Experimental study and numerical simulation of pipe-on-pipe impact

Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the dynamic response in a pipe-on-pipe impact event, in which a missile (swinging) pipe with one end hinged and the other end free impinges on an orthogonal simply-supported/clamped target pipe at its centre. This study focuses on the effects of the impact location on the missile pipe and the wall thickness of the pipes. The experiments were carried out by using a spring-powered catapult impact setup, the specimens used were made of seamless steel pipes of two different thicknesses, 1 mm and 3 mm respectively, and the target pipes were clamped. Seven tests were carried out using the catapult. Numerical simulations using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA were performed on an HPC360 workstation for each of the seven test cases. The results of the experiments and numerical simulations were compared, showing good agreement. Having confirmed the validity of the numerical model, numerical simulations were applied to the cases of a simply-supported target pipe, and the partitioning of the energy dissipation was calculated. As the response mode depends significantly on the initial impact position, the evolution of the response mode was examined numerically as the point of impact on the missile pipe was moved from the hinged end to the free end. It was found that there is a particular impact location for which the target pipe was most seriously damaged using the same impact speed.     

Mathematical simulation of fracture of ceramic obstacles in axially symmetric high-velocity impact

Calculations were made by the finite element method of the high-velocity interaction of cylindrical steel strikers with ceramic obstacles in the range of impact velocities up to 1500 m/sec. A kinetic model of active type fracture was used for numerical simulation of fracture of the ceramic. Chronograms of the process and distribution of the isolines of specific volume of cracks at different moments of time are given. Features of penetration of ceramic obstacles with different initial impact velocities are described.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, Nos. 5–6, pp. 87–94, May–June, 1995.     

Experimental study of CFRP fluid-filled tubes subjected to high-velocity impact

In recent years, vulnerability against high-velocity impact loads has become an increasingly critical issue in the design of composite aerospace structures. The effects of Hydrodynamic Ram (HRAM), a phenomenon that occurs when a high-energy object penetrates a fluid-filled container, are of particular concern in the design of wing fuel tanks for aircraft because it has been identified as one of the important factors in aircraft vulnerability. The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy through the fluid to the surrounding structure, increasing the risk of catastrophic failure and excessive structural damage. For the present work, water-filled CFRP square tubes were subjected to an impact of steel spherical projectiles (12.5 mm diameter) at impact velocities of 600–900 m/s. The CFRP tubes were filled to different volumes to examine how volume might influence the tank behavior. The composite test boxes were instrumented with six strain gauges and two pressure transducers, and the formation process of the cavity was recorded using a high-speed camera. The damage produced in the tubes was then analyzed, and differences were found according to the testing conditions. This work presents the results of these tests.     

Experimental impact study using an explosive driven projectile accelerator and numerical simulation

This paper presents a projectile impact experiment using a compact accelerator driven directly by explosives, and a numerical simulation of the impact. The compact projectile accelerator has been developed to evaluate the perforation resistance of structural materials. Projectile shooting tests were conducted and the relationship between the explosive weight and the injected projectile velocity was obtained. A series of impact tests on the targets, with varying projectile velocity, was examined using the developed accelerator. The projectile was made of SNCM (nickel–chromium–molybdenum special steel of the Japanese Industrial Standard) and the targets were aluminum 5052S alloy plates. The projectile track and the impact process on the targets were observed with a SHIMAZU HPV-1 high-speed video camera and the velocity of the projectile and interactive behavior were evaluated. A numerical simulation study was conducted using the parallel version of the non-linear finite element code of LS-DYNA to follow the impact experiments and determine the ballistic limit of the projectile for the targets.     

Shock-spall asymmetry in high-velocity impact of solids

A new, previously unreported physical phenomenon has been observed in experiments with high-velocity impact of various strikers on metal targets of finite thickness. According to this, sufficiently strong and tough structural materials (armor steel, titanium alloys, etc.) exhibit fractionation of the spall plate formed upon dynamic contact with the striker or its deformed part. This always results in an odd number of fragments (three, five, seven, etc.) of similar configuration. Systematic experiments on retained samples revealed progressive fractionation of the spall plates, with the number of fragments increasing up to eleven. Further evolution was difficult to follow because trapping of the fragments was hindered by their high velocities, which led to unavoidable additional fragmentation of the spall plates in the course of their interaction with a gradient package of trapping material (ranging from felting to sand).     

Evolution and calibration of a numerical model for modelling of hybrid-fibre ECC panels under high-velocity impact

A material model for hybrid-fibre engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under impact loading is developed and calibrated in this paper, and size effect, appropriate erosion criteria and strain rate effect are investigated and accounted for in the model. Employing the new material model, a numerical model and modelling technique are developed to model the impact behaviour and impact process of hybrid-fibre ECC panels using LS-DYNA commercial software. The material model and the numerical model developed in this paper are validated against the experimental results.     

Influence of high-velocity impact on metals

The work is devoted to investigation of metals’ behavior under shock loading. The materials under investigation were copper, aluminum, lead, titanium, titanium alloys and different steels. Microstructure investigations have been carried out using optical microscopy. The strength behavior was investigated with the help of a microhardness device. Comparison of the spherical action of waves and uniaxial shock loading for the aforementioned metals has been done.     

The role of numerical simulation for the development of an advanced HIFU system

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used clinically and is under clinical trials to treat various diseases. An advanced HIFU system employs ultrasound techniques for guidance during HIFU treatment instead of magnetic resonance imaging in current HIFU systems. A HIFU beam imaging for monitoring the HIFU beam and a localized motion imaging for treatment validation of tissue are introduced briefly as the real-time ultrasound monitoring techniques. Numerical simulations have a great impact on the development of real-time ultrasound monitoring as well as the improvement of the safety and efficacy of treatment in advanced HIFU systems. A HIFU simulator was developed to reproduce ultrasound propagation through the body in consideration of the elasticity of tissue, and was validated by comparison with in vitro experiments in which the ultrasound emitted from the phased-array transducer propagates through the acrylic plate acting as a bone phantom. As the result, the defocus and distortion of the ultrasound propagating through the acrylic plate in the simulation quantitatively agree with that in the experimental results. Therefore, the HIFU simulator accurately reproduces the ultrasound propagation through the medium whose shape and physical properties are well known. In addition, it is experimentally confirmed that simulation-assisted focus control of the phased-array transducer enables efficient assignment of the focus to the target. Simulation-assisted focus control can contribute to design of transducers and treatment planning.     

An oblique impact anomaly in high-velocity liquid impact on glass

The residual strength of glass discs after impact by high-velocity water jets has been found as a function of impact angle. An unexpected result is that under certain conditions the damage suffered is a maximum for non-normal impact. This effect is shown to be caused by radial cracks forming during the oblique impact. These cracks are not observed for normal impact and their formation is dependent upon specimen geometry. The result is of practical significance to the rain erosion situation where aircraft and missile components may suffer damage by encounters with rain drops.     

Crack resistance of materials with high-velocity impact

A procedure is suggested for determining critical dynamic stress intensity factors with normal separation and transverse shear from crack stopping under rear spalling conditions for specimens. Results obtained by the method suggested for three grades of steel are compared with those calculated by the Panasyuk-Andreikiv procedure. Good agreement is noted for critical stress intensity factors with normal separation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 12, pp. 19–23, December, 1990.     

Destruction of organic glass under high-velocity impact

The results are given of experimental investigations of the interaction between a 2.5-g polyethylene impactor and a massive target of organic glass. The impact velocity ranges from 1 to 3.2 km/s. A statistical analysis is made of masses and sizes of fragments of the impact and spallation craters of the target.     

Vortex structures in a ceramic under high-velocity impact

A finite-element method in a two-dimensional axisymmetric formulation is used to analyze the characteristics of shock-wave processes in a ceramic plate under the impact of a high-speed cylinder. It is established that a vortex structure is formed and the evolution of the vortices is investigated. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 23, 86–90 (December 26, 1997)     

Comparison of a high velocity impact model with numerical simulation

A two-dimensional analytical solution has recently been developed for examining the initial stage of high velocity impact of deformable cylindrical rods on target plates. Comparisons of the predictions of this model are made with numerical results obtained from a hydrocode. The assumptions inherent in each approach are carefully scrutinized to explain differences between the two solutions. In particular, the period of this impact stage, the extent and details of the plastic flow fields, and various deformation parameters are examined.     

钢管混凝土梁在侧向冲击荷载作用下动力响应的试验研究和数值模拟

为研究不同轴压比对钢管混凝土柱侧向冲击性能的影响,该文对已有的冲击试验进行了验证。在验证模型基础上建立了不同轴压比的钢管混凝土柱在侧向冲击作用下的动力有限元模型,计算得到连续变化轴压比下钢管混凝土的抗冲击性能参数。结果表明：轴压比对钢管混凝土的侧向抗冲击性能有显著影响。在轴压比小于0.7时,轴力对钢管混凝土构件侧向抗冲击能力有提高作用,当轴压比大于0.7时,轴力对钢管混凝土侧向抗冲击能力有削弱作用。     

Experimental and numerical study of peculiarities at high-velocity interaction between a projectile and discrete bumpers

A high-velocity impact interaction of a polyethylene projectile (15 mm diameter) and aluminium projectile (6.35 mm diameter) with string and mesh bumpers (made of steel strings of 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) was investigated experimentally and numerically. The study was aimed on detecting the projectile fragmentation peculiarities during projectile interaction with discrete bumpers. Since polyethylene has lower penetration resistance than aluminium, the effects inherent to discrete bumper penetration into the projectile must be more obvious for polyethylene. The string bumper is a set of parallel strings lying in a plane. The geometry of the string bumper which is simpler than the geometry of the mesh one also allowed one to get more understandable distribution of fragments on a thick aluminium witness-plate which was imposed behind the studied bumper to register the results of impact interaction for further analysis. The projectile velocity varied in the range of 1.7–3.8 km/s. The geometrical properties of such bumper-projectile system were characterized by two geometrical parameters: the parameter κ characterizing the bumper discreteness and equal to cell aperture-string diameter ratio, and the parameter ? defining the average number of cells falling within the projectile diameter.     

Response of boron carbide subjected to high-velocity impact

This article presents an evaluation of the response of boron carbide (B₄C) subjected to impact loading under three different conditions. Condition A is produced by plate-impact experiments where the loading condition is uniaxial strain and the stresses and pressures are high. Under plate-impact loading the material fails at the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) and the failed material undergoes high confining pressures and relatively small inelastic strains. Condition B is produced by projectile impact onto thick targets where the stresses and pressures are dependent on impact velocity, but they are generally lower than those from plate impact. Under thick-target impact/penetration most of the material fails under compression, the inelastic strains are large and the material appears to exhibit more ductility than under condition A. Lastly, condition C is produced by projectile impact and perforation of thin targets where the stresses and pressures are a combination of compression and tension. Under thin-target perforation the material fails in both tension and compression. The Johnson–Holmquist–Beissel (JHB) constitutive model is used to evaluate the material behavior for each of the three conditions, but it is not possible to accurately reproduce the experimental results of the three conditions with a single set of constants. Instead, three different sets of constants are required to accurately model the three impact conditions. These three models/constants are used to provide insight into the complex response of B₄C, and to identify possible mechanisms that are not included in the JHB model.     

Damage evaluation of concrete plates by high-velocity impact

This paper describes the evaluation of the local damage of concrete plates by the impact of high-velocity rigid projectiles. A new launching system of mushroom-shaped projectiles has been developed. Impact tests for concrete plates have been conducted by using the system to examine failure modes of the local damage of concrete plates. The damage or failure behavior has been discussed on the basis of the failure process captured by a high speed video camera and the strain histories obtained by strain gauges on the concrete plate. Numerical simulations have been also carried out in order to explain the mechanism of the local damage observed by the experiment. A reasonable numerical model has been discussed in terms of a constitutive model and strain rate effect of concrete material. Mechanism of the local damage of concrete plates has been illustrated schematically.     

A level set formulation for the numerical simulation of impact of surge fronts

In this paper we present a level set-based algorithm for the solution of incompressible two-phase flow problems. The technique is applied to the numerical simulation of impact of two surge fronts resulting from the collapse of liquid columns. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a projection method based on forward Euler time-stepping. The Hamilton-Jacobi type equation for the transport of level set function is carried out by a high resolution fifth-order accurate WENO scheme. For efficient implementation of the WENO scheme we have proposed grid staggering for the level set function. The solution of the pressure Poisson equation is obtained using an efficient preconditioned conjugate gradient method. It is shown that the present formulation works very well for large density and viscosity ratios. For the purpose of validation, we have simulated small-amplitude free sloshing of liquid in a container and the well-known two-dimensional broken-dam problem of Martin and Moyce. Simulations of impact of surge fronts have been carried out and the results are discussed.     

Numerical and experimental studies of high-velocity impact fragmentation

Developments are reported in both numerical and experimental capabilities for characterizing the debris spray produced in penetration events. We have performed a series of high-velocity experiments specifically designed to examine the fragmentation of the projectile during impact. High-strength, well-characterized steel spheres (6.35 mm diameter) were launched with a two-stage light-gas gun to velocities in the range of 3 to 5 km/s. Normal impact with PMMA plates, thicknesses of 0.6 to 11 mm, applied impulsive loads of various amplitudes and durations to the steel sphere. The extent of fragmentation, loss in momentum, and divergence of the debris are shown to correspond to the impact conditions. Multiple flash radiography was used to monitor material motion and fragmentation of the steel sphere during the impact event. Dynamic fragmentation theories, based on energy-balance principles, were used to evaluate local material deformation and fracture state information from CTH, a three-dimensional Eulerian solid dynamics shock wave propagation code. The local fragment characterization of the material defines a weighted fragment size distribution, and the sum of these distributions provides a composite particle size distribution for the steel sphere. The calculated axial and radial velocity changes agree well with experimental data, and the calculated fragment sizes for a specific experiment are in qualitative agreement with the radiographic data.