热管式空间快堆精细化燃耗计算分析

裂变气体产物的积累会造成燃料元件失效,本文主要利用蒙特卡罗燃耗计算程序RMC对热管式空间快堆UN燃料精细化燃耗和放射性核素的产生进行了计算,研究了空间堆的精细燃耗分布以及UN燃料中裂变气体(主要是Xe和Kr)的积累随运行时间的变化规律。结果表明:百千瓦热管式锂冷空间堆过剩反应性满足7年不换料要求,寿期末的燃料与包壳之间的压强不足以造成燃料元件的破损,整个寿期空间堆燃料处于安全可靠的状态。     

基于精细燃耗历史及精细燃耗链的球床高温气冷堆燃耗不确定性分析

球床高温气冷堆的燃料管理具有燃料球多次通过堆芯的特点,使得燃料元件经历的燃耗历史十分复杂。球床高温气冷堆堆芯物理设计程序VSOP可以提供燃料元件的精细燃耗历史,但仅包含少量燃耗链和核素种类。而清华大学自主开发的燃耗计算程序NUIT可实现精细燃耗计算,且包含完整燃耗链和核素信息,但不具备精细燃耗历史跟踪功能。本文基于NUIT,结合VSOP提供的球床高温气冷堆精细燃耗历史,开发了球床高温气冷堆堆芯的精细燃耗计算功能,搭建了带有精细燃耗历史模拟和精细燃耗链核素的燃耗分析流程,并实现燃耗不确定性分析功能。在此基础上研究了裂变产额不确定性对球床高温气冷堆燃耗计算不确定性的贡献,并与VSOP的计算结果进行对比。计算分析结果显示,基于NUIT的精细燃耗计算结果和VSOP的燃耗计算结果得到了相互验证,且可以得到更多的核素浓度信息,该计算结果是开展球床高温气冷堆衰变热不确定性研究的基础。     

西安脉冲堆燃耗对中子代时间的影响研究

本文研究了计算反应堆中子代时间(Λ)的瞬发中子通量密度衰减法,基于反应堆仅释放瞬发中子的假设条件,研究了瞬发中子动力学方程,将Λ的计算转变为α本征值的计算问题,采用MCNP程序模拟瞬发中子通量密度的衰减特性以拟合出α值。该方法避免了抽样计算中子价值函数的复杂问题,实现相对容易。并根据西安脉冲堆(XAPR)堆芯三维燃耗分布拟合出不同燃耗深度下瞬发中子通量密度衰减系数α,计算出堆芯中子代时间。结果表明:随着XAPR堆芯燃耗的加深,中子代时间呈增大趋势,从新堆芯到第一循环末(120EFPD),Λ增大幅度为8.93%。     

中国实验快堆某辐照实验组件燃耗分布测量

在中国实验快堆（CEFR）上建立了实验组件燃耗分布测量的实验装置。对CEFR某一辐照实验组件中的4#及6#燃料元件棒进行了相对燃耗分布的测量,并与理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：两根燃料元件棒虽处于实验组件的不同位置,但相对燃耗分布基本一致;燃耗分布的实验测量结果与理论计算结果符合较好;实验组件燃耗分布测量的相对误差在10.2%以内。本文工作为开展快堆乏燃料组件燃耗测量奠定了基础。     

中国实验快堆某辐照实验组件燃耗分布测量

在中国实验快堆(CEFR)上建立了实验组件燃耗分布测量的实验装置。对CEFR某一辐照实验组件中的4#及6#燃料元件棒进行了相对燃耗分布的测量,并与理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:两根燃料元件棒虽处于实验组件的不同位置,但相对燃耗分布基本一致;燃耗分布的实验测量结果与理论计算结果符合较好;实验组件燃耗分布测量的相对误差在10.2%以内。本文工作为开展快堆乏燃料组件燃耗测量奠定了基础。     

西安脉冲堆燃料元件燃耗无损实验测量

介绍了西安脉冲堆燃料元件燃耗测试理论、所用设备及实验方法,重点阐述了燃耗测量中用到的中子/γ自吸收校正、127 Cs活度校正、探测效率标定等关键技术.对堆芯内两根具有代表性的燃料棒D5、G14开展了燃耗测量,并工理论计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:燃耗测量结果与理论估算值在不确定度范围内一致,该燃耗测试分析系统是可靠、适用的.     

COMMEN程序燃料元件精细模型的开发和验证

COMMEN程序是中国原子能科学研究院开发的钠冷快堆堆芯严重事故分析程序,包含了热工水力学模块、结构模块以及中子学模块。本文介绍COMMEN程序的燃料元件精细模型,该模型对燃料芯块内部节点进行划分,从而详细描述了燃料元件棒的径向温度分布。使用含有燃料元件精细模型的COMMEN程序从反应性反馈方面对中国实验快堆的UTOP（无保护超功率）事故进行计算分析,并将SAS4A程序和COMMEN程序的计算结果进行对比验证。结果显示,燃料元件精细模型计算的燃料温度与SAS4A程序的计算结果符合很好,开发的COMMEN程序适用于UTOP事故分析。     

径向步进倒料行波堆的数值研究

行波堆是一种可实现自持增殖-燃耗的新概念快堆,它可直接使用天然铀、贫铀、钍等可转换核材料,实现非常高的燃料利用率。基于行波堆的原理,提出了具有现实应用价值的径向步进倒料行波堆的概念,并将其与典型钠冷快堆的设计相结合,采用数值方法对由外而内的径向步进行波堆二维渐近稳态特性进行了研究。计算结果表明:渐近keff随倒料循环周期近似抛物线分布,而渐近燃耗随倒料循环周期线性增长,满足临界条件的倒料循环周期中最大燃耗可达38%;堆芯功率峰随着倒料循环周期的增长,从燃料卸出区(堆芯中心)向燃料导入区(堆芯外围)移动,功率峰值逐渐降低,在高燃耗情况下,靠近堆芯中心的轴向功率分布呈M形。     

极端事故下西安脉冲堆放射性后果分析

本文将地震作为初因事件,以严重事故中极少发生的全部燃料元件破损作为西安脉冲堆(XAPR)的包络性事故,使用ORIGEN2软件计算了XAPR燃耗末期气态裂变产物的放射性活度,并以保守的释放模型计算释放源项;采用STOERNEU软件计算分析了该事故下的场外放射性后果。结果表明,在极端的全部燃料元件破损事故下,在事故发生后0～8h时段释放的最大总放射性源项为4.50×1012Bq,场区100m边界处的公众最大个人有效剂量为5.47mSv,公众最大个人甲状腺当量剂量为129.74mSv,远低于国家标准(GB6249)中规定的重大事故剂量参考水平,略低于需要在场外采取隐蔽措施的通用干预水平。本文结果可以作为安全分析报告中后果分析的补充。     

改进弦长抽样方法开发及在弥散燃料蒙特卡罗模拟的应用

弥散型燃料广泛应用于高温气冷堆、事故容忍燃料、实验研究堆及核动力舰船等,是重要的燃料类型之一。弦长抽样(CLS)方法可简化弥散燃料几何建模,提高计算效率,然而传统CLS方法只能描述单种颗粒的填充,同时在高体积填充率时误差较大。针对CLS方法的两大问题,本文在自主化堆用蒙特卡罗程序RMC中开发了改进CLS方法,并应用于全陶瓷微胶囊封装燃料棒算例及含毒物颗粒的高温堆燃料球算例。计算结果表明,改进CLS方法可解决多种颗粒混合填充的问题,并且可保证体积填充率的准确性,为弥散燃料的临界及燃耗计算提供了高效、精确的方法。     

Calculation of radial burnup and nuclides atom density distributions in a VVER-1000 fuel rod using Monte Carlo method

A fundamental knowledge of fuel behavior in different situations is required for safe and economic nuclear power generation. Due to the importance of a fuel rod behavior modelling in high burnup, in this paper, the radial distribution of burnup, fission products, and actinides atom density and their variations by increasing burnup and other factors such as temperature, enrichment and power density are studied in a fuel pellet of a VVER-1000 reactor in an operational cycle using the MCNPX 2.7 Monte Carlo code. A benchmark including a Uranium-Gadolinium (UGD) fuel assembly is used for verification of the developed model in the MCNPX code for radial burnup calculation. A sensitivity study is carried out to investigate the effect of different parameters such as the number of particles per cycle, the number of geometrical radial nodes in the fuel pellet, the number of burnup steps and the selection of different fission-product contents (i.e. those isotopes that are used for particle transport) on the MCNPX model for speed and accuracy compromising. To calculate the radial temperature profiles and to analyze the effect of temperature on the radial burnup distribution and vice versa, the HEATING 7.2 code, which is a general-purpose conduction heat transfer program, and the MCNPX code are applied together. The results show the accuracy and capability of the proposed model in the MCNPX and HEATING codes for radial burnup calculation.     

Effect of Radial Peaking Factor Limitation on Discharge Burnup

Effect of the radial peaking factor limitation on the discharge burnup was examined. In general, lower limitation of the radial peaking factor places restrictions on feasible loading patterns and decreases core performance and economic efficiency. In this paper, relationship between limitation of the radial peaking factor and the discharge burnup was quantitatively investigated in 2-loop and 3-loop PWRs for several cycle lengths and fuel types. Equilibrium cores were generated assuming various radial peaking factor limitations and the change in discharge burnup, which can be considered an index of fuel cycle costs, was evaluated for each case. In order to make accurate comparisons, the generated equilibrium cores were optimized using the OPAL code by the simulated annealing method. From the calculation results, it was revealed that the limitation of the radial peaking factor has considerable impact on the discharge burnup. Relationship between the prediction accuracy of the radial peaking factor and the fuel cycle cost can be also quantitatively estimated from the above results. Therefore, the results can provide a strong motivation to improve in-core fuel management methods.     

基于在线耦合的球形燃料元件温度场计算

由于三层各向同性(TRISO)颗粒弥散型燃料元件结构复杂且其材料性能随着辐照水平不断变化，不同燃耗下燃料元件的等效热导率不易确定。本研究基于COMSOL软件完成了TRISO颗粒性能分析程序开发，并与BISON程序预测值进行了对比分析。随后，基于COMSOL软件与MATLAB联合仿真建立了球形燃料元件等效热导率的计算方法，实现了球形燃料元件和TRISO颗粒模型间的在线耦合计算。在此基础上，获得了不同边界温度、燃耗条件下燃料元件径向等效热导率分布及温度场分布。计算结果表明，快中子注量达到3×10²⁵m^–2时，TRISO等效导热率下降约20%，燃料等效热导率下降约15 W/(m·K)。为了验证本研究方法的有效性，用微分-有效介质理论模型(D-EMT)计算燃料的等效导热率，得到的球形燃料中心温度预测值相比本研究方法的预测值低约25 K。本文研究方法更能真实反映球形燃料元件在反应堆内的温度场变化。     

Development of a Method for Evaluation of Pin-wise Power Distribution in Fuel Assemblies of Fast Reactors

In the design of fast reactor core with higher burnup and higher linear power, prediction accuracy of burnup history of fuel pin should be upgraded so as to assure fuel integrity without extra design margin under increased neutron fluence and burnup. A method is studied to predict fuel pin-wise power and its burnup history in fast reactors accurately based on an analytic solution of diffusion theory equation on hexagonal geometry with boundary condition from core calculation by finite-differenced diffusion calculation code. The present method is applied to a fast reactor core model, and its accuracy in predicting fuel pin power is tested. The result is compared with the reference solution by the finite difference calculation with very fine mesh. It is found that the present method predicts the power peaking factors in fuel assemblies accurately. The fuel pin-wise nuclide depletion calculation is also done using neutron fluxes for each fuel pin. The result shows that the fuel pin-wise depletion calculation is very important in predicting the burnup history of the fuel assembly in detail.     

Optimization of seed-blanket type fuel assembly for reduced-moderation water reactor

Parametric studies have been performed for a PWR-type reduced-moderation water reactor (RMWR) with the seed-blanket type fuel assembles to achieve a high conversion ratio, negative void reactivity coefficient and a high burnup by using MOX fuel. From the viewpoint of reactor safety analysis, the fuel temperature coefficients were also studied.From the result of the burnup calculation, it has been seen that ratio of 40–50% of outer blanket in a seed-blanket assembly gives higher conversion ratio compared to the other combination of seed-blanket assembly. And the recommended number of (seed+blanket) layers is 20, in which the number of seed (S) layers is 15 (S15) and blanket (B) layers is 5 (B5). It was found that the conversion ratio of seed-blanket assembly decreases, when they are arranged looks like a flower shape (Hanagara).By the optimization of different parameters, S15B5 fuel assembly with the height of seed of 1000 mm×2, internal blanket of 150 mm and axial blanket of 400 mm×2 is recommended for a reactor of high conversion ratio. In this assembly, the gap of seed fuel rod is 1.0 mm and blanket fuel rod is 0.4 mm. In S15B5 assembly, the conversion ratio is 1.0 and the burnup is 38.18 GWd/t in (seed+internalblanket+outer blanket) region. However, the burnup is 57.45 GWd/t in (seed+internal blanket) region. The cycle length of the core is 16.46 effective full power in month (EFPM) by six batches and the enrichment of fissile Pu is 14.64 wt.%. The void coefficient is +21.82 pcm/%void, however, it is expected that the void coefficient will be negative if the radial neutron leakage is taken into account in the calculation.It is also possible to use S15B5 fuel assembly as a high burnup reactor 45 GWd/t in (seed+internal blanket+outer blanket) region, however, it is necessary to decrease the height of seed to 500 mm×2 to improve the void coefficient. In this reactor, the conversion ratio is 0.97 and void coefficient is +20.81 pcm/%void. The fuel temperature coefficient is negative for both of cases.     

氟盐冷却球床高温堆燃料管理程序的开发与分析

基于确定论的中子学分析程序在计算氟盐冷却球床高温堆（PB-FHR）时需解决双重非均匀性的燃料球均匀化、燃料球均匀化时出现的泄漏效应及燃料球在堆芯内连续移动与多次通过堆芯的燃料循环模式问题。本文基于DRAGON5与DONJON5程序开发了PB-FHR的燃料管理程序PBMSR，并进行了验证。使用PBMSR对PB-FHR在不同燃料循环模式下进行计算与初步分析，结果显示在多次通过的燃料管理模式下，燃料球的通过次数对最深卸料燃耗影响较小，但对轴向功率分布影响较大。     

Estimation of Spent Fuel Compositions from Light Water Reactors

The compositions and quantities of minor actinide (MA) and fission product (FP) in spent fuels will be diversified with the use of high discharged burnup fuels and MOX fuels in LWRs which will be a main part of power reactors in future.

In order to investigate above diversities, we have studied on the calculation method to be used in the estimation of spent fuel compositions and adopted the real irradiation calculation in which axial burnup and moderator distribution are considered in the burnup calculation.

On the basis of the calculations, compositions and burnup quantities of various LWR spent fuels (reactor type: PWR and BWR, discharged burnup: 33, 45 and 60 GWd/tHM, fuel type: U0₂ and MOX) are apparently estimated among various forms of fuels. As an example, it is shown that there are considerable discrepancy in MA burnup between PWR and BWR spent fuels.     

基于cosRMC的新一代PWR栅元和组件燃耗计算

新一代压水堆与现有压水堆的重要区别之一是燃料富集度不同,考虑到燃料制造、燃料燃耗等问题,目前压水堆的UO₂燃料富集度通常小于5%,MOX燃料中易裂变Pu含量通常小于6%。新一代压水堆的燃料富集度有可能超过现有标准,平均燃耗有望达到70 GW•d/tU,这对反应堆计算软件提出了新的要求。本文基于反应堆蒙特卡罗程序cosRMC对新一代压水堆栅元和组件基准进行了中子学分析,包括裂变反应率分布、中子通量密度分布及核子密度随燃耗的变化等,并对含Gd棒的组件燃耗计算进行了细致分析。计算结果表明,cosRMC的计算结果与国际上其他程序的计算结果符合较好。通过程序之间结果对比发现,随着燃耗的增加,不同程序计算的Pu含量差别变大。     

超临界水冷堆MOX燃料特性分析

针对超临界水冷堆组件,采用不同Pu含量的MOX燃料进行组件计算,得到不同燃料条件下的燃耗深度、功率分布因子、慢化剂温度反应性系数等结果,并对比分析在超临界水冷堆中应用MOX燃料与应用UO2燃料对组件性能的影响,以及不同Pu含量MOX燃料间的性能区别。分析结果表明,在超临界水冷堆设计中,应用MOX燃料与应用UO2燃料有相似的功率分布,应用MOX燃料可以增加燃耗深度,并有良好的慢化剂温度反应性系数。经过合理设计的MOX燃料可较好应用于超临界水冷堆中,且产生更好的性能。