This paper presents observed and estimated relations between urban morphology and changes in microclimate and air quality within a city center. Two approaches are presented, showing results of field measurements and urban climate simulations using the ENVI-met software suite. From measured microclimatic data and comfort surveys, carried out in downtown Curitiba, Brazil, the impact of street geometry on ambient temperatures and on daytime pedestrian comfort levels was evaluated, using the sky-view factor (SVF) as indicator of the complexity of the urban geometry. The impact of street orientation relative to prevailing winds and the resulting effects of ventilation (air speed and spatial distribution) on the dispersion of traffic-generated air pollutants were additionally analyzed by means of computer simulations. Results show the impact of urban geometry on human thermal comfort in pedestrian streets and on the outcomes of pollutant dispersion scenarios.     

城市旧区绿地布局与社区街道空间重塑研究

城市旧区受用地条件的限制,增加大型集中绿地的可能性比较小,而另一方面,城市旧区的街道尺度为创造亲近的社区交往空间提供了条件。文章尝试将旧区绿地布局与社区街道空间重建统筹研究,探索一条实效又可行的旧区环境改善之路。     

浙江省绍兴市街景蓝绿空间多维度评价

在新时代城乡人居环境高质量发展的背景下,从二维和三维两方面测度城市街景蓝绿空间感知状况,有助于为街道空间品质提升和城市绿化建设提出科学的参考依据和优化策略。以江南水乡浙江省绍兴市为例,使用街景图片数据和全卷积神经网络语义分割法,识别二环内沿街蓝绿空间,并基于遥感影像的归一化差分植被指数和归一化差分水体指数比较二维平面与三维空间的蓝绿空间的差异,结果表明：1）绍兴市整体沿街绿色空间感知度较高,但存在较大的空间分异;2）沿街蓝色空间虽然充裕,但由于路边植被、围栏等形成视觉障碍,存在不少“临水不见水”的现象;3）沿街绿色空间和蓝色空间的比例在二维和三维方面分别呈中等程度相关和弱相关。基于此,就绍兴市沿街蓝绿空间的提升与改进提出了相应的建议。     

城市街道尺度的营造——以长兴公路段管理办公综合楼设计为例

新城区的蔓延式扩张引发了城市空间的离散和城市品质的销值.论文首先从城市街道空间的垂直和水平两个层面探讨街道空间品质与沿街建筑界面的关系,然后着重从步行者在街道空间行进过程中的认知和体验角度分析沿街建筑底层界面对街道活动的影响,在此基础上总结和归纳机动化时代背景下人性化街道的设计策略和评估方法.最后,论文以长兴公路段管理...     

模拟道路种植环境对银杏生长的影响

城市下垫面性质的改变,压缩了行道树生长的环境空间,阻碍了土壤水分的移动与循环,增加了行道树生长的难度。探究街道种植环境对行道树生长的限制因子,是完善行道树种植设计与栽培管理技术,改善城市街道形象,提升城市绿化水平,增强城市生态系统弹性的有效途径。利用模拟道路立地环境试验站,通过对移植后的银杏生长势的评估、叶性状参数的测定、生理指标的定期观测得出,行道树生长受硬质铺装等人工覆盖面的显著影响,生长量普遍降低了50%;渗透性铺装能有效改善行道树的生存环境;为行道树提供充足的水分供给和有效的降水补充通道,是道路建设和行道树栽植所需要考虑的主要因素;在移栽初期,采取提高土壤保水力和养分水平、增大树池体积的方式对银杏行道树的生长有较好的促进作用。     

重庆历史街区分级保护策略

历史街区是城市遗产的重要类型,其价值和保存状况具有较大差异,然而我国目前采用的是同一性的认定标准和保护方法,难以适应历史街区的有效保护和科学发展。在当前快速城市化的现实条件下,对历史街区采取分级保护的策略是协调历史街区保护和城市社会经济发展的有效途径。运用历史遗产保护的基本理论,通过对重庆主城19个历史街区深入调查,提炼出历史街区的评价指标,建立历史街区评价体系;在此基础上确定历史街区分级标准,并对重庆历史街区进行分级,探讨各级历史街区的保护方法。