弹性波在高压输电线中的传播特性

采用压电陶瓷设计了一种适用于高压输电线结构健康监测的传感器,分析了该传感器在输电线表面激励弹性波,得到了弹性波在输电线中的传播特性。利用Gabor小波变换计算传感信号到达时间的原理,试验得到了弹性波在输电线中传播的群速度频散曲线。结果表明,在低频段(低于30kHz)时,弹性波在输电线中的传播模态比较简单,适合用于结构健康监测。通过弹性波在输电线中的衰减试验,得到了信号峰值随传播距离的衰减曲线以及激励信号频率与信号峰值之间的关系曲线,得到弹性波在输电线中按照指数规律衰减。     

密集频率成分自由衰减振动响应信号解耦方法

基于单一频率成分的自由衰减振动响应信号的相关性原理,提出了一种频率密集成分的两耦合振子自由衰减振动响应信号的解耦算法.通过对模拟的两耦合振子密集频率成分的自由衰减振动响应信号进行解耦,验证了此算法的正确性和有效性.仿真实例研究发现,整体解耦精度随采样频率的增大及两特征信号相对频率间隔的增大而显著提高.当无噪声干扰(或噪声干扰很小)时,该方法的解耦精度很高;当有强噪声干扰时,该方法对频率密集成分的两耦合振子自由衰减振动响应信号的解耦仍有一定的精度.     

考虑声衰减和声频散的聚乙烯超声相控阵缺陷检测仿真模型

聚乙烯(PE)具有声衰减和声频散特性,复合频率超声在PE中传播时,信号频谱向低频方向移动导致波形发生畸变.目前PE超声相控阵检测采用固定的群速度设计延时法则,未考虑波形畸变的影响,当检测深度较大时,聚焦的焦柱直径大,检测信噪比低.在理想波动方程的基础上,考虑声衰减和声频散的影响,提出将复合频率超声信号分解为多个单频信号...     

基于Timoshenko梁理论的回传射线矩阵法在传感器优化布置中的应用研究

由于结构存在阻尼现象,弹性波在传播过程中信号强度必然会随传播距离而衰减.据此提出弹性波极限传播距离与传感器极限布置间距概念,考虑到在高频率处剪切变形引起的转动惯量对结构动力特性的影响比较大,基于Timoshenko梁理论,结合经典回传射线矩阵法,提出使用局部散射矩阵确定结构损伤检测中的传感器布置极限间距,并将其应用到传感器优化算法中.针对指定检测系统,以桥梁结构Benchmark模型为例,验证算法的有效性.     

基于FPGA的双DDS任意波发生器设计与杂散噪声抑制方法

研究基于DDS(直接数字频率合成)的任意波信号产生的机理,在FPGA内嵌SOPC,配置了32位的软微处理器NiosII,利用FPGA实现双DDS的相位累加器,通过数字方法直接实现任意波形的各种频率调制.分析了高速相位累加器截断误差,幅度量化误差和D/A非线性引起的杂散分量产生的原因.推导出DDS相位噪声模型,针对信号的频谱成份设计了高阶低通滤波器对输出信号滤波.结合NiosII,设计硬件电路对输出信号进行幅频校正,保证了信号幅值的稳定输出及实际显示数值的一致性.测试表明,信号波形发生器能输出稳定、高带宽、高速度、高精度、低衰减的任意波形,三角波的输出频率大于1 MHz,输出信号幅度峰峰值在50 mV～20 V范围内以10 mV的步进调节.     

考虑应力波衰减特性的磁致伸缩位移传感器的输出特性与实验

为提高磁致伸缩位移传感器的测试量程,需要对传感器的输出特性进行研究,以期获得更大的检测信号。针对应力波在传播过程中的衰减直接影响检测信号幅值的问题,从声压强度与声波峰值的关系出发建立了含有传播距离的输出电压模型,确定了输出电压随传播距离呈指数衰减的规律。为了测试输出电压随传播距离变化的关系,提出通过应力波来回多次反射来得到衰减后的电压幅值的方法,去掉波导丝两端阻尼,永磁体和检测线圈的位置不变,可以避免波导丝的不均匀性对输出电压的影响以及较长波导丝所需激励电压过高的问题。搭建了传感器输出信号衰减测试平台,对线径为0.5 mm,应力波衰减系数为0.132 3 Np·m~(-1)的Fe-Ga丝进行测试,基于所提实验方法,测得应力波传播距离为0.312~4.266 m时,偏置磁场分别为7.5和10 k A/m对应的输出电压的变化范围分别为138~79.6 m V和172~99.5 m V。从实验上验证了输出模型的准确性,应用此模型可以对传感器的输出电压值和量程进行预测。     

钻柱内连续波信号传输模型与幅频特性研究

借鉴电力线路信号传递的研究方式,利用阻抗和传递系数来描述钻柱对连续压力波动的影响,建立了连续波动在钻柱中的传递矩阵以及压力和流量沿钻柱分布情况的数学模型,并分析了钻柱倾角对波动信号的影响。通过对模型的仿真,得出了在井下连续波信号传递过程中钻柱内压力波呈驻波分布的结论;在分析不同特征阻抗对信号传递的影响的基础上,研究了钻柱内不同频率信号的衰减情况,绘制了钻柱内信号传递的幅频特性曲线,说明随着频率的升高,钻柱内信号呈波动性衰减,通过分析钻柱长度和通信频率之间的关系,说明了按照钻柱两端波动幅值比选择通信频率的方法;并通过地面模拟实验,证明了不同频率信号在相同钻柱内的信号传递情况符合仿真分析。     

结构声发射的数值模拟及实验研究

由于声发射源产生的瞬态弹性波会在传播过程中产生各种频率和模态的声发射信号,这给应用声发射技术进行无损检测带来一定困难。针对声发射信号在实际介质中传播的复杂性,为了研究弹性波的传播对波形的影响,提出了利用有限元方法模拟声发射信号在薄铝板的传播及几何形状边界反射过程,得到声发射波形的时域特征,进一步分析了声发射信号在铝板中的传播特性;搭建了与有限元模型相应的声发射断铅实验系统来采集断铅信号。试验及研究结果表明,利用声发射断铅实验系统获得的信号与有限元计算方法得到的模拟信号基本吻合,说明有限元数值计算方法可以作为分析声发射信号传播过程的一种手段;该结果为基于声发射的结构缺陷检测技术提供了数值模型,同时声发射技术用于无损检测也有了更精确的理论基础。     

基于主动监测技术的蜂窝夹芯结构损伤监测研究

目前，复合材料主要是以蜂窝结构的形式应用于飞机结构中。将应力波因子（SWF）技术与智能材料结构技术相结合，对蜂窝夹芯复合材料的损伤实现在线、主动监测。提出了先将应力波的时域波形微分后再进行傅立叶变换的方法；验证了应力波在蜂窝夹芯复合材料中传播时，其峰－峰值随距离增大呈指数衰减，并提出一种基于最小二乘法的新型应力波因子技术，可有效的剔除传播距离对信号峰－峰值的影响，提高了损伤判别的可靠性和准确性。     

自适应Morlet小波降噪方法及在轴承故障特征提取中的应用

分析了Morlet小波变换的滤波特性及其时频分辨率,利用Morlet小波良好的时域和频域特性及奇异值分解技术,提出了一种基于自适应Morlet小波和SVD的降噪方法。针对滚动轴承故障在振动信号中表现为冲击衰减波形的特点,采用修正的Shannon熵方法同时优化Morlet小波的中心频率与带宽参数,实现其与冲击特征成分的最优匹配;针对根据小波系数矩阵奇异值曲线的过渡阶段求取最佳变换尺度的方法存在着不够快捷方便的不足,将其与小波系数奇异值比方法相结合来快速方便地求得最佳变换尺度;最后对信号进行降噪处理提取故障特征。对仿真信号和实际轴承内外圈故障信号的应用分析表明,该方法具有良好的降噪性能,能有效地提取出滚动轴承的微弱故障特征。     

Acoustic emission mapping of diesel engines for spatially located time series—Part II: Spatial reconstitution

In this study the characteristics of AE wave transmission around and through the cylinder head of a small four-stroke fuel injection diesel engine are investigated. Two sets of measurements have been carried out, one with simulated sources at various points on the cylinder head and one with the engine running, using a nine-sensor array. Propagation of AE waves from the simulated sources to the array sensor positions indicates attenuation factors of around 8.5. It is important to be able to estimate source–sensor distance accurately and this has been done using a threshold technique to identify the arrival time of a low frequency high amplitude wave at the sensors, then to deduce the wave speed from that information and hence calculate the source–sensor distance (transmission path length). Engine running tests were carried out and analysis focused on reconstitution of injector and exhaust valve opening events using signal mapping techniques. For injector events, the attenuation factors were similar to those measured from the simulated sources. For exhaust valve-opening events the attenuation factors varied between 5 and 7 with relatively poor correlation. This difference is thought to be due to variation in the actual source position during valve opening because the exhaust valve actuation involves a cam, push rod and rocker design. The results can be used to reconstitute the timing and amplitude of the AE emitted at the source which enables much more focussed monitoring of specific components and processes identified in the signals.     

Effect of the parameters of a material on the surface displacements caused by waves propagating in a layer

The amplitude—frequency characteristics of the vibrations of the surface of a free elastic layer are determined. These vibrations are caused by propagating Lamb waves under the action of a normal surface load. The changes in the spectra of surface displacements and in the tangential-to-normal displacement-amplitude ratios during changes in the Poisson ratio are studied. Studying the spectrum of surface displacements of an elastic layer is of interest owing to the necessity of discriminating modal components of the wave field [1] and as one of possible methods for determining some of the parameters of a material. The ratio of the amplitudes of the horizontal and vertical displacements as a function of the frequency of a vibration source is sensitive to the Poisson ratio of the material and the conditions of the contact with the base. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the surface displacements of an elastic isotropic layer are plotted and compared to those obtained in the case of a layer that is in contact with a rigid base.     

基于摩擦学特性和轴倾斜的轴-轴承系统动力学问题探讨

以弹性轴的多柔体动力学理论为基础,通过ADAMS软件进行动力学仿真,解决了考虑轴承摩擦学特性和轴受载变形倾斜时弹性轴-轴承系统在正弦激励力作用下的动力学求解问题。得到的主要结论是:考虑轴倾斜时一阶固有频率略有下降,二阶固有频率略有上升;二阶共振时振动幅度增大;最小油膜厚度减小,最大油膜压力上升。传统的避开共振频率的设计方法仍然是减小最大倾斜角发生的有效方法。     

The Law of Response of L<Subscript>CR</Subscript> Wave in the Plastic and Elastic Deformation in A36 Steel

Nowadays the method of the longitudinal critical refraction wave (L_CR wave) is an effective method to nondestructively measure the on-line stress in the huge steel structures. The present study and research of the method of L_CR wave are mainly focused on measuring the residual stress in the steel structures, in contrast to the few research findings related to the on-line stress measurement in steel structures (including the elastic and plastic deformation). Based on the Acoustoelastic effect, the L_CR wave stress measurement system is built to measure the change of time of L_CR wave propagating, stress coefficient and the energy of L_CR wave in A36 steel test specimens from the elastic deformation to the plastic deformation. The conclusion is: At the free-stress condition, the flight time of L_CR wave and stress coefficient show an obvious change between the elastically deformed test stage and plastically deformed stage. The change of flight time and the intensity attenuation of L_CR wave show a turning point, when the specimen undergoes the process from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. And the extent of plastic deformation in the steel structure can be evaluated by the extent of intensity attenuation of L_CR wave. The experimental method will be showed in this paper for measuring the extent of plastic deformation in the steel structures in service on construction scene using the L_CR wave method.     

基于高频柱面超声导波的螺栓轴向应力测量

基于金属杆件中高频超声导波的传播特性,提出使用柱面导波高阶不同模态群速度比值的单探头螺栓轴向应力测量方法。使用数值方法求解考虑晶粒散射衰减的Pochhammer-Chree方程,得到了导波群速度衰减系数频散曲线,并分析了其在高频区的传播规律。结合非线性声学以及弹性力学理论,推出基于群速度比值的螺栓轴向应力测量方法。搭建超声应力测量平台,讨论了脉冲超声激励下的实测导波信号特点并提出使用经验小波算法对信号进行模态分解,有效获取了信号中特定模态的群速度。使用该方法以及传统的纵横波声时比法进行了螺栓轴向应力对比标定和测量实验,结果表明前者平均测量误差约为4%,其精度明显高于传统方法(平均测量误差6%)且具有更简便的测量流程。     

Direct electrodynamic electromagnetic-acoustic transformation in a normal polarizing field: II. Acoustic field of the transition radiation zone

The behaviors of the amplitude of shear displacements and the angle of injection of elastic vibrations have been studied as functions of the frequency and geometry of electromagnetic-field transmitters via a numerical analysis based on the direct electromagnetic-acoustic transformation (EMAT) phenomenon described earlier. The presented data are analyzed with an approximate expression for the difference scheme of sound emission. It is shown that, as the frequency increases, the displacement amplitude reaches a maximum and then decreases. As the frequency increases, the angle of vibration injection abruptly decreases until the frequency of stabilization of the radiation-maximum position is reached and then becomes virtually frequency-independent when the values approximately corresponding to the radiation far-field zone are reached. Expressions are derived for the depth of the end of the radiation near-field zone and the conventional beginning of the radiation far-field zone. It is shown that, in the case of the difference radiation scheme corresponding to two-phase transmitters, the boundaries of both zones during EMAT are shifted from the surface to a distance corresponding to the ratio of the average diameter of the transmitter to the width of the emitting element.     

多场耦合多方向振动俘能器建模及响应分析

针对多方向振动俘能器对低频、低幅值激励的响应输出性能低等问题,在振动俘能结构中引入非线性磁吸力,提高俘能器的响应频带和能量转换效率。研究了非线性磁振子模型,建立了基于广义Hamilton变分原理的横、纵向振动系统机电耦合模型,对系统动力学方程进行无量纲化并数值求解。搭建了振动俘能器性能测试平台,开展了多场耦合振动俘能器频谱特性及响应输出的分析实验。结果表明,引入磁铁可显著提高系统能量转换效率,当磁铁间距15mm、激励幅值0.5m/s~2时,相比无磁力输入的情况,系统响应电压提高了6倍左右,谐振频率从18Hz降至9.5Hz左右,解决了压电俘能器频带窄、响应频率高及输出电压低等问题。     

Research on the underwater echo characteristics by hollow coaxial cylinder-cone assembled elastic shell

For the purpose to research the underwater echo characteristics of elastic shell,the numerical expressions of surface sound pressure and particle vibration velocity are derived based on finite element and boundary element theories.The echo characteristics of hollow coaxial cylinder-cone assembled elastic shell are calculated with simulation and experiment methods to obtained the azimuth angle and frequency characteristics.It's shown in the results that the more quantity of mesh point,the higher precision of calculation.Meanwhile,the magnitude of mirror reflection wave is largest in the echo wave between 20 and 40 kHz,and increases as the scattering cross-section.The backscatter sound pressure of elastic shell has the obvious frequency characteristic.     

阶梯轴中扭转弹性波主动控制研究

从一维扭转波动理论入手,就阶梯轴中变截面界面上扭转弹性波的反射和透射关系建立起了各轴段的扭转振动响应的数学表达式。并基于位移响应为目标控制函数,对二次源、误差传感器的布置位置进行了优化设计。从理论上模拟了主动控制效果。并对一个一级梯轴进行了弹性波主动控制的试验研究。结果表明,对于复杂的阶梯轴形式,采用简单的单一控制源和单一误差传感器的控制形式就能取得良好的控制效果。