随焊冲击旋转挤压控制LD10薄板件焊接变形和热裂纹的研究

LD10铝合金薄板在焊接过程中易产生焊接热裂纹,焊后薄板件易产生较大的焊接变形。采用冲击旋转挤压头对焊缝及相邻区域施加一定频率的冲击旋转挤压作用,使焊缝及近缝区产生塑性延展;对LD10常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的焊接残余变形与焊接残余应力进行测量,对比分析了常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的拉伸试验、维氏硬度、断口分析和金相组织,明确了随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺对焊接件组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明,随焊冲击旋转挤压处理后,工件的残余应力被降低到较低水平,随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺起到控制焊接残余应力和变形的作用,并且抑制了焊接热裂纹的产生。     

Experimental study on variations in charpy impact energies of low carbon steel,depending on welding and specimen cutting method

This paper presents an experimental study that examines variations of Charpy impact energy of a welded steel plate, depending upon the welding method and the method for obtaining the Charpy specimens. Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were employed to weld an SA516 Gr. 70 steel plate. The methods of wire cutting and water-jet cutting were adopted to take samples from the welded plate. The samples were machined according to the recommendations of ASTM SEC. II SA370, in order to fit the specimen dimension that the Charpy impact test requires. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to measure the as-weld residual stress and its redistribution after the samples were cut. The Charpy impact energy of specimens was considerably dependent on the cutting methods and locations in the welded plate where the specimens were taken. The specimens that were cut by water jet followed by FCAW have the greatest resistance-to-fracture (Charpy impact energy). Regardless of which welding method was used, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes compressive when the specimens are prepared using water-jet cutting. Meanwhile, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes tensile when the specimens are prepared using wire cutting.     

随焊氩气激冷控制铝/钢薄板残余应力与变形研究

针对铝/钢异种金属薄板焊接时容易产生残余应力与变形问题,提出采用随焊冷却氩气激冷对其进行控制。建立随焊氩气冷却激冷铝/钢异种金属熔钎焊的数值分析模型,研究不同冷却距离对残余应力和变形的控制效果,探究随焊激冷技术控制焊接变形与残余应力机理;同时,进行随焊激冷铝/钢异种金属熔钎焊试验,对焊接温度场、残余应力与变形进行测量,验证模型的准确性。结果表明,采用最优冷却距离(d=10mm),进行随焊冷却氩气激冷焊接试验时,纵向残余拉应力峰值和残余压应力峰值分别减小42.1%和74.4%,横向残余拉应力峰值和残余压应力峰值分别降低11.3%和14.4%,铝板和钢板外边缘焊接变形量分别减小67.9%和69.5%。随焊冷却氩气激冷技术可有效控制铝/钢薄板焊接时产生的残余应力与变形。     

Effect of welding heat input on fatigue life of quenched boron steel and FB steel lap joint

The effect of welding heat input on the fatigue life of a quenched boron steel and ferrite-bainite (FB) steel lap joint was investigated. Boron steel was quenched and welded with FB steel in heat input ranging from 0.29 to 0.67 kJ/mm. Boron, which can increase hardenability, affected the microstructure and hardness of the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). The hardness of the weld metal and HAZ increased with decreasing welding heat input, and the high hardness of the weld metal and boron steel HAZ prevented the initiation of cracks in the stress concentration area around the bead. The bead width increased with increasing heat input, and the results of finite element method (FEM) showed that the maximum stress in the notch of the weld joint decreased when the bead width was increased. That is to say, the fatigue life increased when the weld joint had wider bead width. Finally, while the fatigue life was affected by the residual stress, the variation of the welding heat input used in this study had hardly any affect on the residual stress distribution.     

Investigation of welding residual stress of high tensile steel by finite element method and experiment

Due to varying temperature distribution of welding area during welding process, thermal stress is generated. It is known that the thermal stress forms residual stress. The welding residual stress has an important effect on welding deformation, embrittlement fracture, fatigue fracture, etc. In this paper, residual stress due to welding was numerically investigated by finite element method. To verify the results of numerical analysis, the residual stress of high tensile steel was measured by the hole-drilling method. Temperature change experimentally measured at the location of 3-mm-off-weld-bead, in addition, was compared with the numerical analysis. The above methodologies were applied to H-plate with 13.5mm thickness through MIG welding process. The distributions of the residual stress and the temperature distributions from the experimental and the numerical analyses were confirmed to be close.     

Effects of different restraints on the weld-induced residual deformations and stresses in a steel plate

Effects of three different plate boundary constraints on the residual stress field and deformation are investigated numerically during butt-joint welding. For the numerical solution of the heat transfer equations, the finite element method is used to predict the temperature profile as well as residual stress field due to three different plate boundary conditions. The distortion of the welded plate is modeled as a nonlinear problem in geometry and material, adopting a finite element solution based upon the thermo–elastic–plastic large deflection theory. High-strength shipbuilding steel AH36 with temperature-depending material properties and nonlinear stress–strain material properties (bilinear isotropic hardening option uses the von Mises yield criteria) are assumed for the numerical analysis. For verifying the results, the temperature profile is compared with the result obtained in a previous research. In the mechanical analysis, three different boundary conditions are applied. Effects of plate thickness, plate width, and mesh model on the residual stress with boundary constraint are studied.     

薄板TIG对接焊温度场的有限元模拟

焊件中的温度场分布反映了复杂的焊接热过程，是研究焊接变形、焊后残余应力等状况的基础。焊接数值模拟技术的出现，为焊接技术的深入发展创造了有力的条件。针对低碳钢薄板件TIG对接焊时，应用双椭圆分布热源模型，建立了TIG对接焊三维温度场有限元数值分析模型，将有限元解同实验结果进行了比较，两者基本吻合，表明了该分析模型的有效性，并以此有限元模型为基础，分析了两焊板间存在间隙和焊枪偏离焊缝中心这一实际情形下，温度场分布的不均匀性。     

Effect of projection on joint properties of friction welding of tube-to-tube plate using an external tool

Friction welding is widely used as a mass-production method in various industries. Friction welding of tube-to-tube plate using an external tool (FWTPET) is an innovative friction welding process and has potential applications in aerospace, railways, automotive, and marine industries. FWTPET is capable of welding tube-to-tube plate of similar and dissimilar metals and is capable of producing good-quality leak-proof weld joints. In this work, FWTPET welds have been produced with six different tube projections. Tool steel has been used to join the FWTPET process. After the completion of welding, macrostructural and microstructural studies have been conducted and it reveals the weld configuration that is capable of generating defect-free welds. Further, hardness and pull strength of welds obtained with six different tube projections have been studied. When compared to other weld conditions, 1 mm projection has resulted in better strength. The weld strength and average weld interface hardness with 1 mm projection are 84.72 MPa and 70.58 Hv respectively. The sufficient heat generation has been occurred at optimum projection in FWTPET process.     

小孔法测量残余应力时孔边塑性应变的有限元分析及修正

小孔法测量高残余应力时,小孔周围材料接近于屈服状态,由于产生塑性变形而引入塑性附加应变,使得测量结果产生很大的误差。研究了应变释放系数与主应力之间的双轴比、主应力方向与应变花方向夹角以及应力水平之间的关系,通过有限元数值试验的方法对应变释放系数进行标定,使其包含有塑性附加应变的影响,并利用标定后的应变释放系数对焊接残余应力测量结果进行了修正,得到了较好的结果。     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

Welding residual stress in roots between deck plate and U-rib in orthotropic steel decks

Fatigue cracks have recently been observed at weld roots between the deck plate and U-rib in orthotropic steel decks. Some cracks initiated from the weld roots and then propagated through the deck plate. The welding residual stress at the root appears to have a considerable influence on crack initiation and propagation. However, the stress has not yet been efficiently clarified in previous studies. In this study, the residual stress of model specimens with or without weld penetration and root gap were measured using the cutting method and magnetostriction method. In addition, thermo-elastic-plastic finite element analyses were carried out on parametric models of actual welded joints.     

Coupled finite element analysis of MIG welding assembly on auto-body high-strength steel panel and door hinge

Automotive doors are assembled to auto-body side-frame through hinges by metal inertial gas arc-welding process. Because of thermal effect, the after-welding geometrical deformation of hinges seriously affects assembly accuracy of door position, causing functional problems such as poor sealing, abnormal sound during closing and opening, as well as large residual stress. In order to solve the complexity involved in auto-body arc-welding assembly process due to dynamic coupling between temperature field and structural field, a multi-field coupling finite element method employing the subroutine of commercial code ANSYS-APDL is proposed, and numerical analysis model is established in quantitative detail. Focusing on the arc-welding assembly process for the auto-body plate (which uses high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel), the promising lightweight material, and door hinge (which uses conventional low-carbon steel), moving heating source and birth–death element method are both adopted in this thermal–structural coupling analysis in order to obtain the complicated transient temperature distribution and mechanical stress behavior during the sequential formulation of arc-welding seam. Experiment is carried out to confirm the validity of this newly developed method, including temperature measurement by thermocouple and residual stress test by X-ray diffraction. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results is satisfactory, indicating the reasonability and feasibility of this method in lightweight auto-body assembly research. It can be concluded that the moving heating source multi-field coupling arc-welding model can strongly support the process parameters optimization for obtaining minimum weld deformation and residual stress.     

超声波消除铝合金焊接件残余应力的机理研究

介绍了残余应力的产生、影响及铸统消除焊接残余应力的方法和原理,并从宏观（应力应变）和微观（位错理论）两个方面阐述了利用超声波消除焊接残余应力的机理;利用盲孔法对铝合金焊接板残余应力消除前后进行了测量,其消除效果可达到38．7％,并采用金相分析的方法对焊缝组织进行了位错分析,证明经过超声处理后在焊缝组织中晶体产生位错滑移并细化了晶粒达到应力释放的目的,从而进一步证实了该方法的有效性.     

Multi-pass laser welding of thick plate with filler wire by using a narrow gap joint configuration

A 17 mm low-carbon steel plate is welded by a fiber laser with a narrow gap joint configuration and multi-pass technique. A high-speed camera is used to real-time monitor the welding process, and the effects of groove size and the side shielding gas on the weld quality are studied. Experimental results showed that a concave shape in the bottom of weld can be formed when use a general shielding gas nozzle with the 8.0 mm external diameter. Through a special design of the shielding gas nozzle with the 2.0 mm external diameter which can deep into the interior of groove, the pressure from shielding gas can balance the surface tension from the liquid in the top of groove, so the shielding effect can be dramatically improved and the concave shape in the bottom of weld can be eliminated. When the filler wire and laser beam can smoothly enter the groove, using a relatively small groove size not only reduce the consumption of filler wire but also reduce the deflection of filler wire in the gap that can improve the fusion of groove.     

Simulation of friction welding of alumina and steel with aluminum interlayer

Friction welding is a complicated metallurgical process that is accompanied by frictional heat generation and plastic deformation. Since the thermal cycle of friction welding is very short, simulation becomes very significant. In the present work, a finite element-based numerical model has been developed to understand the thermo-mechanical phenomenon involved in the process of friction welding. The developed model is capable of predicting thermal distribution during friction welding of ceramics with metal using an aluminum interlayer for various time increments. Frictional heating at the interfacial region consumes the aluminum interlayer and establishes a bond between alumina and mild steel. Though there is mechanical mixing, the bond is incomplete in the aluminum-alumina interface. Due to the variation of thermal properties between alumina and mild steel, more amount of thermal stress is induced at the joint interface. Numerical simulation predicts the formation of residual stress in the alumina-mild steel side of the interface. This leads to incomplete interlocking that results in poor joint strength.     

厚板窄间隙多道埋弧焊温度和残余应力分布

通过有限元数值模拟的方法,分析厚板窄间隙埋弧焊的温度分布,同时给出了厚板上、下表面和厚度方向上的残余应力分布曲线.通过热电偶构成的温度测量系统测得试板特定点上的温度分布,且在焊接完成冷却一段时间后利用盲孔法测量了试板上、下表面特定点上残余应力大小.有限元计算结果和试验测量结果吻合较好,证明了该有限元模型的合理性,为评价焊接接头性能提供了参考.特别是,在厚度方向上不便测量的残余应力分布曲线可以通过有限元数值模拟的方法获得,为实际考查厚板内部残余应力分布提供依据.对于两者结果有较大偏差的地方,分析该偏差出现的原因.     

CO2 laser welding of zinc-coated steel sheets

Welding of zinc-coated steel sheets for the automotive industry has been investigated experimentally and theoretically, using a continuous wave 2 kW CO₂ laser. The specimens of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mm thickness were welded as butt joint and lap joint. Argon gas was shielded co-axially to reduce the plasma and to protect the molten, pool from atmosphere. The mechanical tests of specimens were carried out to investigate the ductility of welds in butt joint and lap joint, using the Erichsen test, ball punch test and tensile shear test. The value of transverse weld pattern is higher than others. The fatigue life of longitudinal weld is superior, but that of circular weld pattern is inferior due to the high tensile residual stresses in the weld. The maximum Erichsen value was obtained as 96% and the deformability of zinc coated steel butt-welded was found to be 80% in the ball punch test. The high pressure formed by vaporization of zinc with the low boiling temperature during laser lap-joint welding splattered the molten pool and created porosities in the weld. The optimum gap was calculated to be 0.1 mm in the lap joint welding of zinc-coated steel sheet which was a good agreement with the experimental result.     

A105钢振动焊接接头的性能与组织分析

采用阀门用钢A105作为试验材料,采用机械振动焊接与常规埋弧自动焊接相结合的方法进行对比试验。试验结果表明:振动焊接后,焊接变形和残余应力明显降低,焊接结构尺寸稳定性和使用安全性大大提高,振动焊接后焊缝试样的冲击吸收功平均值比常规焊接下冲击吸收功的平均值提高了21%,且振动焊接对焊缝冲击性能的影响要明显大于对热影响区冲击性能的影响;振动焊接使得焊缝和热影响区的组织明显细化,熔合区和过热区变窄,魏氏组织减小或消失。     

逆焊接加热处理引入压缩残余应力的数值分析

采用有限单元法模拟计算了经过逆焊接加热处理的复合板、不锈钢、CF62调质钢等材料的残余应力场，计算中还考虑了不同板厚条件以及处理前原始残余应力场与形成压应力效果的关系。分析结果对进一步弄清逆焊接加热处理的原理和工艺特点以及该方法的工程应用起到了很好的促进作用。     

焊接顺序对T形接头焊接残余应力场的影响

为了得到T形接头焊接顺序的优化方案,在确定合理的焊接热源形式以及建立有限元模型的基础上,利用单元死活技术从多道焊、分段焊与多层焊的角度对焊接顺序对T形接头焊接残余应力场的影响进行数值分析.对于多道焊来说,焊接残余拉应力出现在焊缝及其附近区域,且峰值出现在焊缝区域;相邻焊道之间采用首尾相接的方法得到的焊接残余拉应力峰值是最小的.对于分段焊来说,采用先焊两端后焊中间的方法不仅可以增加整个焊缝的焊接残余低应力区域;而且可以有效地降低先焊区域的焊接残余应力,降低效果与后焊焊段的焊接方向以及先焊焊段上的点到后焊焊段端部的距离有关.在多层焊的过程中,采用对称施焊的方法得到的焊接残余拉应力峰值是最小的.