AP1000安全壳流动循环与热分层一维模型分析

非能动安全壳冷却系统是先进大型压水堆AP1000核电厂的重要安全系统之一,该系统利用安全壳内及安全壳外空气流道中的自然循环过程将安全壳内的热量带至环境中,大空间内的循环与热分层现象对安全壳内的传热及流动特性具有重要影响。本文基于热分层理论,针对钢制安全壳内、外的自然循环过程,建立一维计算模型,在提高计算效率的基础上,得到安全壳内的温度分布,并与三维模型的计算结果进行了对比,验证了模型的合理性;同时得到了安全壳内压力及组分的分布。     

先进压水堆大破口失水事故耦合特性研究

先进压水堆采用非能动安全壳冷却系统作为事故后安全壳排热手段,事故后以钢安全壳为换热面将释放到安全壳的能量传递到环境中。失水事故后非能动安全壳冷却系统带热能力的好坏关系到整个反应堆的安全,事故进程中反应堆冷却剂系统的非能动特性与安全壳的非能动特性相互耦合,需要将非能动安全壳冷却系统和反应堆冷却剂系统进行耦合分析,了解事故后反应堆冷却剂系统与安全壳的耦合特性。本文通过开展大破口失水事故下反应堆冷却剂系统和安全壳的耦合分析,了解各非能动系统在大破口失水事故工况下的耦合特性。分析结果显示:大破口失水事故下,耦合分析中非能动余热排出系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、自动卸压系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统的特性尤其是非能动余热排除系统排热功率、内置换料水箱注入时机和流量、自动卸压阀流量、安全壳压力温度等均与单独计算有较大差异,大破口失水事故下耦合分析得到的事故前期安全壳压力、温度峰值小于单独计算,事故后期安全壳压力在地坑水蒸发的作用下会逐步高于单独计算结果。     

过冷沸腾自然对流两相CFD模拟及应用

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,开展过冷沸腾自然对流两相模拟与应用研究。对侧壁加热圆柱水箱过冷沸腾自然对流实验采用两相CFD瞬态模拟,模拟时间为1 500 s,通过模型设置与模拟方法研究,再现了过冷沸腾发生后实验的温度阶跃,得到与实验较一致的温度分布、气泡产生时间与产生位置,确保了数值计算的合理性与准确性。在此基础上,对以欧洲ESBWR(经济简化沸水堆)非能动安全壳冷却系统(PCCS)为原型的ISP-42实验进行了两相CFD模拟,获得与实验一致的温度分布,确定采用两相CFD数值模拟对非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统进行应用研究可行,为下一步计算传热系数、构建自然对流传热模型建立了良好基础。该项研究对工程应用中探寻非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统的两相自然循环传热特性具有较大价值。     

应用DAKOTA程序耦合WGOTHIC程序进行安全壳压力响应敏感性分析

安全壳压力响应分析是验证非能动安全壳冷却系统(PCS)设计的重要内容,需考虑PCS的传热传质等各种现象的影响。本文应用DAKOTA程序耦合WGOTHIC程序对大型先进压水堆非能动安全壳压力响应进行敏感性分析,通过偏相关系数,定量评价了重要现象识别和排序表(PIRT)中各种现象对安全壳压力的影响程度。研究结果表明:质能释放现象、安全壳内初始环境条件、冷凝/蒸发现象显著影响安全壳压力。该研究结果为安全壳设计、安全分析和安全审评提供技术支持。     

过冷沸腾自然对流两相CFD模拟及应用

采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,开展过冷沸腾自然对流两相模拟与应用研究。对侧壁加热圆柱水箱过冷沸腾自然对流实验采用两相CFD瞬态模拟,模拟时间为1 500 s,通过模型设置与模拟方法研究,再现了过冷沸腾发生后实验的温度阶跃,得到与实验较一致的温度分布、气泡产生时间与产生位置,确保了数值计算的合理性与准确性。在此基础上,对以欧洲ESBWR（经济简化沸水堆）非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCCS）为原型的ISP-42实验进行了两相CFD模拟,获得与实验一致的温度分布,确定采用两相CFD数值模拟对非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统进行应用研究可行,为下一步计算传热系数、构建自然对流传热模型建立了良好基础。该项研究对工程应用中探寻非能动安全壳冷却系统及非能动余热排出系统的两相自然循环传热特性具有较大价值。     

安全壳非能动冷却能力分析计算

本文对LOCA工况长期稳定阶段安全壳非能动冷却系统的冷却能力进行分析计算。研究了安全壳外壁面与空气折流板之间内环廊的特性与参数。在假设安全壳内壁面温度的前提下,分析计算涉及的各传热过程,相关的安全壳外壁面冷却水膜蒸发量与未蒸发水温选用特定值。通过安全壳外壁面向内环廊空气散热量的两个相关等式形成闭环,进而修正假设的安全壳内壁面温度并重新迭代计算。计算结果表明,安全壳冷却导出热量为6.99 MW,而相应阶段安全壳内事故释放热量为6 MW,即对应本文分析的具体情况,安全壳非能动冷却设计是有效的。     

小破口失水事故非能动系统瞬态特性研究

为了解先进压水堆小破口失水事故下非能动安全壳冷却系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、非能动余热排出系统的瞬态响应特性,需开展小破口失水事故下反应堆冷却剂系统和安全壳的耦合响应特性研究。分析结果表明,小破口失水事故下,耦合分析中非能动余热排出系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、自动卸压系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统的特性与独立计算有较大差异,小破口失水事故下耦合分析得到的安全壳压力峰值小于独立计算。     

安全壳卸压排放过程模化分析

针对大型非能动先进压水堆安全壳卸压排放过程中涉及的重要热工现象,采用系统性的关键现象识别及重要性分析方法,得到了大型非能动先进压水堆卸压排放过程中的现象过程识别与排序表(PIRT)。结果表明:排放管线及鼓泡器中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为临界和摩擦流、两相压降、几何尺寸及流动状态;乏燃料水池中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为冷凝、传热、几何尺寸、流体混合、不凝性气体及热分层。利用关键现象识别及重要性分析结果与现有缩放实验台架的搭建经验及研究结果,得到了安全壳卸压排放过程验证性试验装置搭建中应该遵循的相似准则,从而为安全壳卸压排放验证性试验装置的搭建提供设计基础和理论依据。     

具有强迫射流的大型腔体中的速度场和热分层实验分析(英文)

本文介绍在模拟实际非能动安全壳冷却系统及接近实际安全壳分隔区域尺寸的条件下,大型矩形腔体中由强迫射流所造成的速度场和热分层现象。推导了强迫射流动量何时打破分层现象的判断准则。分析了射流对混合与分层的影响。基于测量结果讨论了大型腔体中因射流与自然对流传热所造成的速度场。     

安全壳卸压排放过程模化分析

针对大型非能动先进压水堆安全壳卸压排放过程中涉及的重要热工现象，采用系统性的关键现象识别及重要性分析方法，得到了大型非能动先进压水堆卸压排放过程中的现象过程识别与排序表（PIRT）。结果表明：排放管线及鼓泡器中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为临界和摩擦流、两相压降、几何尺寸及流动状态；乏燃料水池中对安全壳卸压排放过程影响程度较高的现象为冷凝、传热、几何尺寸、流体混合、不凝性气体及热分层。利用关键现象识别及重要性分析结果与现有缩放实验台架的搭建经验及研究结果，得到了安全壳卸压排放过程验证性试验装置搭建中应该遵循的相似准则，从而为安全壳卸压排放验证性试验装置的搭建提供设计基础和理论依据。     

基于SimCont的AP1000非能动安全壳冷却系统仿真实现

应用SimCont程序对AP1000核电厂非能动安全壳冷却系统进行仿真建模,并以主蒸汽管道破裂、冷却剂环路冷管段双端断裂等最严重的设计基准事故为研究对象,仿真分析非能动安全壳冷却系统的响应和主要设备的功能实现,对仿真程序进行综合评价。结果表明：SimCont程序仿真模型能很好地反映出非能动安全壳冷却系统的功能,计算结果与安全分析报告基本吻合。     

AC600非能动安全壳冷却系统长期效应分析

利用自主开发的用于先进压水堆AC600非能动安全壳冷却系统的专用三维热工水力分析程序PCCSAC－3D，对AC600安全壳在大破口失水事故情况下进行了长期效应分析，该程序把钢安全壳内部的工质分为水蒸汽，不可凝干空气，连续相水和非连续相水，对气相引入k-ε湍流计算模型并考虑由于气体浓度差引起的扩散效应。PCCSAC－3D程序充分考虑了各种空间非均匀的物理因素的影响，能够较精细描述在发生核电厂设计基准情况下出现与安全壳非能动冷却系统有关的各种物理现象，本文对安全壳进行长期效应的分析结果表明，AC600非能动安全壳冷却系统能够保证安全壳的完整性。     

Influence of injection temperature and flow rate on mixing and stratification in small passively cooling enclosures

Thermal mixing and stratification phenomena may occur during the loss of a coolant accident or main steam line break accident in the containment of a Passive Containment Cooling System, or in the suppression pools in BWR. However, the present study pays insufficient attention to the thermal stratification phenomena in the containment of small modular reactors(SMR). In this paper, an investigation on the mixing and thermal stratification phenomena caused by the plumes or buoyant jets in SMR containments was carried out. The experiments were both conducted under non-adiabatic and adiabatic conditions for a steel containment. In each condition, two key parameters, inlet temperature, and flow rate were tested by controlling variables to identify their influence on the thermal stratification phenomenon. The visualization experiments illustrated the jet mixing and stratification development. The experiment results were compared with the numerical computation and they reached a good agreement.     

华龙一号非能动安全壳冷却系统对严重事故后果影响研究

华龙一号的非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCS）对维持反应堆安全壳完整性有重要作用。现有通用严重事故一体化分析程序不包含模拟PCS的程序模块,对华龙一号堆型的事故分析存在不足。本文将PCS模块与一体化程序耦合,研究严重事故工况下安全壳的瞬态响应特性。计算结果显示：有PCS时安全壳内温度比无PCS时低约20 K;有PCS的压力比无PCS时低约7×104 Pa;有PCS时大空间的蒸汽质量份额比无PCS时约低01。PCS模块与严重事故一体化分析程序耦合,弥补了一体化软件用于华龙一号时在事故分析中存在的不足,对事故分析有重要意义。同时初步论证了PCS能在很大程度上缓解安全壳内的温度和压力,有利于保证安全壳的完整性。     

Development of Evaluation Code for Long-Term Cooling of Containment with Passive Safety Feature

Simplified BWRs are characterized as an adoption of a passive ECCS and a passive containment cooling system (PCCS). While a passive ECCS has a short term core cooling function, a PCCS has a long-term decay heat removal function. As a PCCS, several concepts, differing in cooling location and method employed, have been considered. From the containment thermal- hydraulic response analysis viewpoint, simplified BWRs are essentially different from the current BWRs. For evaluating and comparing the performance of several PCCSs over full break spectra, the new containment safety evaluation code TOSPAC was developed as a preliminary design tool for PCCS. This paper summarizes the thermal-hydraulic modelings of the TOSPAC code and the validity evaluation of the TOSPAC code, compared with TRAC-BF1 calculation.

From the validity evaluation concerning a main steam line break (MSLB) accident analysis for an isolation condenser (I/C) as a PCCS, it was found that the TOSPAC calculation result shows reasonable agreement with that for TRAC, even though the TOSPAC consists of simpler modelings.     

Analysis of large-scale tests for AP-600 passive containment cooling system

All next-generation light water reactors utilize passive systems to remove heat via natural circulation and are significantly different from past and current nuclear plant designs. One unique feature of the AP-600 is its passive containment cooling system (PCCS), which is designed to maintain containment pressure below the design limit for 72 h without action by the reactor operator. During a design-basis accident (DBA), i.e., either a loss-of-coolant or a main-steam-line break accident, steam escapes and comes in contact with the much cooler containment vessel wall. Heat is transferred to the inside surface of the steel containment wall by convection and condensation of steam and through the containment steel wall by conduction. Heat is then transferred from the outside of the containment surface by heating and evaporation of a thin liquid film that is formed by applying water at the top of the containment vessel dome. Air in the annular space is heated by both convection and injection of steam from the evaporating liquid film. The heated air and vapor rise as a result of natural circulation and exit the shield building through the outlets above the containment shell. All of the analytical models that are developed for and used in the COMMIX-1D code for predicting performance of the PCCS will be described. These models cover governing conservation equations for multicomponents single-phase flow, transport equations for the k − two-equation turbulence model, auxiliary equations, liquid-film tracking model for both inside (condensate) and outside (evaporating liquid film) surfaces of the containment vessel wall, thermal coupling between flow domains inside and outside the containment vessel, and heat and mass transfer models. Various key parameters of the COMMIX-1D results and corresponding AP-600 PCCS experimental data are compared and the agreement is good. Significant findings from this study are summarized.     

AC600非能动安全壳冷却系统冷凝传热系数评价

用ＡＣ６００非能动安全壳冷却系统三维热工水力分析程序ＰＣＣＳＡＣ－ＭＤ,对几种常用的冷凝传热系数结构关系式进行了比较。这些结构关系式包括Ｕｃｈｉｄａ关系式,Ｇｉｄｏ－Ｋｏｅｓｔｌ关系式,Ｔａｇａｍｉ关系式和基于传热传质相似原理的关系式。     

Condensation heat transfer with noncondensable gas for passive containment cooling of nuclear reactors

Noncondensable gases that come from the containment and the interaction of cladding and steam during a severe accident deteriorate a passive containment cooling system's performance by degrading the heat transfer capabilities of the condensers in passive containment cooling systems. This work contributes to the area of modeling condensation heat transfer with noncondensable gases in integral facilities. Previously existing correlations and models are for the through-flow of the mixture of steam and the noncondensable gases and this may not be applicable to passive containment cooling systems where there is no clear passage for the steam to escape. This work presents a condensation heat transfer model for the downward cocurrent flow of a steam/air mixture through a condenser tube, taking into account the atypical characteristics of the passive containment cooling system. An empirical model is developed that depends on the inlet conditions, including the mixture Reynolds number and noncondensable gas concentration.     

Three-dimensional behaviors of the hydrogen and steam in the APR1400 containment during a hypothetical loss of feed water accident

During a hypothetical severe accident in a nuclear power plant (NPP), hydrogen is generated by an active reaction of the fuel-cladding and the steam in the reactor pressure vessel and released with the steam into the containment. In order to mitigate hydrogen hazards which could possibly occur in the NPP containment, a hydrogen mitigation system (HMS) is usually adopted. The design of the next generation NPP (APR1400) developed in Korea specifies that 26 passive autocatalytic recombiners and 10 igniters should be installed in the containment for a hydrogen mitigation. In this study, an analysis of the hydrogen and steam behavior during a total loss of feed water (LOFW) accident in the APR1400 containment has been conducted by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code GASFLOW. During the accident, a huge amount of hot water, steam, and hydrogen is released into the in-containment refueling water storage tank (IRWST). The current design of the APR1400 includes flap-type openings at the IRWST vents which operate depending on the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the IRWST. It was found from this study that the flaps strongly affect the flow structure of the steam and hydrogen in the containment. The possibilities of a flame acceleration and a transition from deflagration to detonation (DDT) were evaluated by using the Sigma–Lambda criteria. Numerical results indicate that the DDT possibility was heavily reduced in the IRWST compartment by the effects of the flaps during the LOFW accident.     

应用GOTHIC程序三维模型模拟综合性能试验热工响应过程

本文选取重大专项综合性能试验开展的主蒸汽管道断裂事故全过程瞬态模拟工况作为基准工况,应用GOTHIC程序进行了详细的三维建模,模拟了试验壳大空间和热阱储热、蒸汽在壳体内壁面冷凝、壳体外壁面水膜蒸发等传热传质过程。通过对比试验数据和程序计算结果,研究试验壳大空间的热工响应特性和程序模型的适用性。研究结果表明:程序模型能很好地分析试验壳温度、压力变化趋势,尤其是在蒸汽大流量喷放后阶段,程序分析结果和试验结果符合很好。另外,喷口的射流类型会显著影响大空间温度分层现象,进而影响蒸汽在试验壳体内壁面的冷凝过程。该研究结果可为后续应用GOTHIC程序分析非能动核电厂安全壳响应的可行性提供参考和借鉴。